The Swedish foreign minister Margot Wallström expressed in 2014 that Russia is erratic and making swedes fear Russia while claiming this to be a new phenome. The statement is a big difference if compared with the words of foreign minister Leila Freivalds during 2004 whom said that Russia was the most important cornerstone in the Swedish security policy work. The change is interesting. Russia has gone from being perceived as friend to being perceived as an enemy. This study contains an analysis the Swedish discourse on Russia in the security- and defence politics between the years of 2004-2015. The point of this study is to unveil veiled and hidden structures in the discourse in order to better understand the Swedish image of Russia and to reveal ´the other`. The study examines the extreme change in the Swedish perception of Russia from a critical discourse point of view. The critical discourse approach is used to understand how the image of Russia is perceived in the Swedish security- and defence politics. In attempting to understand whyRussia is perceived in a certain way a theoretical connection to Copenhagen´s school of securitazion is made. The study proceeds to take a starting point in Balzacq’s three assumptions to understand the connection to referent object. The material examined is the Swedish Foreign Policy Statements and defence propositions. The result of the study shows that Russia is framed as a threat, even while being mentioned as a friend. Russia is always perceived as ´the other´ and thus a constructed threat to Sweden.  The Swedish foreign minister Margot Wallström expressed in 2014 that Russia is erratic and making swedes fear Russia while claiming this to be a new phenome. The statement is a big difference if compared with the words of foreign minister Leila Freivalds during 2004 whom said that Russia was the most important cornerstone in the Swedish security policy work. The change is interesting. Russia has gone from being perceived as friend to being perceived as an enemy. This study contains an analysis the Swedish discourse on Russia in the security- and defence politics between the years of 2004-2015. The point of this study is to unveil veiled and hidden structures in the discourse in order to better understand the Swedish image of Russia and to reveal ´the other`. The study examines the extreme change in the Swedish perception of Russia from a critical discourse point of view. The critical discourse approach is used to understand how the image of Russia is perceived in the Swedish security- and defence politics. In attempting to understand whyRussia is perceived in a certain way a theoretical connection to Copenhagen´s school of securitazion is made. The study proceeds to take a starting point in Balzacq’s three assumptions to understand the connection to referent object. The material examined is the Swedish Foreign Policy Statements and defence propositions. The result of the study shows that Russia is framed as a threat, even while being mentioned as a friend. Russia is always perceived as ´the other´ and thus a constructed threat to Sweden.  The Swedish foreign minister Margot Wallström expressed in 2014 that Russia is erratic and making swedes fear Russia while claiming this to be a new phenome. The statement is a big difference if compared with the words of foreign minister Leila Freivalds during 2004 whom said that Russia was the most important cornerstone in the Swedish security policy work. The change is interesting. Russia has gone from being perceived as friend to being perceived as an enemy. This study contains an analysis the Swedish discourse on Russia in the security- and defence politics between the years of 2004-2015. The point of this study is to unveil veiled and hidden structures in the discourse in order to better understand the Swedish image of Russia and to reveal ´the other`. The study examines the extreme change in the Swedish perception of Russia from a critical discourse point of view. The critical discourse approach is used to understand how the image of Russia is perceived in the Swedish security- and defence politics. In attempting to understand why Russia is perceived in a certain way a theoretical connection to Copenhagen´s school of securitazion is made. The study proceeds to take a starting point in Balzacq’s three assumptions to understand the connection to referent object. The material examined is the Swedish Foreign Policy Statements and defence propositions. The result of the study shows that Russia is framed as a threat, even while being mentioned as a friend. Russia is always perceived as ´the other´ and thus a constructed threat to Sweden.

The purpose of this study is to observe some factors that may affect the understanding of subtraction with borrowing. The study is done in a foreign environment, in Kenya. Factors that will be looked into are: the classroom environment, the situation of learning in a second language. The study will also observe factors that can cause an erroneous answer and what those may look like. Within this area manipulatives will be mentioned. The study has used a qualitative as well as quantitative approach. The qualitative method has been accomplished through interviews and observations, the quantitative method through tests given to the learners. For the analysis of the observations, Cobb’s and Yackel’s model (1995) of the mathematical classroom has been used. The study is interpreted from a sociocultural perspective focusing interaction. The result in this study shows that the interaction in the classroom is important to the individual learning, perceptions of mathematics and the expectations on the individual. Learning in a second language can be a barrier. The use of manipulatives can work as a scaffold, but it can also hinder the learner to develop a deeper understanding. / Syftet med studien är att studera faktorer som kan påverka förståelsen av subtraktion med växling. Studien är gjord i en annan lärmiljö, i Kenya. Faktorer som kommer att uppmärksammas är lärmiljön i klassrummet och att inlärningen sker på ett för eleven andra språk. Studien kommer också att uppmärksamma faktorer som kan bidra till ett felaktigt svar och hur de kan se ut. Inom detta område kommer laborativt material nämnas. Studien har både ett kvalitativt och kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt. Den kvalitativa metoden har genomförts genom intervjuer och observationer, den kvantitativa metoden med hjälp av elevtester. Cobbs och Yackels (1995) modell över matematik klassrummet har använts som analysmaterial. Studien tolkas utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. Focus är på interaktionen.   Resultaten i studien visar att interaktionen I klassrummet är viktigt för det individuella lärandet, uppfattningen om matematik och förväntningar på individen. Undervisning på ett andra språk kan bli ett hinder. Användandet av laborativt material kan fungera som ett stöd, men kan också hindra utvecklandet av en djupare förståelse.

Den här studien är en totalundersökning av hur svenska tryckta medier skrivit om europeiska kvinnor som anslutit sig till Islamiska staten (IS), under perioden 1 januari 2015 till 11 april 2016. Studien bygger på två metoder, kvantitativ innehållsanalys av 96 artiklar och kritisk diskursanalys på sex uppslag. Vi har valt en eklektisk ansats i vårt teoretiska ramverk och haft utgångspunkt i fyra teorier, gestaltningsteori, genusteori, kriminologisk teori om det idealiska offret samt postkolonial teori om skapandet av ”den andra”. Frågorna som besvaras berör hur kvinnor som ansluter sig och deras handlingar framställs och hur man kan förstå varför kvinnorna framställs på det sättet. Studien visar att i 65 % av artiklarna ger medierna tydliga förklaringar till varför subjekten anslutit sig, men endast i 9 % av artiklarna vi har gått igenom framställs subjekten som att de fattat ett eget medvetet beslut. I övrigt fann vi fyra typiska inramningar kring kvinnors anslutande till IS. Dessa är att hon har blivit lurad dit, att hon gör det för en partner, att hon åker för att hon har en tom tillvaro hemma och att hon har lockats via internet. I undersökningen kommer vi också fram till att subjekten sällan själva får komma till tals. Kvinnorna som har anslutit sig eller som varit på väg att ansluta sig framställs nästan genomgående som att de fallit offer för IS propaganda. Med vårt teoretiska ramverk förstår vi att kvinnorna inte skrivs om som gärningsmän för att de framställs med stereotypt kvinnliga egenskaper. Kvinnorna framställs som antingen ofullständiga eller som att vara i motsats till det som männen är. I en dikotom relation till mannen tillskrivs kvinnorna egenskaper såsom passiv, underordnad, svag och irrationell.

Mellan åren 1934-1946 pågick en debatt i Sverige om kvinnlig samhällstjänst skulle införas som en frivillig eller obligatorisk tjänst. År 1939 startades Riksförbundet kvinnlig samhällstjänst som en ideell organisation. Studiens syfte var att undersöka Riksförbundet kvinnlig samhällstjänst under och kort efter andra världskriget. Undersökningen utfördes med hjälp av en kvalitativ textanalys med genusperspektiv. Riksförbundet kvinnlig samhällstjänsts huvudsakliga syfte var beredskap och fostran.  Grundtanken var en frivillig tjänst för unga kvinnor, mellan 17–25 år, med en teoretisk och en praktisk del med arbete på landsbygden hos överbelastade husmödrar. Tjänsten hade tydliga nationalistiska drag och skulle verka för landets gemenskap. Initiativtagaren för Riksförbundet kvinnlig samhällstjänst var  Nora Torulf som hade kopplingar till flera nazistiska rörelser. / Between the years of 1934 – 1946 a debate was held in Sweden about whether female civil service should be a voluntary or an obligatory service. In 1939 the National Organization of Female Civil Service started as a voluntary organization. The purpose of the study was to investigate this national organization during and shortly after World War II.  The study was carried out through a qualitative text analysis with a perspective on gender. The organization’s main purpose was mobilization and nursing. The idea was a voluntary service for young women, between 17 – 25 years of age, with one theoretical and one practical part working in the countryside for overburdened housewives. The service had clear nationalistic traces and would help the nation’s community. The originator of the organization, Nora Torulf, had connections to many Nazi movements.

This thesis employed an integrated approach and investigated intra- and inter-individual differences relevant for normally hearing (NH) and hearing-impaired (HI) adults in native (Swedish) and non-native (English) languages in adverse listening conditions. The integrated approach encompassed the role of cognition as a focal point of interest as well as perceptualauditory and linguistic factors. Paper I examined the extent to which proficiency in a non-native language influenced native and non-native speech perception performance for NH listeners in noise maskers compared to native and non-native speech maskers. Working memory capacity in native and non-native languages and non-verbal intelligence were also assessed. The design of paper II was identical to that of paper I, however the participants in paper II had a hearingimpairment. The purpose of paper III was to assess how NH and HI listeners subjectively evaluated the perceived disturbance from the speech- and noise maskers in the native and nonnative languages. Paper IV examined how well native and non-native stories that were presented unmasked and masked with native and non-native speech were recalled by NH listeners. Paper IV further investigated the role of working memory capacity in the episodic long-term memory of story contents as well as proficiency in native and non-native languages. The results showed that generally, the speech maskers affected performance and perceived disturbance more than the noise maskers did. Regarding the non-native target language, interference from speech maskers in the dominant native language is taxing for speech perception performance, perceived disturbance and memory processes. However, large inter- individual variability between the listeners was observed. Part of this variability relates to non-native language proficiency. Perceptual and cognitive effort may hinder efficient long-term memory encoding, even when stimuli are appropriately identified at a perceptual level. A large working memory capacity (WMC) provides a better ability to suppress distractions and allocate processing resources to meet assigned objectives. The relatively large inter-individual differences in this thesis, require an individualized approach in clinical or educational settings when non-native persons or people with hearing impairment need to perceive and remember potentially vital information. Individua  differences in the very complex process of speech understanding and recall need to be further addressed by future studies. The relevance of cognitive factors and language proficiency provides opportunities for individuals who face difficulties to compensate using other abilities. / Avhandlingens övergripande syfte var att genom ett integrerat tillvägagångssätt undersöka mellan- och inom-individuella skillnader relevanta för normalhörande och hörselskadade vuxna i svenska och engelska språket under ogynnsamma lyssningsförhållanden. Med kognitiva faktorer i fokus, omfattade det integrerade tillvägagångssättet också perceptuella-auditiva och lingvistiska faktorer. Studie I undersökte i vilken utsträckning färdigheter i engelska inverkade på taluppfattning av ett modersmål och ett andra språk som var maskerat med brus jämfört med störande tal på svenska och engelska. Normalhörande vuxna deltog. Arbetsminneskapacitet på svenska och engelska liksom icke-verbal intelligens bedömdes också i studien. Designen i studie II var identisk med designen i studie I, förutom att personer med hörselnedsättning ingick som deltagare. Syftet med studie III var att bedöma hur normalhörande personer och personer med hörselnedsättning subjektivt utvärderade den upplevda störningen från tal- och brus på ett modersmål och ett andra språk. Studie IV undersökte hur väl normalhörande deltagare kom ihåg berättelser på svenska och engelska som presenterades omaskerade eller med störande tal på svenska eller engelska. Studie IV undersökte vidare  arbetsminneskapacitet och episodiskt långtidsminne av berättelsernas innehåll liksom också färdighet i svenska och engelska språket. Resultaten visade att generellt var maskeringseffekten större vid störande tal jämfört med andra bruskällor både vad avser taluppfattning såväl som upplevd störning. Vad det gäller det engelska språket som talsignal, är störning från det svenska modersmålet påfrestande för taluppfattning, upplevd störning såväl som för minnesprocesser. Dock har stor inter- och intra-individuell variation mellan deltagarna observerats. En del av denna variation avser engelska språkfärdigheter. Perceptuell och kognitiv påfrestning kan minska möjligheten till att säkra långsiktiga minnesprocesser även om ett stimuli var korrekt identifierat på en perceptuell nivå. En god arbetsminneskapacitet kan ge en bättre förmåga att undertrycka en distraktion och därmed fördela processresurserna för att nå de uppställda målen. De relativt stora inter-individuella skillnaderna i denna avhandling gör det angeläget med en individualiserad  tillämpning, kliniskt eller inom utbildningsmässiga områden när personer med hörselnedsättning eller personer med ett annat modersmål behöver uppfatta eller minnas potentiellt viktig information. De individuella skillnader som ligger bakom taluppfattning och minnesförmåga behöver utforskas vidare. Goda kognitiva förmågor och språkfärdigheter ger möjligheter för individer som möter svårigheter till att kompensera genom att använda dessa förmågor.

The following essay aims to investigate Martin Heidegger’s notion of Dasein in Being and Time by taking into account the therein neglected existential-ontological aspect of birth. The point of departure is the concept of grundsein, i.e. Dasein being handed over itself as itself, groundlessly, with the remaining task of becoming its own basis from which it is able to properly project itself. In Being and Time this is made possible by actively grasping and appropriating ones ’ownmost possibility’ of being-towards-death. The present investigation however, raises the question whether or not Daseins other fundamental limit of being, namely birth, which in Being and Time is continuously disregarded, can provide a different understanding of grundsein; complementing the existing analysis by giving Dasein a more thorough framing. As for the proposed supplementing theory, the essay first turns to the concept of natality as it is developed in Hannah Arendt’s The Human Condition. Thereafter it traces the notion of birth as it unfolds in the work Relating Narratives by the contemporary Italian philosopher Adriana Cavarero, who thematically remains close to Arendt, although not without some crucial differences. With that in mind, the essay finally returns to Heidegger for a critical exploration of the theories opposed.  The present investigation aims to show that these theories of birth does in fact offer insights that are foreign to, albeit not irreconcilable with, the framework of Being and Time. Especially regarding that of mitsein, coexistence, which nonetheless also have inevitable consequences for the question of grundsein. By taking birth into consideration existentially, this essay seeks to shed light on what can be considered fundamentally relational aspects of Dasein as it is shown to be constitutively in-front-of, and a being-from-others. Furthermore there is shown to be an aspect of passive reception to Dasein, more specifically the non-negotiable gift of existence at all which unceasingly remains out of it’s reach; that is, arguably, somewhat overlooked in Being and Time (even though the concepts of thrownness and historicity may indicate such a condition). Lastly the author wishes to embed the existential-ontological matter of birth in the pressing planetary crisis of our time, asserting that the question of (human) birth and existence no longer can afford to ignore these biological-ecological aspects that are undeniably of due importance for the question at hand.

In this qualitative study I examine how teachers of Swedish as a second language in adult education interpret and plan their teaching based on the 2017 revised curriculum of the Swedish National Agency for Education. I also study how the teachers use genre based methods and what pros and cons they see with these methods. The study shows big differences in the interpretation and application of the curriculum based on the core content. It also shows a variation between campuses in the extent to which students are able to participate in the planning and to be informed, at the beginning of the course, of how the assignments relate to the course content. All the participating teachers use genre based methods but most of them have chosen to combine these methods with other forms of teaching. In general, the participating teachers approve genre based methods but most of them mentioned lack of time as the biggest challenge when applying these methods in adult education.

The purpose with this study was to examine the interpersonal phenomenon in a pedagogical relation, with focus of a specific person-object-relation. The person in this study goes under the notional name Simon, and his experiences and perceptions of a previous drug abuse has been the empirical material of the study. Five interviews regarding Simons history of a previous drug abuse was made in November 2018. The interviews has been analyzed and interpreted with a relational pedagogical perspective using Martin Bubers dialogue philosophy, and inspired by existential hermeneutic as a method for analysis. The analysis concludes that presence of being regarding the interpersonal phenomenon during Simons situation is one way to understand the phenomenon in his pedagogical relation. The study also indicate a lack of presence of being in Simons relation to the human other and how it can be one of many reasons to his previous drug abuse. The study aims to give a further understanding about how an individual shared his life in a relation to an object during many years, and hopefully contribute to how pedagogical relations further to come, can be understood in a different way.

<p>The purpose of the thesis was to analyse three action films; Collateral Damage from 2002; Clear and Present Danger from 1994; and Scarface from 1983, in order to see how Colombians are represented in these movies.The action genre comprises of different stereotypes where the hero and the villain are represented in conjunction to each other. The analysis is about the way the films content and form are used to uphold the representation of Colombians, but also the villain and the hero more generally.</p><p>Critical Discourse Analysis was used, as main method, and the concepts of denotation and connotation guided the analysis. . The main conclusion is that the three movies reproduced an already established collective stereotype of Latin Americans, stereotype that includes both Colombia and Colombians.</p> / <p>Syftet med uppsatsen var att analysera tre actionfilmer: Collateral Damage från 2002; Clear and Present Danger från 1994; och Scarface från 1983 för att se hur Colombianer representeras i filmerna. Actiongenren består av olika stereotyper där främst actionhjälten och skurken ställs i relation till varandra. Analysen gick ut på att se på vilket sätt filmernas innehåll och form användes för att framhäva främst representationen av colombianerna, men även skurken och hjälten.</p><p>Som metod användes en kritisk diskursanalys där begreppen denotation och konnotation var vägledande.</p><p>Analysen visade att filmerna reproducerade en redan etablerad kollektiv stereotyp bild av latinamerikaner, som inkluderar både Colombia och colombianer.</p>

<p>This investigation is aimed to analyze and gain insight into how young people of the "second generation immigrants" identify themselves in a society where they are seen as immigrants of the environment in view of the name. Also, how they identify themselves during trips to their home/country of origin are of relevance to see if they are affected in their own identification, depending on how they believe they are seen from the outside.</p><p>Through a survey, the statistics were produced, which serves as a preliminary to the larger part of the investigation where six individuals were interviewed in order to give deeper answers to the questions sought. The answers that emerged were then analyzed in relation to selected theories.</p><p>In connection with the investigation it has emerged that the young people in question often identify themselves in such a way that they think that the surroundings look at them. It is in relation to how others see them as they see themselves, which creates a distance between the surroundings and themselves. With increased knowledge on both sides, this distance between the environment and the young people in this investigation maybe could reduce.</p> / <p>Denna undersökning är skriven i syfte att analysera och få en inblick i hur ungdomar av "andra generationens invandrare" identifierar sig själva i ett samhälle där de ses som invandrare av omgivningen med tanke på benämningen. Även hur de identifierar sig under resor till deras hem/ursprungsland är av relevans för att se om de påverkas i sin egen identifiering beroende på hur de tror att dem betraktas utifrån.</p><p>Genom en enkätundersökning så har statistik tagits fram som fungerar som ett förstadie till den större delen av undersökningen där sex individer intervjuats i syftet att ge djupare svar på de frågor som sökts. De svar som framkommit har sedan analyserats i förhållande till utvalda teorier.</p><p>I samband med undersökningen så har det framkommit att ungdomarna i fråga oftast identifierar sig på så sätt som de tror att omgivningen ser på dem. Det är alltså i förhållande till hur andra ser på dem som de uppfattar sig själva, vilket skapar ett avstånd mellan omgivningen och dem själva. Med ökad kunskap på bägge sidor så skulle dock detta avstånd mellan omgivningen och ungdomarna kunna minska.</p>