Diante da crise ambiental que se impõe à sociedade contemporânea, trazendo consigo um sentido de urgência por mudanças de rumo e das visões de mundo, a mídia tem um papel importante na mediação de sentidos no processo de construção social dos problemas ambientais. A pesquisa apresenta o resultado de um diagnóstico sobre como os jornais Folha de S.Paulo e O Estado de S.Paulo cobriram o tema poluição do solo por resíduos, no Brasil, ao longo de 15 anos, no período compreendido entre o ano da Rio-92 e 2007. Diversas perguntas nortearam o trabalho. Está a imprensa preparada para cumprir a sua função e contribuir para que diferentes atores sociais estejam aptos para posicionar-se frente a tamanhos desafios? A pluralidade das fontes e a visão sistêmica e transversal preconizadas pelo jornalismo ambiental estão presentes nas redações? Quais são as vozes predominantes na cobertura ambiental? Como elas aparecem? Essas são algumas das discussões propostas por este estudo. Entre os resultados, verificou-se, por exemplo, que a cobertura ambiental ainda está baseada, prioritariamente, em fontes oficiais presentes em 93,4% dos textos analisados. A maior parte deles ainda traz uma abordagem desconexa, pontual e alarmista sobre o tema, presa a uma visão reducionista da realidade, buscando emoldurar histórias e encaixar nelas papéis de vilões e mocinhos, justiceiros e vítimas. Embora o volume de textos sobre meio ambiente seja maior na atualidade do que no passado e exista maior número de reportagens contextualizadas, isso ainda é a exceção, e não a regra nas redações. A qualidade está mais associada a iniciativas individuais de profissionais do que a decisões institucionais de grupos de comunicação. Frente às complexidades e incertezas da sociedade de risco, cientistas e jornalistas entrevistados neste estudo refletiram sobre caminhos possíveis para a cobertura jornalística sobre meio ambiente. Apontaram, por exemplo, a aproximação e o melhor entendimento entre jornalistas e cientistas como fatores importantes para a qualificação do debate ambiental mediado pela imprensa no Brasil. / Faced by the environmental crisis, which is imposing itself on contemporary society and is bringing in its wake a sense of urgency for changes in the course and in the views of the world, the media is having an important role in mediating senses in the process for building up social awareness of environmental problems. The research presents results of a diagnosis on how two major newspapers in Brazil Folha de S.Paulo and O Estado de S.Paulo covered the issue of soil pollution by residues during 15 years, between the Rio-92 and 2007. Many questions were raised to guide this work. Is the press prepared to accomplish its function and contribute towards having the several different social players prepared to position themselves to face such great challenges? Are the diversity of sources and the systemic and transversal vision - foreseen by environmental journalism taken into account by the newsrooms? Whose are the predominant voices in the environmental coverage? How do they appear? These are some of the discussions which are being proposed by this study. Among the findings, it was verified for example that environmental coverage is still mostly based on official sources - present in 93.4% of the texts analyzed. The greater part of them even bring approaches that are disconnected, limited and alarmist about the matter, tied up by a reductionist vision of the actuality, seeking to embellish the stories and make them fit into the roles of villains and heroes; sheriff and victims. Although the volume of texts on environment is currently greater than in the past and that there is a greater amount of contextualized reporting, this is still an exception and not the rule at the newsrooms. Quality is closely associated to the individual initiatives of the professionals, rather than to institutional decisions. Having in view the complexities and uncertainties of the risk society, the scientists and journalists who were interviewed for this study made reflections on the possible ways for journalistic coverage of environmental issues. They pointed out, for instance, the narrowing of the gap and the better understanding between journalists and scientists as being important factors for the quality of the environmental debate that is mediated by the press in Brazil.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-04-02T12:30:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristina Aguiar Ferreira da Silva.pdf: 932038 bytes, checksum: a583ae26320724448d394ab14a0da29e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-02T12:30:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristina Aguiar Ferreira da Silva.pdf: 932038 bytes, checksum: a583ae26320724448d394ab14a0da29e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The purpose of this research is to study the social security system constructed by the Federal Constitution of 1988, in order to verify whether the social security reforms promoted address the social risks protected or whether they constitute changes that result in social retrogression to the fundamental right to social security. It seeks to analyze the adequacy of the social security system to the risks that change over time and give rise to protective measures that result in social security benefits. The amendments sometimes prove to be much more a measure for the protection of the State than of the beneficiary and the needs arising from the way in which the society at risk lives. The development of the theme also allows us to discuss whether the model currently applied in the constitutional text is compatible with Brazilian society and its late development. The question posed is not only the existence of a correlation between the social risk originally planned and the existing social security benefits, but how, from the deepening of the theme, the system can be re-adapted and improved over time, subject to the limits imposed by the application the principle of legal certainty and the prohibition of social retrogression. With this, it is not sought to overcome the theme, but from a new perspective allow the reflection of the problem and the presentation of contributions to the normative improvement / Esta pesquisa tem como finalidade o estudo do sistema previdenciário construído pela Constituição Federal de 1988, a fim de verificar se as reformas previdenciárias promovidas atendem os riscos sociais protegidos ou se configuram alterações que resultam em retrocesso social ao direito fundamental à previdência. Busca-se analisar a questão da adequação do sistema previdenciário aos riscos que mudam ao longo do tempo e originam medidas protetivas que resultam em benefícios previdenciários. As alterações, por vezes, se mostram muito mais uma medida para proteção do Estado do que do beneficiário e das necessidades decorrentes da forma em que vive a sociedade de risco. O desenvolvimento do tema permite, ainda, que se discuta se o modelo atualmente aplicado no texto constitucional é compatível com a sociedade brasileira e seu desenvolvimento tardio. A questão posta não é apenas a existência de correlação entre o risco social originalmente previsto e os benefícios previdenciários existentes, mas como, a partir do aprofundamento do tema, o sistema pode ser readequado e aperfeiçoado ao longo do tempo, observados os limites decorrentes da aplicação do princípio da segurança jurídica e da vedação do retrocesso social. Com isso, não se busca a superação do tema, mas a partir de um novo olhar permitir a reflexão do problema e a apresentação de contribuições para o aprimoramento normativo

Um dos aspectos mais relevantes da crise da modernidade é a elevação dos riscos socioambientais associados ao intenso desenvolvimento industrial, sendo que o setor químico contribuiu significativamente para a construção deste quadro de vulnerabilidade socioambiental. Desde o final da década de 80, no entanto, as grandes corporações químicas adotaram um discurso enfatizando a necessidade de integrar a variável socioambiental como um componente fundamental para garantir sua competitividade e sua legitimidade perante a opinião pública. Esta pesquisa procurou analisar, a partir do desenvolvimento de estudos de caso em empresas no setor químico, como os programas de educação corporativa refletem nas práticas gerenciais, influenciando os indicadores de desempenho das empresas nos campos ambiental e social. Os resultados desse trabalho apontam que, embora nenhuma das empresas pesquisadas apresente características ideais para a disseminação de um conhecimento socioambiental, as organizações que optam por tratar a educação corporativa de forma estratégica tendem a elevar seu desempenho ambiental e social. Isto foi observado tanto na fase em que o foco foi apenas o controle da poluição, quanto no presente em que características da abordagem de prevenção à poluição estão sendo integradas. / One of the most important aspects of the crisis of modernity is the increase in environmental risks, associated with the expansion of industrial development. The chemical sector has contributed significantly to current state of social and environmental vulnerability. Since the end of the 1980s, however, the large chemical companies have been adopting a discourse which emphasizes the need to integrate social and environmental variables as fundamental components of their operational planning in order to ensure their competitiveness and the legitimacy in terms of public opinion. The research presented in this dissertation uses case studies of companies in the chemical sector to analyze the impact that corporate education programs have on management practices in the company and performance indicators in the environmental and social areas. The results of this research indicate that, while none of the companies examined present ideal characteristics for the dissemination of social and environmental knowledge, those corporations that choose to treat corporate education as a strategic element also tend to have better environmental and social performance. This was observed both in periods when the focus was strictly centered on pollution control, as well as more recently when the preventative approach to pollution is becoming more influential.

This dissertation is the study of environmental consciousness as a discursive educational project. The empirical material consist of 18 environmental handbooks that have been published in Sweden during the years 1976-2007 of which 13 appeared between 1988 and 1995. The research work uses the basic assumptions of discourse analysis, namely that language is an important factor in the construction and development of social norms and values. Three areas recieve close attention: questions relating to the form and content of the handbooks, questions relating to the social circumstances in which the handbooks were produced and questions relating to the overall educational significance of the handbooks. In the first instance, the handbooks are examined in the light of three different contextual stories. They can be read as part of wider discussions of environmentally-concsious life-styles, as a development of earlier Swedish discussions about domesticity, health, thrift and consumption, and, finally they can be read as an expression of a narrative about a dominant aspect of modernity – science. The second part of the research work comprises an examination of the handbooks in terms of their audience and educational purpose. What kind of individual is to be shaped by these handbooks? What is anticipated as the desired or ideal environmentalist? Discourse analysis suggests that, collectively, the handbooks project an image of somone who displays qualities of motivation, investigation and judgement. They should be motivated to begin a process of change in their lives, to encourage others to do the same, and to adopt the environmental problems as their own personal problems. The second quality pursued in the handbooks is of someone who should take an active stance towards the environment as a pervasive element in their way of life. They should, therefore, adopt an investigative attitude to the surrounding world, cultivate certain cognitive properties such as watchfulness, thoughtfulness and being suspicious, and constantly ask questions about their surroundings with a view to understanding how actions in their private world has an effect on the wider world. And thirdly, the ideal environmentalist citizen should be someone who demonstrates judgement in balancing polarities and resolving the claims of different standpoints. They should give attention to separating right from wrong, wisdom from madness and, above all, to finding a way of linking their own efforts to what is worth striving for and what is worth avoiding or neglecting. In summary, the subjects identified in the handbooks are expected to avoid extreme positions, to place their own expectations about sustainability on a suitable level, and to be prepared for failure and feelings of guilt. The final part of the investigation – interpreting the wider significance of the handbooks – uses a pluralistic model of analysis which takes its departure from three concepts – ecological modernisation, governmentality and the risk society. Using these orientations, the extent of the discursive educational project of the environmental handbooks is highlighted. If the handbooks are regarded as modernist prescriptions, they are texts which highlights slow and careful change taking place within the present power structure of society. If they are regarded as texts that offer a governmentality prescription, they can be read as texts which promote the transformation of everyday micropractices. And if they are regarded as prescriptions for a risk society, they are texts which enable readers to come to terms with confusion and powerlessness in a complex and risky social context. One main result is that the environmental handbooks display interesting similarities, worthy of futher exploration, supported by a broadened empirical base.

能源議題在臺灣一直存在爭議，最為社會大眾熟悉的是核能問題，核能幾乎是國內媒體最關注的焦點之一。自2012年行政院前院長江宜樺提出核四公投，國內主流媒體相繼推出跨國性的能源專題報導，內容不同於過往媒體多聚焦在核能議題，故引發本研究探討媒體如何建構深度能源報導的興趣。 本研究以2013年9月《遠見》〈未來的電哪裡來？〉和2014年3-4月期間刊登的《聯合報》〈明天的電 核去核從〉為例，探討國內媒體在核能風險的爭議如何建構跨國性的能源專題報導。為加強分析文本背後的社會文化現象影響，本研究採用並調整van Gorp（2010）歸納和演繹法兼具的框架分析架構，在社會文化現象的分析納入深度訪談法，以訪談記者的資料掌握媒體產製流程、守門原則和媒體文化等因素對文本建構的影響。在框架演繹階段，本研究則採內容分析法統整新聞框架在兩大專題的分布情形，及媒體屬性和消息來源與框架間的關聯。 本研究根據兩大專題的論述建構「供給穩定」、「需求節能升效」、「公眾價值」、「人身健康安全」和「環境低碳」等五個框架類目。供給穩定和需求節能升效框架分別討論能源的供應及需求問題；公眾價值框架關注核能風險溝通的民主參與；人身健康安全框架探討核能造成的健康安全危害；環境低碳框架則聚焦能源政策如何因應氣候變遷問題，各框架的核心意涵基本上映照臺灣目前選擇能源最需要面臨的問題困境。有關各框架在兩大專題的分布情形，整體以「供給穩定」框架的出現頻率最高；分開來者，《遠見》和《聯合報》專題都以「供給穩定」最多，但《遠見》專題依序為「需求節能升效」和「公眾價值」框架，《聯合報》專題則以「人身健康安全」和「公眾價值」框架名列二、三。 在框架論述部分，因兩大專題的產製時間和採訪國家重疊，專題報導出現類似的框架化裝置和推理裝置，且有以外國作為臺灣借鏡楷模的意涵。兩大專題的論述建構都深受社會文化脈絡和消息來源的說法影響，特別是有關專業議題的討論，報導相當依賴可信度高的消息來源。媒體差異則影響兩大專題出現不同的論述特色，《遠見》專題因該雜誌定位為專業財經媒體，報導呈現財經雜誌深度報導的特色，內容援引豐富文獻。《聯合報》專題則具有報紙即時性的特色，報導篇幅短、關注各國最新的能源發展資訊。 在消息來源的引用部分，兩大專題鑑於可信度的守門原則，整體以官方和產業單位為引用前兩名者，進一步分析，《遠見》專題的前兩名為產業和官方人物，《聯合報》則反之。除此，五個框架整體也以官方單位引用最多；其中「需求節能升效」和「公眾價值」框架以產業單位引用最多，其他三個框架引用最多者皆為官方單位，主因是「需求節能升效」框架重視產業和民間的節能行動，公眾價值框架注重能源產業機構和民間的風險溝通，其他三個框架則關注政策制定者因應能源供給、能源風險和氣候變遷的作為。 本研究發現，部分研究結果的推理需藉由訪談記者才能確認，如《遠見》因定位為財經媒體，影響專題著重產業觀點；或如《聯合報》專題的報紙特色，也根據訪談結果了解媒體文化對新聞建構的影響。若僅採用van Gorp的分析架構，難以掌握媒體產製流程、媒體文化或潛在的社會因素等影響，故本研究輔以深度訪談法探討新聞框架和文化現象的扣連，補充了van Gorp框架理論的不足。 本研究也針對能源報導提出實務建議。首先，媒體組織需持續培養新聞工作者的專業，鼓勵報導開展多元消息來源；在報導寫作方面，應增加關注產業責任和與臺灣脈絡相近的國家情形，拓展報導面相。同時注意查證工作，避免報導流於以作為平衡的衝突方式呈現。而在製作國外議題方面，建議新聞工作者事先前往各國蒐集一手資訊，尋求駐外單位協助、聯絡特派員或預先採訪國內專家和民間團體，以利實際採訪。國外報導另須重視國外經驗和國內脈絡的差異，使報導引發讀者關注國內問題，並作為實際可行的解決策略。 關鍵字：能源、核能、框架分析、風險社會、專題報導

Pasitelkus tris teorines prieigas, darbe analizuojama Japonijos klimato kaitos politika. Siekiant atskleisti tiek šios sudėtingos sferos detalumą, tiek bendras tendencijas, tyrimo objektas suskaidomas į tris tyrimo laukus, kiekvienas iš jų analizuojamas taikant atskirą teoriją. Tai atitinkamai: klimato kaitos fenomenas, kuris analizuojamas rizikos visuomenės teorijos pagalba tiriant Japonijos atvejį; tarptautinės ir valstybinės interesų grupės, tiriamos pasitelkiant dviejų lygių žaidimų teoriją ir analizuojant Japonijos dalyvavimą penkioliktojoje Jungtinių Tautų Kopenhagos konferencijoje; valstybinės institucijos, nagrinėjant Japonijos ministerijų ir aukšto rango pareigūnų požiūrį į klimato kaitos politiką, remiantis švelniosios galios teorija. Darbe tiriamas 1992-2011 metų periodas, plačiausiai naudojamas kokybinės turinio analizės ir lyginamasis metodas. Pirmojo tyrimo lauko analizė parodė, kad Japonija gali būti priskiriama prie vėlyvojo modernizmo valstybių, turinčių rizikos visuomenę ir reflektyviai žvelgiančių į savo išsivystymą. Tai viena iš pagrindinių priežasčių, kodėl tokie reiškiniai kaip klimato kaita sulaukia dėmesio ir yra įtraukiami į šalių politinę dienotvarkę. Išnagrinėjus viešą valstybinę retoriką, Japonijos pozicija atitiko 8 iškeltus kriterijus, pradedant globalinio atšilimo reiškinio pateikimu kaip visuotinės neigiamus padarinius sukelsiančios grėsmės ir baigiant siekiais keisti nusistovėjusį gyvenimo būdą tiek vykdant programas šalies viduje, tiek ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / By using three theoretical approaches, this thesis analyzes Japan's climate change policy. With the aim to reveal both the details and main tendencies of this complicated field, the object of the research is divided into three fields and each of them is analyzed by using separate theory. It is correspondingly: climate change phenomena, which is analyzed by using risk society theory focusing on Japan’s case; domestic and international interest groups, that are studied by two-level game theory concentrating on Japans’ participation in COP15 to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change; state institutions, looking at Japan ministries’ and high-ranking officials’ perception of climate change using soft power theory as theoretical basis. The time frame of the work is from year 1992 to 2011. The main methods used are content and comparative analysis. The analysis of the first field shows that Japan can be considered as one of late modernity states distinguished by risk society and reflectivity on its development. It is one of the main reasons why such phenomena as climate change becomes important and included into country’s political discourse. After analyzing public rhetorics, Japan’s position corresponds to eight criteria used in the work, ranging from global warming presentation as a global risk that will have negative consequences to aspirations to change current lifestyle by implementing domestic programs and participating in creation of international institutions. The... [to full text]

本研究從風險傳播的觀點，以2013年台灣爆發的食用油事件為例，探討媒體如何再現食品安全事件的樣貌？報導中呈現哪些食品安全資訊？其中有哪些是與風險相關的資訊？不同媒體又有何不同的報導策略？本研究採用量化內容分析與新聞框架分析，分析《中國時報》、《自由時報》、《聯合報》與《蘋果日報》等四大報的食用油報導。研究發現，食用油報導高度仰賴政府消息來源，專家與民間的聲音相對微弱；新聞主題偏重事件調查與責任追究；新聞框架側重政治面向，而較不重視科學面向；風險評估資訊包含「影響危害」、「風險知識」、「安全處理」和「檢驗結果公布」等四個項目，含有風險評估資訊的報導佔整體報導數量六成，其中以「檢驗結果公布」比例最高，較缺乏「影響危害」與「安全處理」資訊。本研究根據研究發現，對新聞實務工作與未來研究提出建議，並指出食品安全報導應該提供哪些風險相關資訊，足以讓民眾評估風險，以避免恐慌。

Syftet med denna kritiska diskursanalys är att öka förståelsen för diskursen om den så kallade “flyktingkrisen” i svensk tidningsmedia under september och oktober 2015. Denna specifika och aktuella diskurs har, som vi vet, ännu inte studerats med vetenskapliga metoder då tidigare forskning främst behandlar tidigare flyktingmigrationer i Sverige och i andra länder. Det finns således en kunskapslucka inom detta område som vi skulle vilja medverka i att fylla. Undersökningen fokuserar på hur ”flyktingmigrationen” och ”flyktingarna” samt den ”svenska nationen” och ”svenskar” framställs i diskursen utifrån en figurationell och maktkritisk utgångspunkt. Norbert Elias och John L. Scotsons teori om etablerade och outsiders, Ulrich Becks teori om risksamhället samt Edward Saids teori om orientalism används som orienterande bakgrundsteorier för att studera relationen mellan ”etablerade svenskar” och flyktingar såsom den uttrycks i tidningsmedia. Som metod har vi valt att använda oss av Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys, då denna kan användas i studerandet av konkret text såsom tidningsartiklar samt kan kombineras med en sociologisk analys. Resultaten visar att flyktingmigrationen samt flyktingarna framställs som ett omfattande hot mot samhället. Flyktingarna porträtteras ofta på ett avhumaniserande sätt, exempelvis som okontrollerbara vattenmassor. I ett fåtal fall är framställningen mer human och personlig, dock präglas dessa utsagor av flyktingen som den stereotype andre. I motsats till detta porträtteras Sverige och svensken som moraliskt överlägsna, goda, och icke-rasister. Den sociala relationen mellan dessa grupper kan på så sätt ses som en illustration av figurationen etablerade och outsiders, där spänningarna mellan grupperna verkar öka då flyktingarna uppfattas som ett hot mot samhälls- och maktordningen. / The aim of this critical discourse analysis is to create a broader understanding of the refugee discourse in Swedish national newspapers during the months of September and October of 2015. The main reason for this study is a perceived knowledge gap in this specific area of discourse, since extant studies focus on earlier refugee discourses in Sweden and in other countries. This essay attempts to understand how the social identities of the refugees and the Swedish population can be upheld in the media and how the relationship between these groups can be perceived. Norbert Elias and John L. Scotson’s theory of the established and the outsiders, Ulrich Becks theory regarding the risk society and Edward Saids theory of orientalism are used as orienting concepts in the analysis. The overall method is inspired by Faircloughs critical discourse analysis, since it enables the study of tangible texts such as newspaper articles as well as the use of sociological analysis. Our results show that the refugees are depicted as a considerable threat to society as a whole. The refugees themselves are often spoken of in a dehumanizing fashion, for example in metaphors of uncontrollable waves. In a few cases the refugees are portrayed in a more personal fashion. These are however unbalanced and stereotypical. In contrast, Sweden and its people are depicted as morally superior and good Samaritans. We have thus concluded that the relationship between these groups can be seen in the light of the established and the outsiders, and that the tension between them seems to be growing as the refugees are seen as a threat to the social order and power balance in Sweden.

O presente estudo procura responder ao seguinte questionamento: De que forma, e a partir de quais racionalidades, o paradigma global de Modernização Ecológica é apropriado – e uma noção de desenvolvimento sustentável é constituída - pelos atores econômicos brasileiros formuladores de projetos de Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo para o mercado de créditos de carbono? O primeiro pressuposto adotado neste estudo é que a difusão global da Modernização Ecológica como um paradigma para o campo das Políticas Públicas Ambientais reflete o fortalecimento da noção de desenvolvimento sustentável construída no âmbito dos acordos e negociações internacionais sobre mudança climática. O segundo pressuposto é o de que o paradigma de Modernização Ecológica, no contexto de emergência global de uma Sociedade do Risco (BECK, 1995), pode ser compreendido como uma tentativa de “modernização política”, a partir da qual há a defesa da emergência de uma racionalidade ecológica, que institucionalizaria uma dimensão eminentemente ecológica nas práticas de produção e consumo. Como hipótese central tem-se que a centralidade conferida, historicamente, a estruturas econômicas degradadoras de apropriação/produção de recursos naturais no país, assim como a constituição de uma política centralizada no Estado, influenciam para uma apropriação do paradigma global de Modernização Ecológica baseada no acionamento e legitimação de uma racionalidade fundamentalmente econômica/tecnocrática. O estudo possui caráter qualitativo, sendo desenvolvido com base em entrevistas realizadas com consultores e um pesquisador, no ano de 2012, assim como análise documental de 41 projetos do escopo “energia renovável”, aprovados no ano de 2005 para comporem o mercado de créditos de carbono. Como método de análise, utilizou-se análise de conteúdo. Os resultados obtidos indicam que tanto a construção de uma nova noção de desenvolvimento, como a constituição de um paradigma próprio para o direcionamento das iniciativas econômicas e políticas no tratamento dos “riscos globais”, estão imbuídas de ambiguidades e controvérsias que são constantemente acionadas nos espaços de debate e construção de iniciativas para a promoção de uma sustentabilidade. No mesmo sentido, afirma-se que a emergência de uma racionalidade ecológica, ainda que defendida no campo de uma política global, enfraquece-se nas construções argumentativas de atores locais formuladores de projetos ao mercado de créditos de carbono, dando lugar a uma legitimação eminentemente moderna do papel de atores envolvidos nas atividades e do sentido conferido às atividades em um contexto de crescente fomento a um desenvolvimento industrial e econômico. / The following study aims at answering the question: in which manner, and from which rationalities, the global paradigm of Ecological Modernization is adequate – and a notion of sustainable development is constituted – by the Brazilian economic agents that create projects of Clean Development Mechanism for the carbon credits market? The first assumption adopted in this study states that the diffusion of the Ecologic Modernization as a paradigm within the field of Environmental Public Policies reflects the consolidation of the notion of sustainable development which is built within the international agreements and negotiations about climatic change. The second assumption states that the paradigm of Ecological Modernization within the context of global emergence of a Risk Society (BECK, 1995) may be understood as an attempt of “political modernization”, from which there is the emergence of an ecological rationality, which would institutionalize an eminently ecological dimension in the practices of production and consumption. The main hypothesis is that the centrality given, historically, to degrading economical structures of appropriation/production of natural resources in Brazil, as the constitution of an Estate centralized policy influence an appropriation of the global paradigm of Ecological Modernization based on stimulus and validation of a rationality basically economic/technocratic. This study is qualitative, and it was developed based on interviews with consultants and a researcher, in 2012, as well as on documentary analysis of 41 projects of the “renewable energy” scope, which were qualified to compose the market of carbon credits in 2005. The method used is content analysis. The final results show that both the assembly of a new notion of development and the constitution of a specific paradigm to direct political and economical initiatives on the treatment of “global risks” are imbued with ambiguities and controversies which are constantly mentioned in moments of debate and production of initiatives for the promotion of sustainability. The same applies to stating that the emergence of an ecological rationality, even if it is held in the field of a global policy, is weakened on local agent’s speeches, who elaborate projects for the carbon credit markets, giving rise to an eminently modern legitimization of the roles of agents involved in the activities and of the sense conferred to the activities in a growing promotion to an industrial and economic development context.

A teoria da sociedade de risco foi estabelecida por Ulrich Beck no ano de 1986 por meio da obra Risikogesellschaft - Auf dem Weg in eine andere Mordene. Beck propõe um novo rumo para a pesquisa sociológico segundo o qual o parâmetro clássico de estudo das ciências sociais baseado na luta entre classe deveria ser superado, pois esse modelo seria incapaz de explicar as complexas relações da sociedade moderna (pós-industrial) em que a característica principal não mais se encontra na disputa entre detentores do capital e explorado, mas, sim, em tentar reduzir ou repartir de modo mais justo os riscos sociais. Foi estabelecida a teoria da sociedade de risco a partir do incremento da tecnologia (por exemplo, energia nuclear, produção de alimentos transgênicos, etc). Com essas novas técnicas científicas praticamente impossível é conter os riscos sociais, uma vez que são neste momento difusos, ou seja, atingem um número indeterminado de pessoas. Neste ambiente de proliferação de riscos a demanda social direcionada à proteção por meio de intrumentos de controle dos riscos ganha papel de destaque. O sentimento social de insegurança baseia-se, principalmente, no fato de não ser mais o ser humano capaz de prever todos os efeitos das condutas a que está sendo diariamente exposto. Diante desse novo quadro social, o Direito, em especial, o Direito Penal não deve mostrar indiferença às necessidades de proteção. Neste contexto, questiona-se se o Direito Penal clássico, isto é, o Direito Penal produzido segundo bases Iluministas tipicamente liberal-burguesas do final século XIX conseguirá fornecer respostas úteis a um modelo social tão diferente daquele originalmente considerado. É necessário um arcabouço teórico próprio aos dias atuais, sem desconsiderar o avanço no campo dos direitos humanos. Defende-se na presente dissertação ter o Direito Penal por escopo a proteção de bens jurídicos, desde que, evidentemente, estejam lastreados no princípio da dignidade humana que serve de inspiração a todos os ordenamentos materialmente democráticos na atualidade. Não se pode negar o relevante papel assumido pelo bem jurídico-penal individual como contenção do jus puniendi estatal, no entanto, tal instrumento teórico deve ser combinado a outro: o bem jurídico-penal transindividual. Como técnica dogmática visando à gestão dos riscos por meio do Direito Penal destinado à proteção de bens jurídicos transindividuais adotar-se-á, geralmente, a utilização de tipos penais de perigo abstrato. Por fim, expõe este trabalho como pode ser empregado o bem jurídico-penal transindividual em zonas de difusão de riscos como a genética e o meio-ambiente. / The risk society theory was developed by Ulrich Beck in 1986, in his work entitled Risikogesellschaft - Auf dem Weg in eine andere Mordene. Beck proposes a new perspective for sociological research, according to which the classical parameter in the Social Sciences, based upon class conflict, should be overcome because it would be unable to clarify the complex relations inherent to modern (post-industrial) society in which the main feature is no longer the conflict between capital owners and the exploited, but actually trying to reduce or share in a fairer manner the social risks. The risk society theory was established in the context of technological progress (e.g. nuclear power, genetically modified food, etc). These new techniques made it virtually impossible to contain social risk, because it became diffuse, in other words, it affects an indetermined number of people. In this environment of increasing risk,social demands for protection through risk management instruments obtain a key role. Social feelings of unsafeness are based, mainly, upon the fact that human beings are no longer able to predict all the effects of the acts to which they are subject to on a daily basis. In the face of this new social frame, Law and especially Penal Law cannot show indifference to the need of protection. In this context, we question if the classical Penal Law which is the Penal Law produced according to the liberal bourgeois principles of the European enlightenment from the last quarter of the nineteenth century will be able to give helpful answers to a social framework so much different from the original one. A theoretical framework that fits the present day becomes necessary, while not disregarding the progress made in the field of human rights. In the present dissertation is advocated the standpoint that the objective of Penal Law is the protect legal interests, provided that, evidently, they are based on the principle of human dignity which is the inspiration to all materially democratic Law systems of the present day. The relevant role that individual penal legal interests play in containing the states ius puniendi is undeniable. However, this theoretical instrument has to be combined to another one: the transindividual penal legal interest. As a dogmatic tecnique that aims at risk management through Penal Law, usually abstract danger crimes will be adopted. Finally, it is presented in this work how the transindividual penal legal good can the employed in fields of diffusion of risk such as genetics and the environment.