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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

跨國企業移轉計價-動態最適化模型 / Multinational Firm Transfer Pricing Under Dynamic Optimization

謝孟釗, Hsieh,Meng-Chao Unknown Date (has links)
臺灣現有移轉計價之規範未有明確的罰則(Penalty),因而衍生許多稅負規避的問題。本文採用動態最適化(Dynamic Optimization)的模型來觀察跨國企業移轉計價的行為,在面臨懲罰與兩國稅差時企業會如何利用移轉價格及數量來進行獲利移轉以規避稅負,進而分析政府調降稅率以降低稅差並吸引獲利移轉的稅率政策對企業移轉計價的影響,最後再探討罰則在法規制定上的必要性。結果顯示,預料到的稅率政策在長期能有效減少企業從事移轉價格操弄(Transfer Price Manipulation),但在短期﹝除了宣告那一刻之外﹞反而更助長移轉價格操弄的發生,特別是當政策宣告至執行之期間過長時更為嚴重。此外,由先前的文獻可知無罰則下的最適移轉價格為一邊界解(Boundary Solution),本文也證明了此邊界解亦可能出現於有罰則的情況下。然而,罰則的存在創造了內部解(Interior Solution)的可能性,此內部解較邊界解更趨近於常規交易價格,因此我們仍建議政府制定罰則。 / This paper employs a dynamic optimization model to determine the equilibrium price and quantity in a multinational firm (MNF) faced with a threat of a penalty. We analyze the impact on transfer pricing that arises from the unanticipated and anticipated permanent taxation policy of home country and host country. Anticipated taxation policy for reducing tax differentials can reduce transfer price manipulation in the long term. However, except for the moment of announcement, such reduction of transfer price manipulation does not occur in the short term, especially in the case of a large time lag of policy. We also show that the boundary solution is possible even though transfer price penalty exists and suggest that governments impose penalty which creates the possibility of interior solution.
32

中國大陸新企業所得稅法之研究

顏菀暄 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文分五章探討,第一章為緒論。 第二章為中國大陸企業所得稅法的立法沿革介紹及發展史。在此,介紹了中國從1950年開始至今50多年來中國稅制的演變。 第三章開始探討企業所得稅制的發展歷程,由於過去中國急於發展,稅制主要目的在於吸引資金,對外資企業設立許多租稅優惠,但在這樣的大環境之下,卻產生了許多不公的情況。內外資企業所得稅分立並行,兩套稅制在稅基、稅率、稅收優惠等方面都不統一,且外資企業享有大量租稅優惠,相較之下,內資企業成為弱勢,不利市場公平競爭,為納稅人避稅和偷稅提供相當大的誘因。另外,在第四節的部分,談的是新企業所得稅法的改革重點及內容介紹,並對新舊制度做出比較。 第四章談的是新企業所得稅法施行的問題點。本章將新法規定較模糊或是較晚公布細則的地方做出釐清,並談論在新法之下,有哪些合法的避稅管道可供使用。在第二節的部分藉由數據證明,新企業所得稅法雖然取消了許多外資企業的租稅優惠,但在2008年一整年的稅收比2007年來得要多,這說明了,修法只是一個國家制度的完善與健全,資金流向中國的原因並不全然是租稅優惠的關係,而是由於中國擁有資源及良好的投資環境等因素。 第五章為結論與建議。
33

中國國企改革的發展與國有資產流失的爭論 / The development of SOE's reform in China and a discussion about loss of state assets

蕭翰煒 Unknown Date (has links)
2004 年年中,中國發生史上第三次公平與效率之爭,稱之為“郎顧之爭”,一場由郎咸平挑起的關於“國有資產流失和國企改革方式”的社會大討論。他認為以新自由主義為主軸的國退民進路線,由於法律制定的不夠完善,將導致國有資產的大量流失,對全國百姓而言,是不公平的。所以,在法制化完善之前,國企產權改革必須停止。這致使為國企產權改革和市場化取向辯護的“主流派經濟學家”成為備受指責的對象。 然而,在法制化完善至得以進行產權改革之前,國企效率低落的問題仍有待解決,這同樣也屬於國有資產流失的一種。因此,郎咸平提出了過渡方案,即透過職業經理人來治理國企,藉此提高企業效率。但郎咸平的段論述將會面臨以下問題。首先,職業經理人方案在中國是行不通的,因為到目前為止,中國仍未有完善的職業經理人市場。此外,法制化完善的標準是什麼?是否仍以有效的降低國資流失為底線?如果是,這樣的底線又為何?同時,這是否與郎咸平原先的公平性理據相互違背?這都是郎咸平無法解決或解釋清楚的問題。 “郎顧之爭”使筆者得到啟發,認為國企改革不應完全聚焦在“產權”上,提高效率不一定只得從事產權改革,更因而喪失公平。因此,本文試圖提出一套兼具公平與效率的國企改革方案,稱之為“新的國企治理方案”,它必須是現實可行的,這樣才得以取代郎咸平的職業經理人方案。其主體是現代公司治理,並結合馬克思的公有制理論以及經濟民主、經濟民主的社會主義模式等理論作為依據,內容在於強化國有企業股東和經營者的激勵與約束,並依照按勞分配的精神來調動勞工的積極性,呈現出具經濟民主的國企治理方案。
34

關係鑲嵌性與子公司興業導向關係之研究 / The Relationship between Relational Embeddedness and Subsidiary’s Entrepreneurial Orientation

蔡政安, Tsai, Cheng-An Unknown Date (has links)
創業精神的研究對象概可分為新創企業及已奠基廠商,本研究是關注已奠基廠商的創業行為研究,稱為公司興業精神研究。此研究的主軸是興業精神行為模式,此模式是以興業導向衡量公司興業精神,主要在探討公司興業精神與廠商績效的關聯,過去二十多年來在許多學者的努力下已有豐碩的理論發展與實證成果。然此類研究也遇到發展瓶頸,因而學者建議此類研究應往國際化活動或是結合社會網絡觀點發展。 本研究是以興業精神行為模式為基礎,結合社會網絡觀點中的關係鑲嵌性概念,經由文獻回顧歸納出影響多國企業子公司興業精神的關係鑲嵌性包括母子公司間公司鑲嵌性、顧客關係鑲嵌性、供應商關係鑲嵌性及政府單位關係鑲嵌性,探討不同關係鑲嵌性與多國企業子公司興業導向的關聯。 經由個案訪談及問卷調查方法,對台灣企業在大陸子公司的230位經理人進行調查,以統計方法檢定各項假說,並再對未符合預期的假說進行較深入探索性分析,研究結果發現:(1)多國企業子公司興業導向與顧客關係鑲嵌性有導U字型關聯,(2)多國企業子公司興業導向與供應商關係鑲嵌性有導U字型關聯,(3)多國企業子公司興業導向與政府單位關係鑲嵌性無關聯,(4)多國企業子公司興業導向與母子公司間關係鑲嵌性有正向關聯。此結果顯示在社會網絡理論中的重要觀點:「平衡網絡」或是「過度鑲嵌」,會在多國企業子公司的興業精神中發生,換言之,本研究證實與顧客或供應商過度鑲嵌時,會不利於子公司興業精神行為。 本研究同時也探討環境中的政策不確定性、產業不確定性及競爭不確定性與子公司興業導向的關聯,研究結果顯示:(5)多國企業子公司興業導向與政策不確定性有正向關聯,(6)多國企業子公司興業導向與產業不確定性無關聯,(7)多國企業子公司興業導向與競爭不確定性有正向關聯。研究結果顯示:在面對政策上的不確定或是競爭上的不確定時,多國企業子公司會發揮更高的興業精神來因應此環境下的變動。 最後,本研究依理論架構與實證發現,提出研究的理論貢獻、實務意涵及後續研究的建議,使未來研究能彌補理論發展或是實證研究的不足。 / Research on corporate entrepreneurship(CE) has grown rapidly over the past decades. Both scholars and practitioners remain interested in studying and better understanding CE(Ireland, Kuratko & Covins, 2002).CE has bees viewed as the driver of new business and economic growth within on-going enterprises as achieved through innovativeness, proactiveness, risk-taking(Miller, 1983; Covin & Slevin, 1989e), new business venturing (Burgelman, 1983b, Guth & Ginsberg, 1990; Zahra, 1995), self-renewal(Guth & Ginsberg, 1990; Zahra, 1995; Shama & Chrisma, 1999), opportunity pursuit(Stevenson & Jarillo, 1990; Shane & Vankataraman, 2000), etc. CE can be important not only for small and medium size enterprises but also for large corporation(Antocic & Hisrich, 2001). The previous research mainly focused on the relationship between CE and firm performance and generated an study axial of entrepreneurship behavior model that used measures as the firm entrepreneurial orientation(Covin & Slevin, 1989, 1991; Zahra, 1996,1996; Lumpkin & Dess, 1996). Although this kind of research has come out with valuable theoretical concepts and rich empirical results, it till encounters the bottleneck of research. Some scholars suggested that CE research should be extended to international business activities or include the social network perspective(Zehra et. al. , 2003). Approximately 15 years ago, research on networks emerged as an important new era of inquiring within the field of entrepreneurship, but published papers on journals were relatively few and mainly focused on the development and consequences of networks in the new venture creation process, or focused on small medium-sized firms(Hoang & Antocic, 2003). There was lack of the network perspective research on the established firm in the field of entrepreneurship. This research extended entrepreneurship into international activities and conducted an empirical study on multinational enterprise’s subsidiaries with relational embeddedness of social network perspective. Through the literature review and case study, we generated a research framework and a set of hypothesis which described the relationships between relational embeddedness and subsidiary’s entrepreneurial orientation. We collected data and used statistical tool to verify the hypothesis. Besides, we conducted an exploratory analysis on some field of what hypotheses were not supported to further understand how relational embeddedness influence the entrepreneurial behavior in the subsidiaries of multinational enterprises. This research finds that (1)there exists the inverse U shape relationship between the customer relational embeddedness and subsidiary’s entrepreneurial orientation, (2)there exists the inverse U shape relationship between the supplier relational embeddedness and subsidiary’s entrepreneurial orientation, (3)there exists no relationship between government relational embeddedness and subsidiary’s entrepreneurial orientation, (4)there exists the positive association between the mother-subsidiary relational embeddedness and subsidiary’s entrepreneurial orientation. This results imply that the important phenomenon of balance network or over embeddedness be exactly happen in the filed of subsidiary’s entrepreneurial behavior. Our study verified that over embeddedness will negatively influence the entrepreneurship of subsidiary, especially over embeddedness with customers or suppliers. This research also searched the relationship between the environmental uncertainties and subsidiary’s entrepreneurial orientation. This result finds that (5) there exists positive association between the policy uncertainty and subsidiary’s entrepreneurial orientation, (6) there exists non-association between the industry uncertainty and subsidiary’s entrepreneurial orientation,(7) there exists positive association between the competitive uncertainty and subsidiary’s entrepreneurial orientation. This imply the subsidiary will advance his entrepreneurial behavior to overcome the environmental uncertainty or pursuit the business opportunities in the dynamic change. Finally this research proposed the theoretical contribution, practitioner implications and further research suggestions
35

當代領導力-其發展及在中國企業之可行性 / Modern leadership–development and practicality in chinese companies

殷麗莎, Yin, Lisa Unknown Date (has links)
The topic of leadership and leadership devolvement has attracted considerable interest from both academics and practitioners. Further, there have been explicit and implicit claims, that both leadership and culture are linked with each other and both influence organizational performance. While modern leadership and its evolving theories has been examined independently, its applicability was taken as universally. Few studies have investigated the association between the three concepts. This thesis focuses on the new styles of modern leadership and presents evidence suggesting that leadership is very dependent on its cultural context. It further shows that most leadership theories are based on western values, and therefore questions, whether these are applicable in Chinese companies. In fact, this paper is based on the assumption that the relationship between leadership style and performance is mediated by the organizational culture that is present at hand. It concludes with several implications for theory and practice and identifies future research objectives.
36

我國企業之國際市場進入策略研究

林志宏, LIN,ZHI-HONG Unknown Date (has links)
台灣屬於島國經濟,對外貿易為主要命脈,近年來由於比較利益逐漸改變,國內資金 充裕,對外投資活動日漸增加;然而不論是國際貿易或是國際投資,勢必與當地國有 某種程度的接觸資源的涉入 (Involvement),在本研究中將依股權涉入程度分為: (一)高涉入(High Involvement)策略: 如:獨資經營(Wholly Owned)及合資經營 (Joint Venture)。 (二)低涉入(Low Involvement) 策略; 如:授權(Licensing) 契約生產(Contract Manufacturing)及出口。 此兩類國際市場進入策略,將視企業能力、企業之國際事務專業性、企業與當地熟悉 度、國外總體經濟環境、國外非經濟環境、國外產業環境、及產品特性等七個構面, 而有不同的策略選擇。 此外,將依不同之企業目的,歸類出不同策略群,以供企業進入國際市場時決策之參 考,並且依不同之企業內部狀況及外部環境所形成之優劣勢和機會威脅,產生進入國 際市場之策略矩陣。
37

國際企業社會責任發展對我國跨國企業的衝擊與契機 ─以手機代工業為例 / Impact and Opportunity of International Corporate Social Responsibility on Taiwan Multinational Enterprises—Citing the Handset ODM/OEM Industry as an Example

朱竹元 Unknown Date (has links)
台灣的企業在過去數十年有驚人的進步與發展,無數的企業甚至於從家庭工廠或小型公司開始,憑藉台灣人辛勤苦幹與創業家精神戮力經營,逐漸地成長茁壯,進而提升及蛻變,終能在國際上嶄露頭角,甚至成了勝出於國際同業之間的跨國性企業,但是面對企業社會責任(Corporate Social Responsibility,簡稱CSR)由2005年的邊緣性的議題,轉變為2006年全世界談論的焦點之際,台灣企業卻對CSR仍然陌生,倘若不及早規劃因應,恐將遭受極大的衝擊與損失,鑑於公司治理係屬CSR所涵蓋財務面、環境面及社會面等三個面向當中的財務面向,因此允宜在國內過去推動公司治理的經驗與基礎之上,持續推動落實公司治理,並擴大至整體企業社會責任的推動與建制,本研究即秉持這樣的基調,希冀經由探討及瞭解CSR的意涵、沿革、現況與未來發展,透過產業案例之研究,分析檢討台灣在CSR的履行與因應上的問題與缺乏,並試圖提出改善與強化的建議,進而作為未來資本市場本身暨其針對上市上櫃公司及其他市場參與者,宣導、推動及落實CSR的起點與參考。 本文的研究架構共分為五章,「第一章」為緒論,係就研究的背景、動機、目的、範圍與研究的架構與歷程,逐一加以闡述與說明。在研究背景方面,主要列舉近年來,尤其是2006年,全世界所發生關乎企業治理議題、環境議題、社會議題等CSR各面向的新案例,暨CSR新的標準或倡議,以顯示CSR的蓬勃發展;研究動機則導因於總部設在荷蘭的國際機構SOMO所發表一篇對手機品牌大廠有關CSR的報告,鑑於未來將直間接衝擊台灣的供應商與代工業,因此頗有進一步探討研究之必要;研究目的則意欲探究CSR對台灣企業的可能衝擊,促使業者及國內各相關機關、機構及早因應及規劃;研究範圍方面,則為使研究符合具體化且具實務性價值,因此以公司治理相對較有基礎的上市櫃公司且將更以上開SOMO的研究報告相關聯的手機代工業產業為探討檢視的對象;研究的架構與歷程乃以文獻的蒐集參考,加上個案案例研究暨問卷調查分析等方法進行。 「第二章」為CSR的探討,首先係針對CSR的文獻探討部分,分別就CSR的意涵、演進、主要面向、具體內涵及其目標使命加以說明探究;次就CSR的歷來重要的國際倡議與標準,並介紹近年來國際上有關CSR的發展情形、具體作為及重要案例;最後則臚述台灣CSR的現況與問題。 「第三章」為全球與台灣手機市場現況,主要是就本研究所選定手機業的產業狀況分析,包括手機業有關全球與台灣的產業概況、國內產業供應鏈概況暨國內手機業者在全球產業鏈中所佔地位,著重其對上下游廠商的優劣勢,尤其導引出面對品牌大廠的劣勢,因而更有來自大廠的CSR壓力與危機。 「第四章」為台灣手機代工業所面臨CSR之挑戰,先就SOMO組織所發表該篇報告中,針對手機品牌大廠CSR的批判事項以及其中所透露的警訊,另分析探討該等大廠對其代工廠或供應商可能提出的要求或採取的作為,並分析對台灣業者的相關衝擊;另為了具體瞭解及掌握國內手機代工業者的CSR執行現況,乃參考ICT針對供應商CSR自評問卷內容設計簡式問卷,對國內上市手機代工業者進行問卷調查,並分析其缺失問題,也提出其可以強化的做法。 「第五章」為建議與結語,乃針對我國整體與企業面對CSR潮流與挑戰,暨或可規劃努力的策略、方向與層面提出建言;在宣導、推動與機制建立方面,建議「從公司治理到企業社會責任」,以近年來推動公司治理的經驗為本,參照既往的方式與軌跡,朝更多的面向與層面努力以赴,期能克竟其功,並期許台灣企業或可以公司治理與CSR均佳的台積電公司為典範,落實建立與履行CSR,俾能造就更多台灣產出的世界級企業。 / Over decades, some very small family business and manufacturers have grown and developed significantly to large enterprises in Taiwan. Nowadays they are becoming prosperous, developing multinational business, and some are even globally recognized brand names. However, when facing the issue of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), which has become an essential issue in 2006, these prosperous enterprises are not familiar with and yet to be well-prepared. Given that corporate governance involves only the financial aspect of CSR, which entails economic, social, environmental, and ecological aspects of firms’ operations and activities, it may well be appropriate to promote overall CSR concept and infrastructure based on corporate governance. This concept serves as the purpose of this dissertation: to analyze and investigate into problems facing enterprises obliged to take CSR, by studying the meaning, background, current circumstances and future developments of CSR, and through case study of mobile phone industry. Hopefully more conclusion and suggestions can be drawn from this dissertation to provide TSE and GTSM listed companies and other market participants with more reference to promote and implement CSR. This dissertation is divided into 5 parts: Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter includes research background, motive, purpose, research scope, structur and process. New cases, especially in 2006, of corporate governance, environmental impact, and social issues are presented in the section of research background to demonstrate new trends of CSR. The motive of conducting this research is based on a report from an international organization named SOMO based in the Netherlands. This report addresses CSR topics regarding worldwide handset manufacturers. CSR issues mentioned in this report will directly affect handset suppliers and ODM/OEM enterprises. With further research and investigation, hopefully handset manufacturers and related enterprises can be more aware of CSR and can better cope with these issues and take proactive measures to prevent CSR related problems, which serves as the purpose of this dissertation. Research scope encompasses listed companies in the handset ODM/OEM enterprises. Research process includes literature review, case study, and questionnaire analysis. Chapter 2: Literature review of CSR This chapter first looks at the definition, evolution, various aspects, practical meaning, and purposes of CSR. Afterwards the international standards of CSR and international practices and development of CSR cases would be elaborated. Finally Taiwan CSR status quo and challenges would be discussed. Chapter 3: Taiwan and global handset manufacturing market status In this chapter, mobile phone industry analysis is conducted, including domestic and global mobile phone market status, Taiwan handset manufacturing supply chain. It also looks at Taiwan handset makers’ market position in the global industrial environment. This chapter stresses the threats of domestic enterprises when facing global main handset players, which makes them face more stress and problems as a result of CSR. Chapter 4: CSR challenges facing Taiwan handset ODM/OEM firms In the beginning we will look at the criticism and warning to handset global brand names from the aforementioned report of SOMO. In addition we analyze potential requests and conducts required by these global players to their ODM/OEM firms in the face of CSR. These requests and conducts can subsequently impact Taiwan mobile phone manufacturing industry. In a bid to look at the current circumstances of domestic handset makers’ CSR operation, we use ICT’s CSR questionnaire as a reference to design a simplified version, and distribute to TSE and GTSM listed handset ODM/OEM enterprises. According to the questionnaire result, we find some current drawbacks and propose solutions. Chapter 5: Suggestion and conclusion In this chapter we are looking at trends and overall CSR challenges facing domestic enterprises in Taiwan. Practical strategies and directions are proposed. In terms of promotion, implementation, and establishing CSR mechanism, this dissertation proposes that firms start from Corporate Governance to CSR, and develop in more CSR aspects based on their previous Corporate Governance experience. This article also cites TSMC as a role model for CG and CSR, hoping that firms to follow suit and for this island to create more globally renowned enterprises. Key words: Corporate Social Responsibility, Multinational Enterprise, Handset ODM/OEM, CSR Initiatives, CSR International Standard, Corporate Governance, Corporate Sustainable Development, Supply Chain, Supplier
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美國企業購併、股價及工業生產指數之共積與因果關係檢定 / Cointegration and Causality Test among Mergers, Stock Price and Index of Industrial Production in the United States of America

張秀雲, Hsiu-Yun Chang Unknown Date (has links)
本文使用共積檢定以及因果關係檢定方法,針對美國第三波購併風潮前後時期,檢定購併家數、股價及工業生產指數三個變數間的可預測性。不同以往的是,本文除了將購併風潮分段進行研究外,並以晚近由Hoornik 及Hendry(1997)以Johansen(1988)為基礎所發展的一套共積檢定法來檢定變數間的長期均衡關係,再以Toda and Phillips(1994)的因果關係檢定流程與SSW的因果關係檢定分別檢定出變數間的可預測性。 經由本文實證結果發現: (1)購併、股價及工業生產指數三個變數,在ADF單根檢定結果三變數皆呈I(1)非恆定時間數列。並進一步以共積檢定檢測出不論參變數或購併和股價兩變數模型,1967年第四季以前變數間皆有一共積關係存在,1968年以後則無任何共積關係。 (2)從因果關係檢定結果發現,三變數體系中,股價與工業生產指數兩變數間可能存在極高的線性重合現象,且子期間礙於無法取夠長的遞延期數,使得工業生產指數對其他變數的影響力無法明確地反應出來,故三變數模型無法正確的檢定購併風潮前後變數間的因果關係。 (3)在購併與股價變數間的因果關係檢定研究中發現,1948~1967年間,股價對購併存在可預測性;然而1968~1979年間,股價與購併完全不存在任何可預測性。故可知購併風潮前後,股價對購併的可預測性發生了變化,從1967年前股價可合理地預測購併活動,到1967年後股價卻完全無法預測購併的情況。 (4)對影響購併的諸多因素做進一步的考量,發現威廉法案的出現對當時購併案件有相當程度的衝擊。 從實證結果可知,以共積與因果關係檢定方法一再地證明出,購併風潮前後股價對購併活動的可預性確實發生了結構性的變化。 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究背景與動機………………………………………….1 第二節 研究目的………………………………………………….3 第三節 購併之定義及相關基本概念…………………………….4 第四節 研究架構與流程………………………………………….8 第二章 文獻回顧 第一節 理論文獻回顧……………………………………………10 第二節 實證研究文獻回顧………………………………………13 第三節 文獻回顧總結……………………………………………23 第三章 實證研究方法 第一節 單根檢定………………………………………………..24 第二節 共積檢定…………………………………………………28 第三節 因果關係檢定……………………………………………34 第四節 實證檢定流程……………………………………………40 第四章 實證結果 第一節 實證資料來源……………………………………………43 第二節 Augmented Dickey-Fuller單根檢定………………….44 第三節 共積檢定……………………………………………....49 第四節 因果關係檢定……………………………………………55 第五節 因果關係檢定結果………………………………………78 第五章 法律因素的考量 第一節 時代背景….……………………………………….……79 第二節 檢視法條之影響力……………………………………..81 第三節 從案例角度分析………………………………………..84 第四節 威廉法案的威力………………………………………..87 第六章 結論…………………………………………………………88 附錄圖表(一):各變數資料圖….………………………………90 附錄圖表(二):共積殘差項圖………………………………….93 參考文獻…………………………………………………………….96
39

跨國企業在台灣實行企業社會責任之探討--以醫藥產業為例 / Exploring the CSR practices of Leading MNCs' subsidiaries in Taiwan -- Insights from pharmaceutical industry

鍾宜玲, Chung, Yi Ling Unknown Date (has links)
在「全球化」的浪潮席捲之下,讓跨國企業的「企業社會責任」議題,成為當今企業管理不容忽視的焦點。 醫藥產業在全球經濟體中扮演的角色,是研發和生產創新的產品,來拯救人類的生命和促進健康。 而身為一個企業組織,也同時擔負有創造利潤的責任。 然而大眾卻經常質疑這些企業過度哄抬產品價格,並認為人人都有權利無限制的獲得醫藥資源。 醫藥企業必須面對強大的壓力以及高度複雜的利害關係人,特別是跨國公司,負擔更是沉重。 就如同其他產業一樣,「企業社會責任」的議題對醫藥企業能否具有競爭力和永續經營而言,也愈來愈重要。 近年來,許多的研究指出「企業社會責任」的策略和競爭優勢有關,而且必須整合至企業的核心事業,才能確保永續的成功。 許多跨國藥廠他們的營業績效表現亮眼,而且在台灣已經耕耘超過十年了,因此,本研究首度嚐試去檢視在台的領先跨國醫藥企業,他們的CSR動機、決策過程和CSR作為表現,以及其經理人對CSR的管理思維。 本研究的目的是希望能學習跨國領先藥廠在台灣的經驗,並鼓勵「策略型CSR」的作為以及企業與社會的「共享價值」。 我們使用「多重個案分析法」,利用問卷、次級資料的分析和深入訪談來研究十家個案公司。 所有的受訪經理人都表示他們是依據企業總部的指導綱領,而自行決定在台灣執行的CSR的活動。 研究結果發現,絕大多數的個案公司,因為在台灣只是一個業務功能的角色,資源和能力都有限,所以多關注在客戶關係的議題上,並多半執行「回應式CSR」而非「策略型CSR」。 此外,我們也發現其CSR策略和企業的屬性、社會責任觀點及領導有關。 這些經理人並承認他們沒有系統性的方法來評估CSR表現和影響。 他們主要追求的是企業的聲譽,而面對的最大挑戰是,如何透過CSR來發展企業競爭優勢。 本研究並舉出幾個成功案例,鼓勵策略型思考以及將社會觀點融入商業策略的核心架構中。 / Under the sweep of globalization, the corporate social responsibility (CSR) of multinational corporations (MNCs) has now become a focus that cannot be ignored in business management. The health care industry’s role in the global economy is to research, develop and manufacture innovative products to save people’s lives and improve health. At the same time, as corporations, they have a duty to increase profits. However, the industry is often challenged for its overcharge of the products and there should be unlimited access to medicines. The health care companies face a great pressure and a highly complex stakeholder universe especially for multinational companies. As in many industries, corporate social responsibility becomes increasingly critical to competitive success and sustainability of multinational health care companies. Recent studies point out that CSR strategies are associated with competitive advantages and should integrate CSR into the core business to lead to sustainable success. Many Multinational pharmaceutical companies are doing very good business and have been operating in Taiwan for over 10 years. Therefore, we attempt to gain a better understanding of the factors that influence the CSR involvement of MNCs’ subsidiaries and the aspects of their strategies as well as the managerial insight of the managers dealing with CSR from leading health care companies. The aim of this study is to encourage strategic CSR and shared value of business and society and to learn the experiences from multinational pharmaceutical companies in Taiwan. The analysis is based on a multiple case study that includes surveys coupled with careful review of relevant documents and web sites and in-depth interviews with managers from 10 case companies. All the managers interviewed mentioned that CSR activities are implemented at the local level within the framework of global guidance. The findings indicate that most of the subsidiaries focus on customer relations and are doing 「responsive CSR」 rather than 「strategic CSR」because of their sales-oriented function and limited resources and skills. We also found that their CSR strategies depend on the characters of the companies, CSR views and the leadership. All the managers admitted having no systematic way of measuring the outputs, tangible impacts or functionality of their CSR interventions. The key benefit they want to gain is the company reputation and the major challenge for the managers is to develop competitive advantages through CSR. Success stories are provided to encourage strategic thinking and the integration of social perspective into the core frameworks of value chain and competitive context.
40

台商赴海外投資對國內薪資的影響之探討-以製造業為例

林芳儀 Unknown Date (has links)
1980-2004年,台灣製造業勞動薪資隨時間持續增加,但是技術與非技術勞動之相對薪資卻大致呈現下滑趨勢。根據過去文獻,影響技術與非技術勞動相對薪資的原因有很多,諸如貿易、對外投資等國際分工方法。本研究主要分析對外投資影響台灣技術與非技術勞動薪資變動的情形,至於貿易等其他因素造成之影響,本文將不進行討論。 我們先從廠商利潤極大化之角度出發,推導出本研究所需之薪資決定方程式後,利用1980-2004年間,台灣製造業之整合資料,以三階段最小平方法,同時對技術及非技術勞動薪資方程式,進行迴歸分析。融合林祖嘉與黃啟宏(2006)之研究,得到下列結果: 1.整體製造業對外投資促進產業升級。廠商在既有的產出下,對外投資增加技術勞動需求,減少非技術勞動需求。同時,技術勞動供給增加,且幅度小於需求增加之幅度,使得技術勞動均衡雇用量及薪資皆上揚。非技術勞動之薪資也因需求減少而下降。 2.資本密集製造業在對外投資的過程中,僅增加了技術勞動的需求,並未減少非技術勞動的需求。相反的,台商赴海外投資非資本密集製造業,將減少其非技術勞動需求。顯示資本密集製造業勞動在對外投資中受益,非資本密集製造業勞動在對外投資中受害。 3.對個別勞動者而言,無論其為技術或非技術勞動,在資本密集製造業工作,都能使其免於承受台商對外投資,間接造成之薪資銳減。 如同我們的預期,技術勞動供給因教育普及而增加,技術勞動的均衡薪資可能隨之降低,但因為對外投資抵銷了技術勞動供給的影響,甚至使技術勞動薪資上升。另一方面,非技術勞動因對外投資,造成產業之需求銳減,使其薪資下降。因此製造業技術及非技術勞動的薪資差距,會因為對外投資金額增加而上升。

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