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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

企業員工之個人特徵及其工作特性與績效之關係研究----以壽險業為例

陳東慶, Chen, Dong-Qing Unknown Date (has links)
探討企業內員工在:一、其個人特徵;二、其工作方式特性方面之個別差異是否會造 成不同之績效。但隨 產業之不同、公司之不同、職位之不同,其影響情況皆會有差 異,所以本研究就以國內某壽險公司之股長級職員為例加以分析,希望此研究之結果 對公司人員之甄選與訓練政策之制定有很大之助益。 其內容分五章十六節加以闡述,玆簡列如左: 第一章:分四節,說明本研究之問題、目的、範圍、觀念性構架與研究假設。 第二章:分三節,說明本研究之變數選擇理由,包括個人特徵變數、個人工作特性變 數、與個人績效變數。 第三章:分五節,說明本研究之研究方法,包括研究步驟、問卷設計、抽樣與資料處 理、分析性構架、與研究統計方法之說明。 第四章:分二節,說明分析經過及其結果,包括一因子之變異數分析結果、二因子變 異數分析結果。 第五章:分二節,說明本研究之結論與建議。
72

壽險保單之存續期間分析 / Duration analyses of life insurance policies

鄒治華 Unknown Date (has links)
摘要 衡量壽險公司利率風險的初步作法是估算保單的存續期間。保單的存續期間因現金流量模式的不同與一般債券的存續期間有很大的差異。壽險保單未來不只會產生現金流出 (給付和費用),還會有現金流入(保費),其淨現金流量因而有可能變號,所以壽險保單的存續期問可能小於○,也可能大於到期日,甚至還可能因為準備金接近○的關係而有很大的數值。此外,保單的存續期間不太受死亡率下降的影響,解約率升高通常會使存續期問的數值降低,而佣金的平準化則會使原本正的存續期問變小。從壽險公司銷售保單組合可能的結果(平穩、成長、衰退等三種型態)來分析負債存續期間,由其結果可知一個新創立或成長型的壽險公司其所面臨利率風險的衝擊要大於一個處於平穩型或衰退型的壽險公司。 關鍵字:存續期間、利率風險、淨現金流量、壽險保單、準備金 / Abstract Estimating the duration of the life insurance policy is the first step in measuring the interest rate risk of the life insurance company. Life insurance policy's duration is quite different from bond's due to the difference in the pattern of cash flows. Life insurance policies generate not only cash outflows as payments to policyholders from insurance companies but also cash inflows as premiums from policyholders to insurers. Furthermore, the net cash flow usually turns from inflow to outflow as time goes by. The duration of the life insurance policy therefore could be negative or longer than the maturity of the policy. It could even be huge if its reserve is close to zero. Besides, the mortality rate does not have a significant impact on policy duration; early surrenders of policies would reduce policy duration in general; and leveling commission rate would make positive duration smaller. Findings concluding from analyzing the likely results, referring to the steadying, growing and declining modes, of insurance portfolios offered by life insurance companies for analyzing their liability duration, indicate that the interest rate risk exposure by a start-up life insurance company or a growing life insurance company is greater than a life insurance company that is at a steadying or declining phase. Keywords: duration, interest rate risk, net cash flow, life insurance policies, reserve.
73

RBC制度實施前後,我國壽險公司資本與風險之關係研究

郭馥綺 Unknown Date (has links)
我國監理機關為強化保險公司之財務能力,有效監管保險公司之風險狀況,特於2003年7月9日,正式引進美國風險基礎資本額制度(Risk-Based Capital, RBC),作為監理保險公司清償能力之工具。RBC制度除了改善單一資本額規定的缺失外,亦反映了保險公司之經營風險,對於保險公司面臨風險所需資本有較妥適的規範。讓監理機關得以藉此工具發現體質較弱之保險公司,進而採取適當之行動。 本文檢視我國壽險公司在RBC制度前後,資本與風險間之關係。探討RBC制度實施後,對於我國壽險公司之資本比例、資產風險以及產品風險是否確實造成改變,能使壽險公司之資本提列與公司風險大小有一正向搭配,在保險公司面臨越高的風險狀態時,願意提列更多資本做為緩衝,以保障公司安全。藉此分析觀察RBC是否達到預期之功能,以作為我國監理機關實行RBC制度之參考。 本文使用聯立方程式部分調整模型,以二階段最小平方法進行檢測。實證結果發現,在RBC制度實施後,壽險公司之資本比例對資產風險以及產品風險具有顯著負向關係,顯示資本比例低者所承擔之風險較高,而資本比例高者風險較低。此外,公司規模以及公司型態對於壽險公司之資本與風險具有顯著影響力,外商壽險公司之資產風險較本土壽險公司為低。 / Risk-based capital (RBC) has been implemented as an important regulatory tool for the insurance industry in Taiwan since year 2003, which is used to strengthen the financial capability and to predict the probability of insolvency. It not only improves the shortcomings of single capitalization index but also reflects the business risks. Moreover, it lets the regulator be able to apply this tool to discover the insurance companies with weak financial management and take the suitable actions. This paper explores the changes on the capital ratio, asset risk and product risk in life insurance industry in Taiwan before and after the RBC regulation and verifies if the implementation of RBC had a positive effect on the relationship between capital and risks. To examine this issue, this study uses a simultaneous-equation partial-adjustment model with two-stage least squares method. The results suggest that the life insurers with lower capital ratio take higher asset risk and product risk, while life insurers with higher capital ratio take lower asset risk and product risk. For life insurers, company size and type also have an important impact on their capital and risks. The empirical finding shows that there is lower asset risk in the international insurers than domestic insurers.
74

兩岸壽險業之效率與生產力分析 / The Efficiency and productivity analysis of life insurance industry in Taiwan and Mainland China

溫婉君 Unknown Date (has links)
兩岸在2001年底加入世界貿易組織(WTO),使得兩岸壽險市場受到經濟自由化及國際化的衝擊。因此,要如何提高自身的經營績效及競爭能力,便成為兩岸壽險公司最重要的目標。本研究以資料包絡分析法為基礎,並結合共同邊界(metafrontier)分析法,針對兩岸地區在2004年至2007年共59家壽險公司,進行經營效率與Malmquist生產力指數的實證研究。在生產力變動來源的拆解上,本文延伸Pastor and Lovell(2005)的固定規模報酬模型,利用變動規模報酬的生產邊界來衡量各公司的技術變動及技術差距比率變動,使生產力變動的來源上獲得更明確的意涵。最後本文利用Tobit迴歸模型,探討影響兩岸壽險公司經營效率的因素。 / After joining the WTO in December 2001, there is the advent of economic liberalization and internationalization on the life insurance market of Taiwan and Mainland China. Therefore, how to improve the operating performance and the industrial competitiveness in the present economic circumstance is the critical and important goal of the life insurance industry in Taiwan and Mainland China. This study applies data envelopment analysis with metafrontier model to measure the managerial efficiency and Malmquist productivity index of 59 firms of life insurance industry in Taiwan and Mainland China from 2004 to 2007. On decomposing the sources of productivity change, we extend Pastor and Lovell’ s CRS model (2005) to a VRS frontier benchmark to measure technical change and technical gap ratio change, which apparently provides us a more meaningful decomposition of productivity change. Finally, this study uses Tobit regression model to examine the factors which influence the managerial efficiency of the life insurance industry in Taiwan and Mainland China.
75

直效行銷於壽險市場運用策略之研究 / Research of Direct Marketing Strategies of Life Insurance Market

廖元貞, Yuan-Chen, Liao Unknown Date (has links)
隨著國人保險知識水準的提昇、消費習慣的改變,過去壽險業務人員採緣故銷售的方式已日漸受到部份有自我主張、講求便利性、不喜歡受人打擾的顧客所排斥。而傳統行銷方式所造成的人事成本居高不下,也使得許多新壽險公司的初期財務負擔沈重。因此本文提出此種行銷方式—直效行銷(Direct Marketing),並針對直效行銷領域中之直接回應行銷(Direct Response Marketing)—非透過業務員、代理人或是經紀人等任何中間人介入的銷售模式,就壽險業的特性進行探討與研究。 由於國內保險直接回應行銷仍處於萌芽階段,為了能發掘出初步的見解,並提供進一步研究的空間,本研究採取探索性研究(Exploratory Research),希望藉由文獻的探討與保險人實際經驗的分析,達到以下的目的: 1.了解企業組織和行銷組合對於保險直接回應行銷的影響。 2.了解直接回應行銷於保險運用上的特殊性。3.了解直接回應行銷於台灣壽險市場運用的可行性及其所應扮演的角色。 本研究發現,在公司組織方面,具有多個分公司的保險人在保險直接回應行銷上可以發揮規模經濟的效果,而組織內部堅定的支持與承諾將足以影響直接回應行銷的成敗,且直接回應行銷在保險行銷中應居於輔助的地位,尚無法完全取代現有的業務員系統。在保險直接回應行銷的特質方面,保險直接回應行銷產生的利潤主要來自於忠誠保戶的比例以及其產生的終身價值,而保戶透過此方式購買保險的原因,乃出於其所能提供的便利性與良好的服務,並非價格,同時產品設計若能與業務員銷售之產品有所區別,將有助於降低銷售管道的衝突。 在台灣壽險市場運用的可行性評估方面,由於媒體的普及與國內法規的嚴格規範,將有助於保險直接回應行銷的發展。直接回應行銷能夠提供壽險公司另一個新的銷售管道,提高公司的整體競爭力,對於中小型的壽險公司而言,若能設計獨特的保險產品並開發新的直接回應行銷媒體,將能在競爭激烈的壽險市場中取得優勢。但在直接回應行銷日漸發展,公司欲擴大其經營規模時,則需積極發展業務員系統才能有效地彌補直接回應行銷之不足,為公司帶來最大的利潤。 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究背景與研究動機 第二節 研究範圍與研究目的 第三節 觀念架構與研究方法 第四節 相關文獻探討 第五節 全文安排 第二章 保險直接回應行銷之介紹與應用 第一節 保險直接回應行銷的定義與優勢 第二節 保險直接回應行銷的歷史與興起背景 第三節 保險直接回應行銷的媒體 第四節 保險直接回應行銷活動的規畫與實施 第五節 國外保險直接回應行銷概況 第六節 國外保險直接回應行銷媒體之運用與個案 第三章 個案描述與分析 第一節 A人壽保險公司 第二節 B人壽保險公司 第三節 C人壽保險公司 第四節 D人壽保險公司 第五節 E人壽保險公司 第六節 個案分析 第四章 保險直接回應行銷特質之剖析與探討 第一節 保險直接回應行銷與組織特質的關係 第二節 保險直接回應行銷與行銷組合的關係 第三節 保險直接回應行銷對台灣壽險業的影響 第五章 結論與建議 第一節 研究結論 第二節 研究建議 參考文獻 / Because of the development of Taiwan*s insurance market and the change of customers* purchasing habits, the sale of life insurance by agents, effected mostly by human relationship, has been becoming redundant for customers who have their own way of thinking, enjoy convenience, and dislike disturbances. The high initial expenses of traditional marketing channels are also becoming a heavy burden for life insurers, especially for new entrants. This is the motivation of the thesis which discusses other possible marketing strategies: Direct Response Marketing, one specific branch of Direct Marketing, which focuses on the sale process through intermediaries other than agents and brokers. The thesis then follows by the discussion and research into the characteristics of the life insurance industry. Since the domestic insurance direct response marketing development is in its initiate stage, the thesis adopted the method of Exploratory Research to explore and supply room for further conceptual research. By essay discussions and analysis of practical insurance operational experiences, we hope to achieve the following objectives: 1. To acknowledge how enterprise organizations and marketing combinations affect insurance direct response marketing. 2. To specifically identify how direct response marketing applies to insurance operations. 3. To discuss the feasibility and the roles of insurance direct response marketing in the Taiwan life insurance market. With respect to enterprise organizations, insurers that have more branches will have economies of scale on insurance direct response marketing. The success of direct response marketing will also rely on the organizational support and the acceptance by internal executives. Direct response marketing should only play an assistant role in insurance marketing and can not completely replace the current agency system in the near future. In the aspect of insurance direct response marketing, the profit produced by insurance direct response marketing mainly comes from the proportion of loyal policyholders and their whole-life-values. The reason that customers purchase insurance products through this direct method is mainly due to the convenience and good service it can supply, not price. Meanwhile, it is important to distinguish products between direct response marketing and agent sales to help avoid conflicts of the two channels. In assessing the feasibility of the Taiwan life insurance market, we find that the popularity of the communication media together with the tight regulatory restrictions help the development of direct response marketing. Direct response marketing provides life insurers a new sales channel to enhance their integrated competitiveness. For small to medium sized insurers, designing an unique insurance product and developing new direct response media, will achieve benefits and advantages in this fierce competitive insurance market. However, while direct response marketing is becoming stronger and insurers need to expand their operational scale, insurers will still need to improve the current agency system to compensate for the weaknesses of direct response marketing and to maximize profits.
76

壽險業務員對業績比賽的認知評估、因應策略與工作投入間之關係研究 / Cognition of selling volume comparison, coping strategies and job involvement.

游紫華, Yu, Tza-Hua Unknown Date (has links)
本研究的主旨在瞭解壽險業務員對於業績比賽的重要性、業績冠軍的相似性以及個人對於業績表現的控制力評估,是否會影響業務員對於自己業績表現不如他人訊息的因應,並且探討個人所採用的因應方式與後續工作投入程度的關係。本研究的樣本為國內六家壽險公司的323位現職業務員,以問卷調查的方式進行研究,使用的研究工具包含『業績比賽相關題目』、『認知評估量表』、『相似性評估量表』、『因應策略量表』及『工作投入量表』,資料分析主要採用因素分析與變異數分析等方法。 本研究的結果主要為:(一)自我關聯程度評估對於『情緒虛理』、『問題解決』與『逆來順受』因應策略產生顯著影響,並且當個人對於業績比賽的自我關聯程度評估高時,曾較自我關聯評估低組,採用較多的因應策略,而控制力變項則對於『情緒處理』、『問題解決』與『尋求支持』三種因應策略造成顯著影響,即當個人對於業績進步的控制感高時,會較控制感低的業務員,採用較少的『情緒處理』與『尋求支持』,而採用較多的『問題解決』方式來面對業績比賽不如他人的情形。(二)採用較多『情緒處理』因應策略的業務員,其後續的工作投入情形會低於採用較少本策略的業務員;而在『問題解決』因應上,則獲致相反的結果,即採用較多此策略者,其工作投入情形較高。(三)在人口統計變項中,不同的性別對於自我關聯程度、控制力、情緒處理與尋求支持因應策略、工作即生活與工作投入量表總分有影響,而不同年齡則在逆來順受與尋求支持兩變項上有差異,婚姻狀況在尋求支持、工作即生活及工作投入量表總分上有差異,不同的組織別,其控制力、問題解決與尋求支持因應策略亦有所不同。 最後,本研究根據所得結果進行檢討,並對於企業界及後續研究提出一些建議。
77

應用羅吉特迴規模式分析壽險購買行為 / Using Logisitic regression to analysis life insurance purshasing behavior

陳棻煐, Chen, Feng-Ying Unknown Date (has links)
多樣化壽險商品時代來來臨、壽險業目標市場鎖定的需求,致使「選擇適當的目標市場」和「設計適合目標市場的行銷組合策略」成為保險業者在擬定行銷策略所應注重兩大方向。惟如何選擇最具有吸引力,而又適合本身資源條件及競爭環境的目標市場,則就是行銷理論研究及實務上最重要的一項問題。 綜觀目前國內各研究所的論文中,關於消費者對於保險商品之購買行為的研究,多集中在消費者購買保險的原因或動機之分析上。惟其多是描述性、相關性分析為主,而此類研究方式雖然有其實用性,但其在缺乏「因果關係」的分析下,實無法了解消費者本身之不同,所引起購買意願之不同。再者,其並未進一步針對不同商品,研究影響消費者之所以購買不同商品之因素,係因任何忽略「商品多樣性」的研究,顯然過於簡化影響是否消費者購買保險商品之因素。本文對於消費者購買行為之基本認識為:消費者決定『是否購買』。保險,以及決定『選擇何種』保險的過程是同一的、不可分的。」因此,本文將以「多樣化的保險商品」為前提,來研究消費者決定「是否」購買保險、以及「選擇」購買何種保險之原因或動機。 究竟「消費者本身的差異性」與「是否購買及購買何種保險」之間存在什麼樣的關係,同時也是保險公司在保單設計、搭配、以及保險行銷上不可忽略之重要裁題。本文從于證資料上分析此一問題,以EKB消費者行為模式為理論基礎,依消費者本身的不同的背景、不同投保的動機、不同對保險的認知等等不同追求產品的相對利益為基礎因素,來探討消費者對不同的保險商品的需求。 本文乃以『問卷調查』為研究工具,針對台灣地區 20 歲- 70 歲之消費者為研究對象,實際訪查消費者所偏好之保險商品。共計取得有效問卷 965 份,輔以以效用函數為理論基礎之『羅吉特迴歸模式』計量方式,找出「消費者本身的差異性」與「是否購買及購買何種保險產品」之間的因素,並而建立消費者效用函數,進而預估消費者購買保險機率,促使業者更能設計符合消費者需求之保單組合。 研究結果顯示,在「是否會購買保險」的議題上,發現消費者教育程度不同會影響其購買意願;「保險演講會的舉行」、「親友在保險公司做事」或「自身或家屬曾發生事故」時,亦會明顯提高消費者之購買意願;業務員的上門推銷將是促使消費者引起購買保險的主要動機之一;再者,消資者在購買保險時,最重要之評估準則,則在於壽險期間是否太長、領回的錢值不值得及保費是否會太高等問題。 就「偏好購買不同商品」的議題上,本研究亦就目前市面上較為普遍之十種商品作研究,研究發現影響消費者偏好購買各個商品之因素各有不同,本文亦對其作綜合整理。最後亦針對研究結果,就各個不同保險商品,依其具有顯著水準之人口統計變項作--市場區隔,以期能提供保險公司或業務員在銷售時,可依商品的不同對消費大眾做市場區隔,使業務員或保險公司較易針對消費者不同的需求,做出較適合消費者且較易使消費者接受的保單設計。相信如此一來,非但有助於保險公司之保單設計與行銷,對於保險消費者如何選擇最適合自己的保單,也有相當的助益。 / The main goal of this research is to study the motives of the consumers purchasing the insurance policies and the selecting procedures. The previous researches on this area have been focused on the purchasing motives of each individual consumer. This kind of approach is widely used in practice. However, the consumers are not facing one insurance product but a variety of different insurance portfolios. In this study, we focus on analyzing the consumer-purchasing behavior of insurance portfolios. The logistic regression model is used to estimate the preference of the consumers among different insurance policies. The procedures of this study are summarized in the following: ( 1 )Review the developments of the previous researches and the findings. ( 2 )Design an appropriate questionnaire to collect the valid information and formulate the logistic regression model in this study. ( 3 )Collect the samples from the questionnaire and code this survey into a database system. ( 4 )Estimate the coefficients in the regression model in Step (2) and analyze the results. Finally comment on the findings. Using the logistic regression model is helpful for the marketing department in insurance company to target the appropriate populations and differentiate the various insurance portfolios. In this study, the information from the questionnaire is investigated based on our choice model. Monitoring these effects is beneficial for the managers having concise information in our target markets. Finally, a quantitative model is proposed for Taiwan insurance markets and the recommended marketing strategy.
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可加性模型保險之應用:壽險保費收入與總體經濟指標美、日、中、英、德之模型比較 / An Application of Insurance in Additive Model:United States's, Japan's,Taiwan's,England's and germnany's Life Insurance Model between Premiums and Macro-variables comparison.

許光宏, Ellit G. Sheu Unknown Date (has links)
在線性模型中以計算容易,解釋方便為著稱,但是比須加入許多嚴格限制 ,而對於事後之模型檢測亦要花費番功夫。,而可加性模型只要函數給定 ,backfitting 演算法收歛即可。可加性模型除了保留線性模型的加法性 及解釋能力外,尚且提高了估計準度。在美、日、中、英、德五個國家的 保險市場中,雖然判定係數的提升亦大有斬獲 (0.85->0.9957),然而在 台灣我們根據實證 一、提升統計應用水準,大幅提高模型變數的解釋能 力,模型內MSE(Me Square Error)大幅降低。(見表5-1、表5-2、表5-3、 表5-4、表5-5、表5-6、二、維持了線性模型方便的解釋能力。三、提升 估計水準,用以比較二種模型之優劣時,採1991年保費收入之實際值與估 計值之比較(見表 5-3,表 5-6,表 5-9,表 5-12,表 5- 15),可發現 線性模型誤差率與可加性模型誤差率的比值美國為2倍、日本為12倍、臺 灣為4.55倍、英國為2.95倍、德國為2.95倍。四、函數以圖形方式表示顯 而易見。可加性模型所做的保費收入估計模型 / An Application of Insurance in Additive Model:United States's, Japan's,Taiwan's,England's and germnany's Life Insurance Model between Premiums and Macro-variables comparison.
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我國壽險業於RBC制度實施前後經營風險與資本關係之研究

蔡維哲 Unknown Date (has links)
我國保險業監管制度之實施,以2003年7月之RBC制度影響最為重大,因此本研究希望檢驗RBC制度對於壽險公司之經營策略,是否有顯著之改變,而保險公司之經營策略中,又以資產配置與產品組成為最重要的議題,兩者將影響資產風險與產品風險。因此本研究將重點聚焦於壽險公司之資產風險與產品風險於RBC制度實施前後之變化,藉以探討是否RBC制度實施後,保險公司對於經營中涉入風險之行為,保有更穩健之思維,而不違反RBC制度實施立意之良好。 本研究整理我國25間壽險公司之財、業務之資料為分析基礎,並以簡單複迴歸之研究方法為實證分析。實證結果中,壽險公司於RBC制度實施後有風險抵換之情形,但無論資產風險及產品風險都與前期資本比例為負向關係。另外,小型公司中資本比例越低者,有增加投資於高風險資產的比例;並且小型公司中,前一期經營結果越差,銷售越高風險產品的比例將會上升。 / One of the most important supervision system in insurance industry is the implementation of Risk-Based Capital system in 2003 in Taiwan. In this study, we examine whether the business strategy of life insurance companies changes significantly because of the implementation of RBC system. In insurance’s business strategy, asset allocation and product composition are the main issues and both will influence asset risk and product risk. Hence, we focus on the changes in asset risk and product risk to find that whether life insurance companies have more stable operating concepts after the implementation of RBC system. We use multiple regression model to analyze the relationship between asset risk, product risk and capital ratio of the life insurance companies. The results suggest that there are a negative relationship between asset risk, product risk and capital ratio after the implementation of RBC. Besides, the small size companies which have low capital ratio will tend to increase the proportion of risky assets in their investment. And small size companies which have worse operating outcomes in the previous year will increase the proportion of high-risk products they sell in current year.
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死亡壓縮與長壽風險之研究 / A Study of Mortality Compression and Longevity Risk

謝佩文, Hsieh, Pei Wen Unknown Date (has links)
醫療技術的進步以及生活品質的提升,預計人類平均壽命將持續延長,以臺灣為例,男、女性平均壽命將從2011年的75.98歲、82.65歲,增加到2060年的82.0歲、88.0歲(資料來源:行政院經濟建設委員會2012年推估)。壽命延長意謂更長的退休生活,世界各國在21世紀均面對需求日殷的老年生活照顧,包括退休金制度以及老人醫療等,這些社會福利及保險勢必增加國家財務負擔,因此壽命是否繼續延長或存有極限成為大家關心的議題。近年來,不少研究透過死亡壓縮(Mortality Compression)連結壽命議題,亦即探討死亡年齡是否將集中至更窄的範圍,但因為資料及研究方法的限制,死亡壓縮是否成立仍無定論。 本研究以統計方法、分配假設、資料品質,三個面向來探討死亡壓縮與延壽之間的關係。本研究提出三種數值優化方法:加權最小平方法(Weighted Least Squares;WLS)、非線性極值法(Nonlinear-Maximization;NM)及最大概似估計法(Maximal Likelihood Estimation;MLE),透過電腦模擬衡量方法優劣,與過去常見的方法比較(Kannisto的SD(M+)),探討何者具有較小的均方誤差(Mean Squared Error;MSE)。其次若死亡年齡之真實死亡分配為t分配時,探討以常態假設代入計算所產生的偏誤;最後則是套入各國實際死亡資料,使用上述較佳的估計方法,檢視死亡壓縮是否存在。 研究結果顯示,NM具有不偏性質且具有較小的均方誤差,過去研究常用的SD(M+)反而有明顯偏誤,且隨著觀察值越多變異數反而增加。而若真實死亡分配若為t分配時,以原先利用常態假設所計算的年金險保費皆有低估的情形,分配的重要性可見一斑,進而探討在實務上常態分配之假設,發現與仍與實際情形有明顯之差異,不論是NM及SD(M+)在死亡壓縮的探討下,皆受到資料的限制而有待商榷。 / Due to the advance in medical technology and the change of life style, the human life expectancy has been increasing since the end of the Second World War II and it is expected to continue the pace of increment. Longer life expectancy also means a longer life after retirement. People living in the 21st century are faced with growing demand for the retirement life, such as the pension funds and medical needs to the individuals, as well as the social welfare and insurance for the elderly to the government. Thus, the issue whether the lifespan has a limit receives a lot of attention. In particular, many studies focus on the topic of mortality compression, which means that the expectancy of lifespan has a limit and variance of lifespan converge. However, due to the availability of elderly data, there is still no consensus if the mortality compression is true. In this study, we propose estimation methods to estimate modal age and variance of the age-at-death. Three types of methods are involved: weighted least squares (WLS) method, nonlinear maximization (NM) method, and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method, and they are compared to the method proposed by Kannisto, namely SD(M+), in 2000. We found that the NM method has a smaller MSE, and we cannot decide the mortality compression is true based on the data from Human Mortality Database. We also applied the normality and t distribution assumption to the age-at-death and compute the pure premiums for annuity products. We found that normality distribution would produce larger premiums than using the empirical mortality rates. Similarity, the bankruptcy probability would be higher if the t distribution is used.

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