La Filière Bilingue (FiBi), une école publique dont le concept repose sur l’enseignement par immersion réciproque, se trouve à la frontière linguistique, à Biel/Bienne. L’enseignement y est dispensé à parts égales en (suisse-) allemand et en français (Modèle 50/50) par des enseignant-e-s locutrices/locuteurs natives/natifs. Cette école, qui offre une alternative aux écoles avec une seule langue de scolarisation, promeut l’intégration des élèves francophones et germanophones, mais aussi d’enfants allophones ne partageant pas les deux langues de scolarisation. Elle favorise ainsi «le développement du bilinguisme et de la bi-littératie, en plus du niveau requis des savoirs disciplinaires et des compétences interculturelles de tous les élèves» (Christian 1994: 1). La présence d’élèves francophones, germanophones et allophones dans la même classe permet à ces apprenant-e-s, plurilingues en devenir, l’acquisition des deux langues de scolarisation en communiquant avec des locutrices/locuteurs natives/natifs et en valorisant leurs cultures respectives.Cette thèse se propose de documenter le développement des deux langues de scolarisation (français et (suisse-)allemand). La première partie de ce travail présente le cadre théorique. Après avoir donné la définition de quelques notions clés comme «langue», «bilinguisme vs. SLA», «plurilinguisme», «immersion (réciproque)» et «translanguaging», nous adopterons une perspective qui montre comment les plurilingues en devenir utilisent leur deux langues de scolarisation afin de communiquer de façon efficace. En faisant référence à une idéologie hétéroglossique, cette perspective plus holistique permettra d'analyser l'apprentissage des langues en tenant compte de l’interdépendance fonctionnelle des deux langues. Ceci constituera la base à travers laquelle nous analyserons les pratiques langagières des apprenant-e-s et les résultats d’interviews semi-dirigées et axées sur la performance conduites dans les deux langues de scolarisation (dix interviews au total).Dans la deuxième partie de notre travail, nous présenterons les données empiriques qui constituent notre corpus de référence et en proposerons une analyse. En ce qui concerne les données, notre choix s’est porté sur un corpus longitudinal qui a été récolté pendant quatre ans. Ce choix nous a paru le meilleur moyen pour décrire le processus dynamique de l’acquisition des deux langues (français et (suisse-) allemand). Quant à l’analyse des données, nous avons décidé de combiner deux approches complémentaires : l’analyse qualitative permettra de décrire de manière détaillée les stratégies du «translanguaging» (García, 2009) utilisées par les élèves, alors que l’analyse quantitative s’attachera à évaluer la capacité des apprenant-e-s «à utiliser la langue de façon communicative» (Bachman et Palmer, 2010) à différents moments de leur apprentissage.Dans la troisième et dernière partie, nous nous attacherons aux implications pédagogiques que ce type d’immersion suppose et que notre étude essaie de modéliser. En effet, il importe que les (futur-e-s) enseignant-e-s œuvrant dans ces écoles devraient bénéficient d’une formation adéquate se basant sur la professionnalisation de l’enseignement par immersion, autrement dit fondée sur la recherche et adaptée à la pratique. Le but sera de former des enseignant-e-s capables de soutenir le plus efficacement possible leurs élèves dans le processus de l’apprentissage intégré des savoirs discipinaires et linguistiques. Nous conclurons ce travail par une synthèse de l'étude et de ses principaux résultats et nous efforcerons de dégager des pistes intéressantes pour des projets de recherche ultérieurs. / The two-way immersion program Filière Bilingue (FiBi) is a choice-based educational alternative in a Swiss public school situated on the language border in Biel/Bienne. This two-way immersion program integrates French-speaking and German-speaking students and «strives to promote bilingualism and biliteracy in addition to grade-level academic achievement for all students» (Christian 1994: 1). The presence of approximately equal numbers of native speakers of both languages in the same class provides opportunities for students to communicate with native-speaker peers, creating linguistic and intercultural benefits for both groups. Moreover, each class is composed of one third of allophone students having neither French, nor (Swiss) German as an L1 (or L1s). The amount of instructional time is equal in the two languages of schooling at all grade levels (50/50 program model). The focus of this thesis is the emergent multilinguals’ development in their two languages of schooling (French and (Swiss) German). The first part is theory-driven and defines some basic notions such as «language», «bilingualism vs. SLA», «multilingualism», «(two-way) immersion» and «translanguaging», resulting in the proposition to approach the emergent multilinguals’ proficiency outcomes from the perspective of what speakers do with the two languages of schooling in order to communicate efficiently and effectively. Considering multiple language practices in functional interrelationship can be referred to as a heteroglossic language ideology. Adopting thus a more holistic view on multilingual development forms the basis for the analysis of the outcomes of semi-structured and performance-oriented interviews – conducted with the emergent multilinguals in their two languages of schooling at five points in time (ten interviews in total).In the second part, an empirical study with data from our corpus – collected over a period of four years - is presented. Two approaches are combined for the analysis of data: whereas the qualitative analysis shows some illustrative examples of the learners’ translanguaging strategies (García, 2009), the quantitative analysis focuses on the measurement of their ability «to use language communicatively» (Bachman and Palmer, 2010). In lieu of measuring a current level of achievement in the learners’ two languages of schooling, process measures provide a broader picture, including variations in performance from a longitudinal perspective and documenting the emergent multilinguals’ dynamic process of becoming proficient in their two languages of schooling. In part three, major findings and limitations of the study are presented, including pedagogical implications resulting from the outcomes of this study. We conclude that practicing and future teachers of immersion schools need an appropriate teacher education with focus on the professionalization of two-way immersion education. This research-based and practitioner-informed teacher training should aim to train teachers who are able to best support emergent multilinguals in their process to learn content by means of two languages of schooling.The conclusion presents a summary of our study and suggests further possible research projects. / Die Filière Bilingue (FiBi) ist eine öffentliche Schule. Deren Konzept basiert auf dem Prinzipder reziproken Immersion. Sie befindet sich an der Sprachgrenze in Biel/Bienne. Diese Schule – eineAlternative zu Schulen mit einer Schulsprache - fördert die Integration von deutschsprachigen undfranzösischsprachigen Lernenden und «fördert die Zweisprachigkeit sowie die Lese- undSchreibfähigkeit in beiden Zielsprachen und das Erreichen der Lernziele in allen Schulfächern vonallen Lernenden» (Christian 1994: 1). Ausserdem besteht ein Drittel jeder Klasse aus allophonenKindern, die weder Deutsch noch Französisch als Erstsprache(n) haben. Der Unterricht erfolgt je zurHälfte auf Französisch und Deutsch (50/50-Modell). Da die Klassen je hälftig aus deutsch- undfranzösischsprachigen Kindern zusammengesetzt werden, ermöglicht dies den Lernenden mitMuttersprachlern der «anderen» Schulsprache zu kommunizieren und interkulturelle Kompetenzen zuerwerben.Diese Arbeit dokumentiert die Entwicklung der Lernenden in ihren zwei Schulsprachen. Dererste Teil dieser Arbeit liefert einen theoretischen Rahmen und klärt Begriffe wie «Sprache»,«Zweisprachigkeit vs. SLA», «Mehrsprachigkeit», «(reziproke) Immersion» und «translanguaging»,gefolgt vom Vorschlag, eine Perspektive einzunehmen, die zeigt, wie die Lernenden dieSchulsprachen brauchen, um effizient zu kommunizieren. Die Betrachtung der multiplenSprachpraktiken in ihrer funktionellen wechselseitigen Abhängigkeit verweist auf eine HeteroglossieIdeologie.52 Eine solche ganzheitliche Betrachtung der mehrsprachigen Entwicklung der Lernendenbildet die theoretische Grundlage für die Auswertung der gesammelten Daten aus den halbstrukturiertenund auf Performanz ausgerichteten Leitfaden-Interviews (zehn Interviews insgesamt invier Jahren).Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit präsentiert eine empirische Langzeitstudie. Zwei Ansätzewurden bei der Analyse der gesammelten Daten kombiniert: während die qualitative AnalyseStrategien wie «translanguaging» (García, 2009a) von Lernenden zeigt, fokussiert die quantitativeAnalyse auf die Messung der Fähigkeit «Sprache auf kommunikative Weise zu verwenden» (Bachmanund Palmer, 2010). Anstatt das aktuelle Sprachniveau der Lernenden in den beiden Schulsprachen zumessen, wird ein breiteres Bild gezeigt, das Variationen in der Performanz der Lernenden einschliesstund den dynamischen Spracherwerbsprozess aufzeigt. So wird der effiziente und kreative Gebrauchder Sprache sowie mehrsprachige Diskurs-Praktiken wie «translanguaging» gezeigt. Diese multiplenSprachpraktiken zeigen das dynamische und interaktive Kommunikationssystem der mehrsprachigenLernenden und deren Spracherwerbsprozess in.Im dritten Teil werden die pädagogischen Schlussfolgerungen präsentiert. Eine angemesseneLehrerausbildung für diese Lehrpersonen fokussierend auf der Professionalisierung des Immersions-Unterrichts wäre wünschenswert, in welcher ein für die Praktiker/innen nützlicher Wissenstransfervon Forschungsresultaten stattfindet. So könnten die Lernenden bestmöglich beim Prozess, sichSchulstoff durch zwei Schulsprachen anzueignen, unterstützt werden. Der Schlussteil dieser Arbeitfasst die Studie und deren Ergebnisse zusammen und zeigt weitere Forschungsperspektiven auf.

El objetivo de esta tesina es investigar qué lenguas se usan en la enseñanza de español como lengua extranjera en unos institutos en Suecia, basándonos en la teoría de translanguaging. Teniendo en cuenta el gran número de alumnos con otras lenguas maternas distintas del sueco, pretendemos averiguar qué lenguas son usadas en la clase de ELE, qué conocimientos tienen los profesores sobre las competencias lingüísticas de sus alumnos y cuáles son las opiniones sobre el uso de diferentes lenguas en la enseñanza, según los profesores. Con la finalidad de obtener una mejor comprensión de lo investigado hacemos una triangulación con una encuesta con 28 participantes, entrevistas con tres profesoras y además observamos una clase de cada profesora antes de realizar las entrevistas. Los hallazgos principales son: que el sueco es la lengua más usada después del español, que muchas veces los profesores están inseguros de los conocimientos lingüísticos de sus alumnos y que raramente los recursos lingüísticos son usados en el aprendizaje. Por último, se ha demostrado que la mayoría de los participantes están de acuerdo con que el uso de otras lenguas en la enseñanza de ELE resulta beneficioso para el aprendizaje. No obstante, las lenguas señaladas por las profesoras entrevistadas en la definición de otras lenguas fueron el sueco y el inglés, por lo quellegamos a la conclusión de que el sueco y el inglés pueden ser la norma en relación con los recursos lingüísticos y de que el contraste lingüístico entre el sueco o el inglés parece ser injusto para todos los alumnos que no tienen el sueco como lengua materna.

Nous interrogeons à La Réunion, dans une perspective écologique fondée sur la théorie du rhizome et la philosophie du réseau, la marge de négociation des politiques linguistiques par les enseignants. Pour cela, nous avons opté pour une enquête qualitative et privilégié l’approche ethnographique et l’analyse critique du discours de classe. Les résultats montrent que, parmi les trois hypothèses proposées, celle concernant l’impact des activités d’éveil aux langues sur la prise en compte des langues des élèves comme ressources pour toute la classe se trouve confirmée, dès lors qu’elle donne lieu au développement de stratégies de translanguaging à visée de transformation sociale plus qu’à des stratégies compensatoires engendrées par une vision « langue-problème ». L’étude conclut à la priorité d’axer la formation d’enseignants sur une initiation à la recherche ethnographique dans le cadre d’ateliers sociodidactiques ayant pour finalité le développement d’une conscience critique du langage. / We question – from an ecological perspective here based on rhizome theory and the philosophy of network – the extent to which teachers in Reunion Island negotiate language policies through their implementation of plurilingual education. On the methodological level, we opted for a qualitative survey and an ethnographic approach as well as a critical analysis of classroom discourse. The results show that, among the three hypotheses proposed, the one concerning the impact of language awareness activities upon the mobilization of school students’ languages as resources for the whole class is confirmed, provided that it gives rise to the development of translanguaging and social transformation strategies more than compensatory strategies generated by a language-problem-vision. The study concludes on the priority to focus teacher training on an introduction to ethnographic research in sociodidactic workshops which purpose would be the development of a critical awareness of language.

Cette recherche doctorale examine le lien entre l’apprentissage d’une langue et la construction identitaire à travers l’expérience d’apprentissage du français de quatre hongkongaises. L’étude adopte la perspective post-structuraliste de l’identité (Norton, 2000; Bucholtz & Hall, 2005). Selon cette perspective, l’apprentissage d’une langue est considéré sous l’angle d’un procédé de construction identitaire qui reflète « le désir des apprenants d’étendre la gamme de leurs identités et d’accéder à des environnements plus larges » (Pavlenko & Norton, 2007, 670). En utilisant une méthodologie de type « narrative inquiry » (Clandinin & Connelly 2000) que l’on pourrait qualifier d’« étude de récits de vie par enquêtes approfondies », l’étude met en lumière l’expérience individuelle ainsi que les différents aspects de l’apprentissage de langues à l’ère de la « superdiversité » (Vertovec, 2007). A partir d’un corpus composé en partie d’entretiens approfondis et de « language learner histories » (Mercer, 2013), cette étude a pour but d’illustrer que même les langues « minoritaires » (tel que le français à Hong Kong) ont un rôle à jouer en terme de construction identitaire. Les quatre participantes ont toutes appris le français dans un cadre institutionnel mais elles ont aussi développé leur intérêt pour cette langue au cours de leur expérience professionnelle ainsi qu’en voyageant voyages ou au cours de leurs activités en ligne. L’étude montre le côté unique et personnel de l’expérience d’apprentissage de langues et met en avant différents aspects de cette expérience et sa signification en terme de construction identitaire en faisant valoir que ces aspects sont souvent négligés en didactique des langues. Ce qui ressort de cette étude est que, premièrement, apprendre une langue « minoritaire » joue un rôle important dans la construction indentitaire en dépit d’un niveau de maîtrise linguistique qui, conventionnellement, serait jugé limitée. Deuxièmement, l’étude montre que le développement de la connaissance interculturelle incite à réfléchir à son environnement culturel, ce qui agit sur l’identité. En conclusion, l’étude souligne le besoin de prendre en compte la « diversité ou multidimensionalité » des apprenants de langues dans les dispositifs d’apprentissage de langues (voir Byrd Clark, 2010) ainsi que le phénomène de de-territorialisation des langues à l’ère de la superdiversité (Jacquemet, 2005). Les notions pédagogiques de ce qu’est et représente une langue doivent être également être repensées et réfléter la créativité et la diversité des pratiques langagières des personnes multilingues, ce qui amène aussi à repenser la notion de compétence en langues. L’étude offre donc des pistes méthodologiques, théoriques et pédagogiques / This doctoral research examines the relationship between language learning and identity construction, focusing on four Hong Kong adults and their experiences of learning French. The study adopts a poststructuralist perspective on identity (Norton, 2000; Bucholtz & Hall, 2005). From this perspective, language learning is a process of identity construction which reflects ‘the desire of learners to expand their range of identities and to reach out to wider worlds’ (Pavlenko & Norton, 2007, 670). Using a narrative methodology known as ‘narrative inquiry’ (Clandinin & Connelly, 2000), the study highlights the personal experiences of learners and illustrates various aspects of language learning in the age of ‘superdiversity’ (Vertovec, 2007). Using data gathered from a range of sources including in-depth interviews and language learner histories, this inquiry aims to illustrate how even ‘minor’ languages (such as French in Hong Kong) can be significant in terms of identity. The four participants investigated in this study have all studied French in formal settings, but their engagement with French has also developed through workplace and travel experiences, as well as through online interaction. The study was able to highlight the unique and personal experiences of learners and illustrates various aspects of language learning and their significance for learner identity, aspects that are often overlooked from a conventional language didactic perspective. Two major findings are that, firstly, learning ‘minor’ languages can play a significant role in learner identities despite limited levels of conventional proficiency. Secondly, the process of language learning is revealed as being one of growing intercultural awareness, an awareness that is brought to bear upon the learner’s own cultural environment and also has relevance for identity. The study concludes by highlighting the need to acknowledge the ‘diversity or multidimensionality’ of language learners in curriculum and language classrooms (e.g. Byrd Clark, 2010) as well as an increased de-territorialisation of language under conditions of superdiversity (Jacquemet, 2005). Also, pedagogical notions of language and languages need to be reconceptualised to reflect the creative, diverse and complex language repertoires of language of multilingual learners and speakers, which means rethinking the notion of language competence. The study thus offers orientations for methodology, theory and pedagogy

Studiens syfte var att beskriva hur undervisning i grundskolan utformas för nyanlända elever samt hur utformningen av undervisningen inverkar på elevernas lärande och inkludering. Frågorna som belystes var; Hur motiverar olika skolor sin utformning av undervisning för nyanlända elever? Hur utformar de olika skolorna stöttning och extra anpassningar, så att nyanlända elevers lärande underlättas? Hur beskrivs synen på inkluderande undervisning och hur omsätts den i verksamheten på olika skolor? Studien genomfördes med kvalitativ fenomenografisk metod. Nio halvstrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med rektor, specialpedagog och lärare på tre olika skolor. Resultatet visade att undervisning för nyanlända elever utformades olika skolor emellan samt att kunskap och erfarenhet var viktigt för att kunna utforma god undervisning. Vidare, att alla skolor strävade efter en inkluderande undervisning och att extra anpassningar eller stöttning genomfördes, för att elevernas individuella förutsättningar att nå målen skulle tillvaratas. Viljan fanns, men inte alltid kunskaperna eller förutsättningarna. Några verksamma åtgärder för ökad måluppfyllelse identifierades i studien. Stöttning var en förutsättning för att nå de individuella målen.Undervisning som var kognitivt utmanande samt utgick från elevernas kunskaper och erfarenheter och användande av modersmål i undervisningen lyftes som verksamma redskap, för att få eleverna engagerade i läsande och skrivande samt stärka språket. Samarbete inom skolan mellan olika yrkeskategorier, men också ett samarbete med vårdnadshavare var en förutsättning. Ökad inkludering nåddes när åtgärder vidtogs, som skapade goda förutsättningar för nyanlända elever att lyckas i skolan. Inkluderingssträvan var en ständigt pågående demokratisk process för alla människors rättigheter och lika värde. Den utgick ifrån idén att elevers olikheter var en tillgång, där elever erbjöds möjligheter att uppleva gemenskap och aktivt deltagande med hög pedagogisk vinst. / The purpose of the study was to describe how teaching is designed in elementary school for newly arrived pupils, and to review the effects of this teaching. The questions being analyzed were: What is the motivation of the different schools in how they create their supportive teaching structure for the newly arrived students? How do the different schools organize their scaffolding, and how do they make adjustments, so that the learning of new arrivals is supported? How is inclusive education described, and how is it transformed into activities at different schools? The study used a qualitative phenomenographic methodology. Nine half-structured interviews were conducted with the principal, special educator and teacher at three different schools. The results showed that teaching for newly arrived pupils varies between schools, and that knowledge and experience is important in order to create a good teaching environment. Further, all schools aimed for an inclusive education, and that additional adjustments or supporting structures were implemented to ensure that the pupils' individual needs for achieving their goals were met. Not all schools had the knowledge or the right conditions for the implementation of an inclusive education, but all three had the will to try. Some methods for increased goal achievement have been identified as being particularly active in the study. Scaffolding was a prerequisite for reaching pupils’ individual goals, and one challenge was to decide on the right kind of pedagogy for the individual pupil. Education that was cognitively challenging, and on the pupil’s mother tongue, can all be used as active tools in order to get pupils involved in reading and writing and with the goal of strengthening their language. Collaboration within the schools’ different occupational categories, as well as cooperation with caregivers, were needed. Inclusion was achieved when the right action was taken to create good learning conditions for newly arrived pupils to succeed in school. The inclusion endeavor was ultimately based on an ongoing democratic process for all human rights and equal values. It was based on the idea that pupils' differences were an asset, offering students the opportunity to experience community and active participation with high educational gains.

Ett gemensamt meningsskapande i skolans naturvetenskapliga klassrum förutsätter en interaktion som i allt högre grad kommer att präglas av ett naturvetenskapligt språkbruk. Utvecklingen av ett naturvetenskapligt ämnesspråk innebär ofta en stor utmaning för flerspråkiga elever som lär sig naturvetenskap på sitt andraspråk och vars behov av stöttning därför är särskilt stort. Denna studie utforskar döva och hörselskadade elevers lärande naturvetenskap i ett tvåspråkigt NO-klassrum där meningsskapandet sker genom svenskt teckenspråk och skriven svenska. Avhandlingens övergripande frågor är hur svenskt teckenspråk och svenska används i dialogen och hur dessa språk, i interaktion med andra modaliteter, bidrar till meningsskapandet i naturvetenskap. En grupp på två lärare och åtta elever, alla döva och teckenspråkig tvåspråkiga, filmades i totalt sjutton NO-lektioner. Klassrumskommunikation i denna teckenspråkigt tvåspråkiga miljö med naturvetenskapliga artefakter som modeller, tabeller och övrig naturvetenskaplig utrustning analyseras sedan från ett multimodalt socialsemiotiskt perspektiv där språk och modaliteter diskuteras som potentiella resurser i meningsskapandet. Resultaten visar en komplex dialog där språk och modaliteter hela tiden växlar på ett sätt som starkt bidrar till att driva dialogen framåt. Vidare framstår det visuella-gestuella teckenspråket som en kraftfull modalitet. I synnerhet spelar avbildande tecken en framträdande roll i dialogen och i det naturvetenskapliga meningsskapandet. Språkväxlingar i den teckenspråkiga dialogen sker dynamiskt i form av sömlösa och spontana växlingar men utnyttjas även som pedagogiskt verktyg. Teckenspråkets kontextbundenhet kräver dessutom ibland tvärspråkliga resonemang på metanivå där oklarheter såväl som likheter och skillnader mellan olika språkliga uttryck kan redas ut. Resultaten uppmärksammar också lärarnas viktiga roll för att stötta eleverna i det naturvetenskapliga meningsskapandet liksom för utvecklingen av ett naturvetenskapligt språk. I diskussionen lyfts behovet av pedagogiska strategier som stärker stöttningen av döva och hörselskadade elevers teckenspråkiga tvåspråkiga meningsskapande i naturvetenskap. / A collaborative meaning-making process in the natural science classroom presupposes an interaction that to an increasing extent is characterised by scientific language usage. Developing a scientific subject-oriented language is often a great challenge for multilingual pupils learning natural science in their second language and whose consequent need of scaffolding is especially great. This study examines how natural science is learned amongst deaf and hard-of-hearing students in a bilingual science classroom where the meaning-making is conveyed through sign language and written Swedish. The primary questions of the thesis are how Swedish Sign Language and Swedish are used in dialogue and how these languages, in interplay with other modalities, contribute to the meaning-making process in the teaching of natural science. A group consisting of two teachers and eight pupils, all deaf or hard-of-hearing and sign bilingual, were filmed during a total of seventeen science lessons. Communication within the classroom, consisting of a sign bilingual environment with natural science artefacts, such as models, tables and other science equipment, is then analysed from a multimodal social semiotic perspective, where language and modalities are discussed as potential resources in the meaning-making process. The results depict a complex dialogue where languages and modalities are shifted between in a manner highly conductive to the further progress of dialogue. In addition, the visual-gestured aspects of the sign language appear as a potent modality. Especially depicting signs play a prominent role in the dialogue and the scientific meaning-making process. Dynamic language shifting occurring in the signed dialogue in the form of seamless and spontaneous transitions and used actively as a pedagogical tool is analysed and discussed within a framework of translanguaging. The contextual restrictions of sign language also require cross-linguistic discussions on a meta-level in instances where uncertainties as well as differences and similarities between various linguistic expressions are sorted out. The results also emphasise the important role of teachers in supporting pupils in the scientific meaning-making process as well as in the development of a scientific language. In the discussion, the need for pedagogical strategies is stressed in order to strengthen support for the sign bilingual scientific meaning-making process of deaf and hard-of-hearing pupils.

The aim of the study is to investigate how multilingualism can be expressed in a classroom. With the aid of a qualitative approach applying the sociocultural perspective and with translanguaging as a theoretical framework, a fifth-grade class has been observed during three lessons in Swedish and mathematics. The class teacher was also asked to answer questions by email about how the pupils’ multilingualism was manifested in the classroom. The result shows that the teacher promotes the pupils’ opportunities for developing knowledge, language and identity by letting them translate words and summaries of texts from Swedish into their mother tongue. The pupils are helped by being allowed to use their multilingualism since they can help each other with words they do not understand and can carry on conversations with each other with no linguistic obstacles. By working in language groups, the pupils are allowed to converse with each other by switching between their languages and thereby creating further conditions for accomplishing the tasks with which they are presented.

I dagens internationaliserade samhälle lever vi i en mångkultur som präglas av olika kulturer och språk. Förskolan blir en social mötesplats där kultur och språk samverkar med hjälp av barn, pedagoger och vårdnadshavare. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka förutsättningar för språkutveckling som ges till flerspråkiga barn samt hur förskollärare förhåller sig till att främja denna utveckling som en del av det praktiska arbetet med språk i förskolan. Vi har valt att ha flerspråkig barnlitteratur som utgångspunkt då högläsning och samtal om litteratur lyfts som en viktig del av läroplanen för förskolan (Skolverket, 2018). Som underlag för studien har vi använt oss av teorierna om Translanguaging (Kirsch, 2018; Garcia, 2018) samt det sociokulturella perspektivet (Vygotskij via Säljö 2014; Strandberg, 2009). Vi har intervjuat 10 förskollärare från 7 olika förskolor för att kunna undersöka hur förskollärare upplever arbete med flerspråkighet och vilka resurser som finns tillgängliga för ändamålet. Materialet som samlades in genom intervjuerna har sedan analyserats och bearbetats för att kunna fastställa ett resultat utifrån respondenternas erfarenheter av arbete med flerspråkighet i förskolan. Resultatet presenterar att svenska är det primära språket som används i förskolans verksamhet men att barnens möjligheter till språkutveckling av sitt modersmål eller sina vårdnadshavares modersmål främjas genom engagerade pedagoger som ser flerspråkighet som en styrka och en resurs. Det visar sig även att barns språkutveckling är beroende av det sociala samspelet som sker och att barn lär sig och utvecklar sina språkkunskaper tillsammans med andra. Vi ser även att digitala verktyg är en mycket uppskattad resurs för att kunna erbjuda barnen bilderböcker på flera olika språk som en del av språkutvecklingen och att flerspråkiga pedagoger är en stor fördel för barns språkutveckling i förskolan. Slutligen framgår det att förskollärarna lägger stor vikt vid att fånga upp barnens intresse kring språk och att samverkan med vårdnadshavare är en viktig del i barnens språkutveckling eftersom den utvecklingen sker både på förskolan och i hemmet.

This qualitative study aims to explore the ways in which digital dictionaries andmachine translation are being used to help students learning Swedish as a secondlanguage (L2). The study focuses on teacher’s reasoning for the use of these tools andthe problems they face in trying to implement the guidelines specified around the useof such tools in the Swedish curriculum. Through interviews with teachers of Swedishas a second language, and phenomenographic analysis, the study shows that mostteachers use these tools as a lexical aid rather than a steppingstone to implementingstrategies which facilitate the symbiotic uses of both the students first and secondlanguages in their linguistic development. This due to the controversial issue of usingmachine translation as a pedagogical tool in second language acquisition. Many of theteachers mentioned the shortcomings of both the tools and their own ability to usethem as a problem in implementing these tools. The teachers also had difficultiesdeciding which resources would be best in helping their students develop theirlanguage skills in the target language. Possible solutions for this problem would befurther training for teachers in the uses of machine translation and in which strategiesto teach their students to make didactic use of translation tools like Google Translate.

Thesis( M.Ed.) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / The purpose of this study was to explore translanguaging patterns in Xitsonga classrooms at high schools in Mkhuhlu, specifically M.L Nkuna High School. In this study, translanguaging patterns were tracked at M.L Nkuna high school, whereby some learners almost have little or no exposure to Xitsonga at home, but they enroll for Xitsonga as Home Language (HL). The language policy of the school provides for Xitsonga as an official HL, yet there are those who speak SiSwati and other languages as their Home Languages. There is high failure rate of Xitsonga Home Language as a subject. The researcher observed lessons and conducted interviews on teachers and learners to develop the case, which may be used to enrich an understanding of other cases that include translanguaging as a pedagogic tool. The study was qualitative within transformative paradigm. The researcher observed that translanguaging was not adequately used within Xitsonga classrooms at M.L Nkuna high school. Moreover, the researcher acknowledge the view that if translanguaging was used properly in classrooms, improvement of learning experience would be realized. Moreover, the researcher views translanguaging as an integral part of the environment of M.L Nkuna High School, in order to bridge the gap between learners in multilingual classrooms. Lastly, there is a need to conduct a survey on language policies in schools