Consideradas uma das principais medidas das reformas regulatórias financeiras pós-crise 2008, as novas políticas para os bancos \"too big to fail\", também conhecidos como bancos globais sistematicamente importantes (G-SIBs), representam uma grande oportunidade para um melhor entendimento da complexa relação entre Estados Nacionais e os grandes conglomerados financeiros. Dialogando com a ideia -ubíqua na literatura de economia política internacional de finanças - que com frequência identifica na regulamentação financeira transnacional a presença de regulatory capture, este trabalho objetiva verificar, a partir de um estudo empírico, em que medida essas novas regras produzidas em âmbito internacional foram forjadas em prol dos interesses e preferências dos atores privados afetados por tal regulamentação. As opiniões dos representantes do setor bancário privado no processo de consulta para as regras estabelecidas pelo Comitê de Basiléia de Supervisão Bancária (Basel Committe on Banking Supervision) em 2011, sob a epígrafe \"Global Systemically Important Banks: Assessment Methodology and the Loss Absorbency Requirement\" constituíram o material de base para o estudo. O argumento central apresentado neste trabalho é o de que o setor bancário transnacional não foi bem-sucedido em fazer valer seus interesses e preferências na elaboração desta regulamentação, confirmando a tese defendida por Kevin Young (2009;2012; 2013c), de que a influência do setor privado financeiro é assistemática, circunscrita e condicionada. Entre os mecanismos que limitaram a capacidade de influência dos grandes bancos nessa fase regulatória, dois aspectos foram especialmente significativos: a adoção do paradigma macroprudencialista pelos reguladores e o contexto político, principalmente dos países desenvolvidos. / Considered as one of the key measures of the financial regulation overhaul following the 2008 crisis, the new policy towards \"too big to fail\" banks, also known as global systemically important banks (G-SIBs), represents a great opportunity for a better understanding of the complex relationship between national states and major financial conglomerates. Discussing the generally ubiquitous idea in the international political economy literature which often identifies the presence of regulatory capture in transnational financial regulation, this paper aims to verify, based on an empirical study, whether these new international rules have been elaborated according to the interests and preferences of the private actors affected by such regulation. The opinions and views of the private banking sector in the consultation process of the rules established in 2011 by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, named \"Global Systemic Important Banks: Assessment Methodology and the Loss Absorbency Requirement\", constituted the base material for this work. The central argument presented in this paper is that the transnational banking sector was not successful in asserting its interests and preferences in the elaboration of this regulation, confirming the thesis sustained by authors such as Kevin Young (2009, 2012; 2013c) claiming that private financial sector influence is limited, conditioned and not systematic. Two aspects have been especially significant among the mechanisms that limited the influence of large banks in this regulatory phase: the macroprudential ideational shift in the international regulatory policy community and the political context, especially in developed countries.

A presente tese se ocupa do processo em que o órgão judicial realiza o controle de constitucionalidade de normas ou de omissões normativas. Mais precisamente, a investigação recai sobre a índole ou natureza objetiva de que se reveste tal processo no sistema pátrio, buscando-se: (i) analisar a sua real dimensão (o que, como e em que medida o mencionado caráter objetivo repercute na configuração estrutural e procedimental daquele processo); (ii) identificar o conjunto normativo processual e concepções da dogmática processual civil que se compatibilizam nesse quadrante (até mesmo porque, a esse respeito, muitas são as polêmicas no ambiente doutrinário e muitas são as dúvidas surgidas em razão de uma não-uniformidade de pronunciamentos do Supremo Tribunal Federal). A hipótese do trabalho reside na seguinte ideia: o caráter objetivo do processo não se restringe ao controle abstrato de constitucionalidade e se harmoniza, ainda que com limites, com as regras do direito processual civil brasileiro. Desse modo, o estudo se inicia com um exame de premissas conceituais, classificatórias e terminológicas que tangenciam os domínios da jurisdição constitucional; nessa parte da pesquisa, também são colhidos subsídios aptos para consolidar a noção de que o caráter objetivo pode se apresentar com maior ou menor expressão em toda atividade jurisdicional. Para compreender como a natureza objetiva em estudo se afirma no sistema jurídico atual, parte-se para uma análise de seus aspectos históricos e conceituais, prosseguindo-se com um exame que confere ênfase ao exercício do controle principal e abstrato modalidade que viabiliza em maior escala a projeção da natureza objetiva do processo. Nesse contexto, inclusive, enfrentam-se questões processuais relacionadas à existência ou não de lide, partes, contraditório, cognição judicial sobre fatos e de atividade probatória, rompendo-se mitos que doutrina e jurisprudência chegaram a estabelecer sobre esses assuntos. Para a demonstração de que o caráter objetivo também se apresenta no controle difuso e concreto, embora com menor projeção, realiza-se uma abordagem sob a ótica da tutela jurisdicional coletiva; posteriormente, o foco se volta para o fenômeno da expansão de caracteres da natureza objetiva para as vias processuais vocacionadas à proteção de interesses subjetivos. Considerações conclusivas de cunho crítico encerram o trabalho. Pondera-se, sobretudo, que a natureza objetiva conduz a uma modelagem processual de feição diferenciada, mas que, ao mesmo tempo, contempla padrões que não se desvencilham das vigas mestras e dos institutos fundamentais do direito processual civil. / The focus of this thesis is the process by which a judicial body carries out the constitutional control of rules or the omission of regulatory groups. The research more specifically deals with the character or objective nature with which this process is covered in the national system. The aim of the work is to (i) analyse its real dimension (what, how and to what extent the aforementioned objective character affects the structural and procedural setting of the process); (ii) identify the procedural set of rules and dogmatic civil procedural conceptions that are compatible in the area (because there are many controversial issues in such regard in the doctrinal environment and many doubts have arisen due to non-uniform Supreme Court pronouncements). The hypothesis of this work rests in the following idea: the objective character of the process is not restricted to the abstract control of constitutionality. It is rather in harmony, under certain limits, with the rules of Brazilian civil procedural law. The study therefore starts with an examination of conceptual, terminological and classificatory assumptions that constitute the constitutional jurisdiction fields. State support is also chosen in this part of the research to consolidate the idea that objective character is expressed in different levels across all jurisdictional activity. An historical and conceptual analysis is conducted in order to understand better how objective nature in study is present in the current legal system. The emphasis of the examination is on the exercise of principle and abstract control, which allows for a greater scale projection of the objective nature of the process. In this context, the thesis also encompasses procedural questions dealing with leads, parts and contradiction and judicial cognition about facts and evidential activity. Myths that doctrine and case law have established on these matters are thereby broken. In order to demonstrate that objective character is also present in the diffuse control, albeit with less projection, the perspective of collective legal protection is focused on and in turn moves on to the phenomenon of character expansion of objective nature of the procedures that are directed at the protection of subjective interests. Concluding considerations of a critical nature complete the work. It is, in sum, a reflection that objective nature does shape procedural features, but at the same time is unable to affect the structure of the fundamental institutions of civil procedural law.

O Brasil tem visto um forte processo de judicialização de sua vida pública. Hoje, a Justiça exerce um papel político importante no país, mas é marcada pela ineficiência na solução de disputas e cobrança de créditos. Críticas à expansão desse papel político são, pois, abundantes. Diz-se que (i) geraria instabilidade institucional e um ambiente hostil ao desenvolvimento (crítica institucional); (ii) produziria resultados ilegítimos (preferências judiciais substituiriam decisões majoritárias - crítica de legitimidade) e (iii) resultaria em ações inefetivas, pois o aparato das cortes não é adequado a resolver conflitos policêntricos e prospectivos (crítica instrumental). Este trabalho analisa o processo brasileiro de judicialização e os argumentos centrais da crítica instrumental. Sugere que ela refere-se a um modelo de direito e justiça que está em transformação. No modelo emergente, a justiça distributiva é reintroduzida na dinâmica legal e a administração de interesses sobrepuja, aos poucos, a tutela de direitos. Essas mudanças, mais a judicialização, levam a alterações importantes no processo judicial. Reconhecendo os problemas daí decorrentes, a tese sugere um caráter virtuoso desse novo contencioso de direito público emergente. Ele parece forjar um mecanismo de reforço de participação política que pode avançar a democracia e melhorar condições de igualdade política. / From democratization in the mid 80? on, Brazilian public life has been forced into an increasingly intense process of judicialization. Lack of confidence in representative institutions, a very open-texted charter of social and economic rights, an important political use of the Judiciary by the oppositions, and other related factors seem to be implicated in this. Brazilian justice holds today a considerable political power, but that is just part of a story. It is also astonishingly inefficient as a services provider, and fails to respond to most of its dispute-solving and credit-enforcement functions. Criticism about the expansion of the political role of the Judiciary in this context is profuse. First, it is said to generate institutional instability, which in turn would bring out a hostile environment for economic growth. Second, it is said to be illegitimate, as far as politicized judges may often replace majoritarian decisions by their own. Third, it is said that litigation involving political issues and social reform tend to be erratic and ineffective, because the institutional designs of both courts and their processes are not adequate to regulate polycentric and prospective conflicts. This work puts Brazilian judicialization into context, and analyses the main arguments of the institutional capacity critique (which is called in here the instrumental critique). The author suggests that the instrumental critique refers to a certain model of law and justice that has been changing (both globally and in Brazil) since the end of the last century. In the emergent model, distributive justice is reintroduced into the dynamics of law, and the administration of diffuse interests slowly replaces the adjudication of individual rights as the paradigmatic activity of the Judiciary. Those changes in both law and justice, along with judicialization, are argued to have lead to other important changes in the design of the judicial process in Brazil. Despite the many problems related to those changes, the ending notes of this work point to a possible virtuous character of the new Brazilian public law litigation. As stated herein, this litigation seems to be creating a participation-reinforcing device that in the long run may foster democracy and political equality.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Possi Magane.pdf: 1694555 bytes, checksum: cb5f74c69600080757029efc6ea5a2de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The aim of the present work is to propose reflections for the outlining of the legal system of the health services management by Third Sector entities, in light of the Brazilian legal system. The interest for the theme may be justified by the following reasons: i) dissemination of the Third Sector in Brazil deriving from the neoliberal ideological context and from the State Reform; ii) rediscovery of the principle of subsidiarity and retaking of the administrative activity of fomentation by the Public Administration; iii) recent legislative amendments in constitutional and infraconstitutional levels promoted with the intention of justifying new models of relation between the State and society, often in flagrant violation to the constitutional principles; iv) substitution of the state initiative for the private initiative for the performance of activities which are primarily State s responsibility to provide and which constitutional permissive admits only complementary activity from the individuals; v) wide doctrinal dissent regarding the legal limits of administrative activity of fomentation and the distortions of the legal system reality connected to this administrative function, as an escape mechanism of the administrative legal system. In the attempt to reach the outlined objectives, we shall primarily establish the contextualization of the surfacing of the Third Sector in Brazil, as well as the necessary assumptions in order to establish the logical premises of our understanding regarding the theme; Then, we shall identify the constitutional outlines of the administrative activity of fomentation and the legal tools which enable this administrative function, including the identification of the entities that are part of the Third Sector and the titles that are given to them by the Public Power. In possession of all these elements, which outlines are necessary for the research presented herein, we will pass to the study of the theme itself, presenting the legislative scenery which the health service is included, and, finally, identifying the legal system of the health services management by the Third Sector entities, seeking, then, to present the conclusions obtained from the confrontation between the legislative and doctrinal aspects regarding the theme / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo propor reflexões para o delineamento do regime jurídico da gestão do serviço de saúde pelas entidades do Terceiro Setor, à luz do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. O interesse pelo tema pode ser justificado pelas seguintes razões: i) disseminação do Terceiro Setor no Brasil a partir do contexto ideológico neoliberal e de Reforma do Estado; ii) redescoberta do princípio da subsidiariedade e retomada da atividade administrativa de fomento pela Administração Pública; iii) recentes alterações legislativas nos planos constitucional e infraconstitucional promovidas no intento de justificar novos modelos de relacionamento entre o Estado e a sociedade civil, muita vezes em flagrante violação aos ditames constitucionais; iv) substituição estatal pela iniciativa privada no desempenho de atividades sociais cuja prestação lhe incumbe com primazia e cujo permissivo constitucional admite apenas atividade complementar dos particulares; v) ampla divergência doutrinária no tocante aos limites jurídicos da atividade administrativa de fomento e as distorções na realidade do regime jurídico afeto à esta função administrativa, como mecanismo de fuga do regime jurídico administrativo. No intento de alcançar os objetivos traçados, buscaremos, primeiramente, estabelecer a contextualização do surgimento do Terceiro Setor no Brasil, bem como os pressupostos necessários a fim de estabelecermos as premissas lógicas de nosso entendimento acerca do tema; em seguida, procuraremos identificar os contornos constitucionais da atividade administrativa de fomento e os seus instrumentos jurídicos viabilizadores, passando pela identificação das entidades que compõem o Terceiro Setor e os títulos que lhes são conferidos pelo Poder Público. De posse de todos esses elementos, cujos contornos faz-se necessário para a pesquisa que ora apresentamos, passaremos ao estudo do tema propriamente dito, apresentando o panorama normativo que está inserido o serviço de saúde, e, por fim, identificando o regime jurídico da gestão do serviço de saúde pelas entidades do Terceiro Setor, buscando, em seguida, apresentar as conclusões obtidas do confronto que faremos entre os aspectos legislativos e doutrinários sobre o tema

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cesar Augusto Di Natale Nobre.pdf: 1480978 bytes, checksum: 2405439b7577c23a991719be45b657c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-02 / This study aims to identify the role of Government in promoting and inducing certain practices considered as social interest. More specifically, it addresses the social integration of people with disabilities through their work as well as analyses the legal nature of the "Lei de Cotas", whether as labour obligation or administrative restriction to the property. The public policy concerning the issue at hand deals with the imposition on companies to hire fixed percentage of its staff of employees considering disabled people and rehabilitated peopleby Social Security and was instituted by Law 8.213/91, titled "Lei de Cotas" as described above. This study is intended to discussthe role of Public Administration within this context, as it suggests that for the effective implementation of the constitutional right to social inclusion, which should be provided to these people,the institution of public policy would be more efficient in encouraging this kind of hiring if in combination with the Lei de Cotas , which means, the exercise of public function by Induction Administration, as it is called by the doctrine, and not merely the exercise of the traditional policepower to supervising the entrepreneurial activity, or exclusively by Orderly Administration. Moreover, it is intended to discuss the National Policy on Social Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities, established by Law 7.853/89, in order to understand the role of the Third Sector and Public Administration considering the social inclusion of this group, objectifying to propose new directions for implementation of these rights / Esta dissertação busca identificar o papel do Estado no fomento e na indução a determinadas práticas consideradas como de interesse social. Mais especificamente, aborda a inserção social dos portadores de deficiência por meio do seu trabalho, bem como analisa a natureza jurídica da Lei de Cotas , se de obrigação trabalhista ou de restrição administrativa à propriedade. A política pública acerca do tema em questão trata da imposição às empresas de contratar percentual de seu quadro fixo de empregados considerando pessoas portadoras de deficiência e reabilitadas pela Previdência Social e foi instituída pela Lei n° 8.213/91, cunhada como Lei de Cotas conforme acima referido. Pretende-se discutir aqui o papel da Administração Pública neste cenário, pois se sugere que, para a efetiva concretização do direito constitucional à inclusão social que deveria ser assegurado a estas pessoas, hoje seria mais eficiente a instituição de política pública de incentivo às empresas em combinação com a Lei de Cotas, ou seja, o exercício da função pública pela Administração Fomentadora, como nomima a doutrina, e não meramente o exercício do poder de polícia clássico de fiscalização da atividade empresarial ou, ainda, exclusivamente por meio da Administração Ordenadora. Ademais, intenciona-se discutir a Política Nacional de Inserção Social dos Portadores de Deficiência, instituída pela Lei n° 7.853/89, a fim de se compreender os papeis do Terceiro Setor e o da Administração Pública no âmbito da inclusão social desta parcela da população, com a finalidade de se propor novos rumos à concretização de tais direitos

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudio Penedo Madureira.pdf: 1548963 bytes, checksum: 885287097fa585f00cf0f8791dd13ae0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-12 / I focus the problem of litigation in the legal process, but under the view of needed compatibility of administrative acting in the boundaries imposed by positive-law order to the State intervention in the range of legal possibilities of the citizen. The discussion proposed here is important because the State, as an organic element of political institutionalization of a society supports in all its aspects several possibilities and claims that lead it to legal litigations dayly. The fact is that Public Administration and its agents are subject to the rules of written legality (here understood as juridicity in order to cover the following of rules that are part of the Constitution) and have their activities linked to the achievement of public interest (here understood as State and society interest observing the established juridical order). This finding is of crucial importance for understanding the litigation problem in the public field, since the incidence of strict legality and need of public interest achievement condition the state activity to a correct application do Law. The achievement of this purpose presupposes interpretative activity and not always the public agents are prepared to act, which explains diversity in the basis of professional training that are part of the Administration. Like this problems outcome in the realization of necessary acts to the administrative functions, based on mistakes in the Law application. It may happen that Administration denies usufruct to subjective rights by order or from it imposes the administered people obligations and punishment not authorized by the normative terms. These mistakes need to be corrected by Administration under the hazard and risk of inferring offense to strict legality and of not promoting properly the achievement of public interest. The importance of Public Advocacy and its participants is here to whom the Constitution (articles 131 e 132) gives assistance to the public service in the administrative processes by means of which these professionals can have the internal control of juridicity of the administrative acting (article 70). As a consequence of this juridical control, when acts practiced by the Administration contradicts Law, the public lawyers must direct their review in the administrative range. It is their duty to use tools that are given to them to promote the anticipation of litigious demand closure that the validity of these same acts are discussed, for example, not presenting defense or legal resources and promoting conciliation in the process. These elements lead to the conclusion that it is incompatible to the administrative law system, specially to the strict legality and with the need of achieving public interest, the understanding according to which it is for the public lawyers , as professionals of the linked legal activity support the unsustainable or question the unquestionable in the processes they are linked to / Abordo o problema da litigiosidade no processo, mas sob o enfoque da necessária compatibilidade do agir administrativo aos limites impostos pelo ordenamento jurídicopositivo à intervenção do Estado na esfera das disponibilidades jurídicas do cidadão. A discussão proposta é relevante porque o Estado, como elemento orgânico da institucionalização política de uma sociedade, sustenta, em todas as suas emanações, numerosas responsabilidades e pretensões, que o conduzem, cotidianamente, aos litígios judiciais. Ocorre que, como cediço, a Administração Pública e seus agentes estão sujeitos aos ditames da legalidade estrita (aqui compreendida como juridicidade, para também abarcar o cumprimento das regras e princípios que integram a Constituição) e têm sua atuação vinculada à realização do interesse público (aqui compreendido como interesse do Estado e da sociedade na observância da ordem jurídica estabelecida). Essa constatação tem crucial importância para a compreensão do problema da litigiosidade na esfera pública, visto que a incidência da legalidade estrita e a necessidade da realização do interesse público condicionam a atuação estatal a uma correta aplicação do Direito. É certo que o atendimento desse reclame pressupõe atividade interpretativa, e que nem sempre os agentes públicos estão preparados para exercitá-la, o que em parte se explica em parte pela diversidade na base de formação profissional das pessoas que integram a Administração. Com isso, surgem, em concreto, problemas na realização de atos necessários à execução da função administrativa, pautados em equívocos na aplicação do Direito. Assim, pode ocorrer, por exemplo, de a Administração negar fruição a direitos subjetivos assegurados pelo ordenamento, ou dela impor aos administrados obrigações e sanções não autorizadas pelos textos normativos. Esses equívocos precisam ser corrigidos pela Administração, sob pena e risco de se depreender, na casuística, ofensa à legalidade estrita e de não se promover adequadamente a realização do interesse público. Nisso reside a importância da Advocacia Pública e de seus integrantes (os advogados públicos, também designados como procuradores), a quem a Constituição (arts. 131 e 132) confere o atendimento ao poder público nos processos administrativos (atividade consultiva) e judiciais (atividade contenciosa), no curso dos quais esses profissionais exercem, ainda, o controle interno da juridicidade do agir administrativo (art. 70). Como decorrência desse controle jurídico, sempre que verificarem que atos praticados pela Administração contrariam o Direito, os advogados públicos devem orientar a sua revisão na esfera administrativa (atividade consultiva). Cumpre-lhes, ainda, utilizarem-se dos mecanismos que lhes são conferidos pelo ordenamento para promover a antecipação do desfecho de demandas judiciais em que se discute a validade desses mesmos atos viciados, por exemplo, deixando de apresentar defesas/recursos e promovendo a conciliação no processo (atividade contenciosa). Esses elementos induzem a conclusão de que é incompatível com o regime jurídico administrativo, em especial com a legalidade estrita e com a necessidade de realização do interesse público, a compreensão segundo a qual compete aos advogados públicos, como profissionais de atividade jurídica vinculada, sustentar o insustentável , ou contestar incontestável , nos processos em que atuam

La France et les États-Unis ont reconnu l’importance de préserver les biens archéologiques situés sur leurs territoires en leur offrant une protection légale contre toute détérioration ou destruction, en vue de leur jouissance par les générations présentes et de leur transmission pour les générations futures. Cette importance fait écho à l’existence d’un intérêtpublic pour la préservation du patrimoine archéologique. Clé de voûte des législations protectrices, l’intérêt public prend sa source dans différentes valeurs qui sont assignées aux biens archéologiques: les valeurs cognitive, identitaire, esthétique et économique. Les législations protectrices des deux pays se sont développées autour de la promotion de lavaleur cognitive, et également, en ce qui concerne les États-Unis surtout, autour de la promotion de la valeur identitaire.Si les États-Unis et la France reconnaissent l’intérêt public qui s’attache à la préservation des ressources archéologiques, leurs droits n’ont pas pour autant tiré toutes les conséquences de la spécificité de ces ressources. En effet, le système de propriété sur lequel sont assises les législations protectrices est fortement emprunt du droit commun, qui ne laisse guère de place au statut spécial des ressources archéologiques qu’il envisage comme de simples biens. Cette assise se révèle être une source de tensions pour la protection des vestiges car elle soulève l’affrontement de deux intérêts antagonistes : celui de l’intérêt public, porté par l’objectif de préservation, et l’intérêt privé, exprimé à travers le droit de propriété. Ces tensions ne se manifestant qu’eu égard aux biens qui entrent dans le champ d'application des législations protectrices, la question de la définition légale des biens archéologiques s’avère être une question de prime importance. Son étude révèle qu’il n’existe aucun statut uniforme du bien archéologique dans les deux pays. Néanmoins, toutes leslégislations protectrices reconnaissent la spécificité des ressources qu’elles protègent, en développant des mécanismes protecteurs spécifiques. Les deux systèmes juridiques tendent à favoriser la mise en œuvre de mécanismes d’appropriation publique des biens archéologiques, la puissance publique étant perçue comme le propriétaire le plus apte à assurer l’intérêt public. Ces mécanismes se heurtent à la force de résistance opposée par la propriété privée. Toutefois, la propriété privée des ressources archéologiques n’est pas nécessairement synonyme d’absence de protection.Aucune propriété spéciale n’a ainsi été mise en oeuvre. Les conflits soulevés entre préservation et propriété des biens archéologiques dans les systèmes protecteurs actuels pourraient dès lors être résolus en tirant les conséquences de la spécificité des biens archéologiques. Il ne serait pas nécessaire de remettre en cause le système même de propriétéde ces biens. En tant que bien spécial, devrait lui être assignée une propriété spéciale. / France and the United States have both recognized the importance of preserving archaeological resources against any damage or destruction through legal protection so that their use by present generations and their transfer to future generations may be ensured. This importance is reflected through the existence of a public interest in the preservation ofarchaeological resources. The public interest is rooted in different values which are assigned to archaeological resources and which may be referred to as the cognitive value, the identity value, the aesthetic value and the economic value. In both countries the cognitive value appears to be the cornerstone of protective legislation.Even though the United States and France recognize that there is a public interest in preserving archaeological resources, the ownership of archaeological resources is still deeply governed by common law rules, according to which archaeological resources are seen as mere property. This dichotomy proves to be a source of tension between two competing interests:the public interest which lies in archaeological resources protection on the one hand, and the private interest, expressed through ownership, on the other hand.The legal definition of protected archaeological resources lies therefore at the forefront of the issue. In both countries, there is no uniform status of archaeological resources. However, protective legislation recognizes the very specificity of these resources, developing therefore specific protective schemes. The two legal systems tend to favor public ownership, the state being seen has the most suitable owner capable of ensuring preservation. But private ownership appears to be a strong opposition public ownership has to face. However, private ownership of archaeological resources does not necessarily equal lack of protection.No special property status has thus been implemented in either countries. Conflicts arising between preservation and ownership of archaeological resources in the current protective systems could therefore be resolved by drawing the consequences of the specificity of archaeological resources into the protective schemes.

Ce travail étudie l’affirmation de la « culture des droits » dans le contexte népalais, en explorant le rapport triangulaire qui relie les associations locales, le discours international sur les droits humains et la morphologie des transformations – sociales, normatives, institutionnelles – qui ont caractérisé l’histoire récente du Népal.L’enquête se fonde sur une ethnographie transversale des associations urbaines, qui traverse les différentes échelles territoriales où ces associations se mobilisent et les multiples registres sur lesquels elles opèrent (le social, le politique, le juridique). La première partie est axée sur le niveau micro-local du quartier et de la ville et concerne trois réseaux associatifs: les collectifs de mères, les associations pour le développement du quartier et les organisations des Dalit, les basses castes ; la deuxième porte sur les associations des minorités ethniques (ou « nationalités indigènes ») et sur celles des groupes parbatiya, les hautes castes des collines népalaises ; la troisième est consacrée à l'interaction entre justice et société civile au Népal, telle qu’elle émerge de l’analyse d’actions en justice introduites à la Cour suprême par des associations spécialisées dans la défense des droits humains.A partir de cette analyse, on cherche à dégager 1) les mécanismes à travers lesquels le discours sur les droits est devenu un langage hégémonique de formulation des revendications collectives et d’articulation des conflits sociaux ; 2) le rôle des associations de la société civile dans ce processus ; 3) l’impact de la culture de droits sur l’expression de l’éthique, des identités et des politiques locales, ainsi que sur le cadre normatif et constitutionnel du pays. / This dissertation examines the emergence of a culture of human rights in Nepal, by focusing on the triangular relationship between civil society organizations (CSOs), the international discourse on human rights, and the social, legal and institutional changes that have characterized the country’s recent history.The research is based on ethnographic work in the field of urban associations, at the various levels and across the various fields (social, political and legal) where they operate. My first part looks at the micro-local level of the neighborhood and city, through a study of three specific networks of associations: mothers’ groups, neighborhood development associations and Dalit (low-caste) associations. In a second stage, I focus on ethnic minority (or “indigenous nationality”) associations and on parbatiya (Nepali high caste of hill origin) groups. The third and final section of the dissertation is dedicated to the interaction between the judiciary and civil society in Nepal, as it emerges from an analysis of cases filed at the Supreme Court by associations specialized in the defense of human rights.The overall aim of this research is to identify: 1) the mechanisms through which the human rights discourse has asserted its hegemony, becoming the dominant medium through which collective demands and social conflicts can be articulated; 2) the role played by CSOs in this process, and 3) the impact of the culture of human rights on the expression of local ethics, identities and politics, as well as on Nepal’s legal and constitutional framework.

A educação profissional no Brasil esteve marcada, desde os seus primeiros registros, em administrar os efeitos da exclusão por meio da inserção, primeiramente, dos órfãos e desvalidos e, depois, dos menores infratores em instituições disciplinares e correcionais. Processo que forjou subjetividades em um registro da falta e do desvio com aprisionamento de corpos, bem como dos modos de produzir vida. No presente, os agora denominados adolescentes em conflito com a lei também estão inseridos em práticas específicas de educação para o trabalho, dentre as quais aquelas protagonizadas por organizações não governamentais. Esta pesquisa volta-se para essa prática educativa específica, pois objetiva investigar como os cursos de qualificação profissional básica de uma OSCIP habitam o campo de forças da Fundação CASA. Os subsídios teóricos e conceituais que compõem com essa problematização localizam-se nas contribuições de: Foucault, Spinoza, da esquizoanálise e da análise institucional. Subsídios estes que se articulam permitindo pensar o sujeito não como essência e sim como produção, a partir de relações de saber e poder por meio e entre instituições. Forjado pelo encontro com os diferentes campos em jogo (teórico-metodológico, de pesquisa e de forças), este estudo tem como hipótese que a complexidade da realidade, da subjetividade e dos encontros vida a fora produzem uma diversidade de modos de existir, educar e trabalhar não submetida exclusivamente a formas instituídas. Buscou-se, assim, compreender as relações institucionais em jogo e suas repercussões no referido trabalho educativo, a partir da implicação do pesquisador com o campo. Deste modo, foi empreendida uma pesquisa-intervenção com os educadores de qualificação profissional de uma OSCIP por meio da técnica do grupo focal. O encontro com os diferentes campos teceu relações de sentido, o que viabilizou entrever, entre as formas instituídas, modos de educar potentes em desestabilizar aprisionamentos subjetivos. Tal desestabilização, todavia, só ganha força em condições de produção peculiares. Dito de outra forma, esta pesquisa reconheceu que os cursos ora estudados são operados por modos de ser educador, que ganham ou perdem força de agir e compreender a partir das relações produzidas por meio e entre instituições. As conexões tecidas e desencadeadas pelo educador e pela OSCIP são forças que delineiam uma posição política de manutenção ou ruptura de modos de educar para o trabalho adolescentes em conflito com a lei. Nesse campo de forças, as práticas de educação profissional ganham intensidade quando aliadas a uma formação de educadores que os afete, mantendo o campo problemático e intensivo de derivas potentes em desestabilizar modos aprisionados de produzir vida / Professional education in Brazil has been marked, from the beginning, by the intention of dealing with the effects of social exclusion by means of adopting social inclusion, firstly of the orphans and the underprivileged and, later on, of the juvenile lawbreakers from disciplinary and corrective institutions. This process has forged subjectivities into a register of failure and of deviance, with the imprisonment of the bodies and of the ways lives are constructed. At present, the so-called teenagers in conflict with the law are also involved with specific practices of education geared to work, amongst which are those enforced by Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO). This research work focus on such educational practices, for it aims at investigating how the beginners professional qualifying courses held by a Public Interest Civil Society Organization (OSCIP, in the initials in Portuguese) inhabit the field of strengths of CASA Foundation. The theoretical and conceptual subsidies which support this problematization are based on the contributions by Foucault, Spinoza, as well as on schizoanalysis and institutional analysis. These subsidies articulate between them to allow thinking about the subject not as essence, but as production, from the perspective of the relations between knowledge and power by means of and between institutions. Undertaken in the coming together with the different fields at play (theoretical-methodological, of research and of strengths), this study offers as hypotheses that the complexity of reality, of subjectivity and of encounters throughout life, creates a diversity of ways of living, educating and working which are not submitted exclusively to institutionalized patterns. One has sought, therefore, to understand the institutional relations at play and their repercussion on the mentioned educational work, from the perspective of the researcher as she is implicated into the field. Thus, an intervention-research was carried out with the application of the focal group technique and which involved the professional qualifying course educators from an OSCIP. Coming in touch with the different fields allowed for the construction of meaning relations, what made possible to understand, amongst the institutionalized patterns, ways of educating with the potential of destabilizing subjective imprisonments. Such destabilizing, however, acquires strength only in unique conditions of production. In other words, it has been recognized that the courses surveyed in this study are operated by ways of being an educator, which acquire or lose strength for acting and comprehend on the basis of relations created by means of or between institutions. The connections woven and unleashed by the educators and by OSCIP are strengths which outline a political stand of either maintenance or rupture of the ways the teenagers in conflict with the law are educated for work. Within this field, the professional educational practices gain intensity when combined with a meaningful teacher formation, one which keeps the field problematic and adrift, powerful in destabilizing imprisoned ways of creating life

This diploma thesis examines the use of the law as an instrument for the governance of the education system in the Czech Republic. It evaluates the impact some selected changes in legislation had on the education system during the period between 1990 and 2010. The topic of this paper is the law used as an instrument for implementing education policies in the Czech Republic, as well as monitoring of and evaluating objectives and reality. A section in the theoretical part is dedicated to defining and explaining the basic terms the author works with and uses throughout the text. The paper briefly analyses the development of changes within the school system in the course of the first twenty years that followed after the November overthrow in 1989. Key attempts to make changes in education and child-rearing are described, and the amendments to the Education Act or, if applicable, other legislation that impacted on the school system and education are examined. Not only does this paper summarize the key legislative reforms within the education process in the Czech Republic between 1990 and 2010, it also examines the education system from the curriculum documents' point of view - Primary School, General School and National School, the Framework Education Programme - as well as the school governance systems...