上海自開埠以來，華洋雜處、古老與摩登、傳統與現代等多元文化相融的城市風貌，造就了上海多層次的文化內涵和獨特的城市性格。上海女作家陳丹燕帶著相當個人化的視角來闡釋她的城市經驗，其作品時代跨度涵蓋了中國文革前後至九十年代。值得注意的是，早期以寫作兒童文學背景出身的陳丹燕，大多是以溫情的眼光來觀照上海的人事物，時常在文本書寫中注入醒目的童話色彩。綜觀陳丹燕一系列的上海書寫作品，可看到上海移民的身分印記、童年的文革經歷、以及遊歷歐洲的域外經驗等，皆牽動著她觀看上海的角度。她藉由文學創作來逐漸消解自身對上海人身分認同的不確定性，因此書寫上海是其尋找和建構個人文化身分認同的過程，同時在紀實與虛構的小說文本創作裡，也試圖建構出上海在中國歷史上那定位不明的城市身世。 陳丹燕將上海女性的生命故事和城市文化發展連結起來，以有別於宏大敘事觀點的小歷史寫作視角來書寫女性傳記，女性故事與近代上海歷史交相輝映的書寫意蘊，即突顯出她對於上海歷史的獨特觀感。此外，陳丹燕如何「閱讀」上海這座城市的人文風貌，實展現出她對上海文化記憶的選擇，上海這座世人眼中的華麗之城，在她筆下總是敷染了一層揮之不去的惆悵沉鬱敘述色彩，尤其她將寫作視角聚焦於成長於新式里弄或生活在舊租界時代西洋樓房的上海人，特別關注這一群從舊時代過渡至新社會生活的上海知識階層。這群老上海人通常擺盪於東西方的價值觀中，並常陷於對自身文化根源被迫割裂的泥濘裡，在他們半新不舊和徬徨猶疑的文化身份上，著實映現了上海身世無法被明確定位的窘境。陳丹燕以思索追憶的細膩筆觸，精彩地演繹這座具有半殖民地色彩的城市故事，呈現出與時下上海懷舊書寫不一樣的特殊文本聲音。

本論文的研究目的是探討單身老年女性在其喪偶或離婚之後發展的親密關係，希望藉由單身老年女性的自身經驗，來理解她們對親密關係的詮釋，以及她們在親密關係中的感受，從「本質」、「發展」及「影響因素」來了解單身老年女性親密關係的生命經驗。 本研究使用質性取向的研究方法，以半結構式的深度訪談進行資料蒐集，計8名有效樣本，年齡介於62到87歲之間，5名居住在台北市，3名分別居住在桃園縣、台中市及苗栗縣，主要研究結果如下： 一、從受訪者對親密關係的成分、表達形式、以及感受等三部分可知單身老年女性親密關係的本質：（1）「關懷」、「共同性」及「欣賞」為單身老年女性親密關係的主要成分。（2）「一個人孤單」及「兩個人有伴」是單身老年女性重新作伴的原因；親密關係的表達形式可分為日常生活的內容及具愛情或性意涵的言語及行為。（3）「談戀愛的浪漫」、「過日子的平凡實在」及「交朋友的恩深義重」則是單身老年女性在親密關係中三種主要感受。 二、從受訪者與男友交往過程中親密關係的緣起（從獨立到結合）、發展脈絡（從結合中求獨立）、延續（從獨立中找到契合）來探討單身老年女性親密關係的發展可知：（1）「旁人促成」及「機緣巧合」是單身老年女性親密關係緣起之因。（2）「自主」及「自由」是單身老年女性親密關係發展脈絡的依循路線，可藉由設立界線以調和親密及獨立的兩難困境。（3）「對方值得」及「自己想開」是單身老年女性親密關係延續的基礎，前者即是親密關係成分中持續付出關懷的動力；後者即是老年時期中懂得活在當下的智慧。 三、從受訪者對自身親密關係的詮釋可知單身老年女性親密關係發展的影響因素有5：（1）「雙方的條件」透過共同性及自主性對單身老年女性的親密關係發展造成影響。（2）「前段婚姻的陰影」對親密關係的影響不一定導致她們不願再次擁有親密關係，而是讓她們認知到自己要如何為這樣的產物做好準備，找出新的親密關係定位。（3）「子女的態度」會影響關係如何而非影響關係有無，最終決定權還是在單身老年女性的手上。（4）「信仰的力量」是在親密關係不順遂時可影響她們的認知，使其能夠轉換念頭，改變看待關係的心態，故讓親密關係得以延續。（5）「社會的觀感」對單身老年女性的親密關係有既定框架，她們認知到框架，並且有勇氣及韌性獲得自身詮釋權以安然於親密關係中。 / The purpose of this study is to investigate the development of single elderly women’s intimate relationships after they became widows or got divorced. By exploring their self-experience, we can understand the way they interpret their intimate relationships and their feelings within these relationships. In this study, we view things from three dimensions —“the nature, the development, and the factor”—to inspect their life experience in these intimate relationships. The methodology applied in this study was based on quantitative method, and data were collected by semi-structured in-depth interviews. Total 8 valid samples aged between 62 to 87 years old were gathered, among which there are 5 living in Taipei as well as 3 in Taoyuan, Taichung, and Miaoli separately. Research results show as below: 1.Interviewers’ points of view on element, expression, and perception of their intimate relationship showed the nature of single elderly women’s intimate relationship: (1) “Careness, commonality, and appreciation” are the major elements that compose single elderly women’s intimate relationship. (2) “Being alone and lonely” as well as “being coupled and accompanied” are two reasons that why single elderly women would like to have a company again. Moreover, the ways to express their intimate relationships can be divided into actions of daily life and speech or behavior that imply love and sex. (3) “The romance of falling in love” and “the reality of getting on a life” as well as “the gratitude and loyalty of being friends” consist of the main sensation in single elderly women’s intimate relationship. 2.The process of interviewers’ relationships with their boyfriends, such as how it started, in what context it developed, and why to continue, showed that: (1) “Being motivated by others” and “the right opportunity” are the reasons to start the relationships. (2) “Autonomy” and “liberty” are the paths these relationships follow, according to which the boundaries can be placed so that the dilemma of being intimate or being independent can be coordinated. (3) “They worth it” and “looking on the bright side” are the basis to keep the relationship going; the former is the motivation to care and the latter is the wisdom to live in the present in their late in life. 3.Interviewers’ interpretations of self-experience in these relationships revealed that there are 5 factors that affect the development of those relationships: (1) “Conditions of both sides” affect these relationships through commonality and autonomy. (2) “Bad memory from previous marriage” does not necessarily make them not willing to have a relationship again, rather it causes them realize what preparation should they make for it and find out new definition of intimate relationship. (3) “The attitude of children” may affect how the relationship will be but can not decide whether the relationship will continue; the final call is held in the elderly women’s hands. (4) “The power of belief” can influence their recognition during their hard times and make them change their point of views on these relationships so as to keep these relationships on. (5) “The standpoint of the public” set single elderly women in certain conventional frames. Although these women recognize these frames, they have courage and toughness to gain self-interpretation to feel free from worry in these relationships.

歷年來台灣地區女性整體勞動力參與率持續上升，今時今日，在所有適合工作的女性中，有將近一半以上的女性有意願、有能力投入勞動力市場，但是在整體女性勞動力參與率「量」的提升之外，其中歷年趨勢所呈現的形態也有所不同，本研究將要探討的主題即為此趨勢改變的原因，分析研究在年齡（Age）、時期（Period）與世代（Cohort）相互作用下，台灣地區女性勞動力參與率模式改變的背後，這三者所扮演的角色。 經由採用APC模型，控制1978年與1979年的迴歸係數相等，以此來分解出當Age、Period與Cohort同時對於女性的勞動力參與產生影響之下，它們分別對於女性勞動力參與率的淨效果。在分析的最後，本研究亦加入女性的婚姻狀態和教育程度作為控制，並以出生世代作為分類，除了試圖分析個人條件的不同會造就不一樣參與勞動的機率之外，也可以觀察到不同出生世代的女性之間有什麼差異。 研究結果：（一）女性的勞動力參與率的整體提升是受年代效應所影響；（二）女性參與勞動的生命歷程深受年齡效應影響，每一個年齡階段具有不同的年齡效應，當女性走到某一年齡時，便會有遵循同樣模式，也就是年齡規範（Age Norm）；（三）女性勞動力參與率形態的「變形」是受出生世代效應差異所影響，2006年的女性較1978年受到出生世代效應影響減弱，從高同質性轉變為高異質性的勞動參與行為；（四）女性的婚姻狀態與教育程度對於其勞參率的影響會隨著世代改變：當女性教育程度提高時，其世代間參與勞動的機率變異則縮小；不同出生世代的未婚女性其參與勞動的機率變異最大；未婚女性隨著教育程度提高，以及出生世代越年輕，其參與勞動的機率越高。

本篇論文旨在探討譚恩美小說《接骨師的女兒》中女性自覺與 不可說的特性之間的相互關係。書中三位女主角都面臨各自的言語困難，然而，他們卻透過另類的語言方式，例如鬼魂的糾纏、阿茲海默氏症的副作用、沙盤上的書寫、甚且是保持沉默等管道，來為自己發聲。這些另類的發聲方式，說明了意義的展現是無法被永遠壓抑的，儘管是沉默無聲，也是語言的一種面向之呈現。書中女主角經由另類的語言方式，以及自傳式的書寫，三代不同時空中的兩段破碎母女關係，得以修補並縫合，並在發聲過程找到了屬於自己的女性自覺。 / This dissertation explores the relationship between the female self-consciousness and the characteristic of “unspeakability” in Amy Tan’s The Bonesetter’s Daughter. All of the three heroines in the novel have their own difficulty in speech acts: the grandmother is mute and later becomes a ghost; the mother is facing language gaps and is suffered from Alzheimer’s disease; the daughter has no direct access to Chinese language, so that makes her alienate from her mother. Suffered by their own linguistic problems, the three heroines thus develop their own alternative methods of articulation: the ghost haunts the living ones, and articulates through sand-tray writing with the help of her granddaughter; the by-effects of dementia allow the mother to speak the truth of the past; remaining silent makes the daughter hear her true intentions and reevaluate the difficulty that she is facing. Finally, the three heroines all dedicate themselves to autobiographical writings, for it is the only way to make the truth known and last. Through the help of alternative ways of articulation and autobiographical writings, the three women have opportunity to reexamine themselves and reshape their own self-consciousness.

在全球化的背景之下，婚姻移民女性是台灣這半世紀以來最主要的新移民。隨著新移民女性（或一般所稱的「外籍配偶」）在台灣定居，攸關新移民女性之權利、義務與公民身份（citizenship）的問題因此成為不容忽視的議題。本研究從「賦權」（empowerment）的觀點切入，探究在新移民之原生國與移入社會（receiving society）的文化條件影響下，作為文化邊界標誌（cultural boundary marker）的新移民女性是否能夠藉由公共參與達到重新定義自我並建立其女性主體的地位。在檢視相關研究文獻包括關於新移民女性的一般性探討、公共參與及賦權理論的探討之後，本研究於台北縣市對26位新移民女性進行深度訪談，受訪者包括21位具代表性的新移民女性以及5位相關組織之幹部。根據訪談的結果，本研究發現：第一，雖然新移民女性在台灣公共參與的媒介不少，但是其原生國的傳統文化框架還是深深影響、甚至限制了她們公共參與的深度與廣度。第二，新移民女性的個人條件與特質也影響她們的公共參與；語言能力愈好、夫家愈支持的新移民女性，其公共參與的廣泛程度愈高，同時她們可以選擇的參與途徑也比較多。第三，新移民女性相關組織的力量也影響了新移民女性的公共參與；這些組織主要是藉由鼓勵、協助新移民女性規劃跟參與各項聯誼活動、學習課程、攸關新移民女性政策的公聽會、爭取權利的遊行示威等，來喚醒新移民女性的意識並使她們能夠從中empower themselves。最後，本研究發現，目前新移民女性的公共參與多屬於社會參與性質，很少是積極或激烈的政治活動；但是，社會參與性質的公共參與對於喚醒與提升新移民女性的權利意識有正面的影響。

近年來，科幻這一源起於西方的文類，隨著新科技在世界範圍內發展和傳播，開啟了它全球化歷程。在中國大陸，其熱度也隨好萊塢科幻影片、外國科幻影集的流行，以及國內科幻作家在海外獲獎而逐年增加。但對閱聽人來說，在其強調「幻想全人類未來」的宣言背後，卻有著不易察覺的界線，無論是在性別、國族還是類型內部的分野。這種「名不副實」一方面反映出充斥在這個世界中複雜交錯的社會脈絡和權力關係，另一方面又在悄然形塑著閱聽眾對特定主題的話語、認同和想象。 隨著全球化在世界範圍內的加深，這種現象應當引起重視，特別是在對科幻的跨文化閱讀中。但是，由於該類型在中國大陸尚屬小眾文化，未能在大眾流行文化傳播和閱聽人研究中引起關注。 本文運用俗民方法論中的質性深度訪談法，聚焦中國大陸女性科幻迷這一閱聽群體，探看她們如何在這種傳統上被認為是「西方的」、「陽剛的」文化領域內進行跨文化閱聽和著迷實踐。嘗試描繪她們在性別界線、國族界線以及科幻類型邊界與社會脈絡的交織中，如何實踐和理解自身認同、迷/群與社會，以及科幻類型本身。 本研究中的中國大陸女性科幻迷在倚賴網路科技進行科幻閱聽和著迷中，表現出一定的主體意識和能動性，可以在一定程度上實踐Donna Haraway 所謂的「混淆界線」，並從中獲得歡愉。但另一方面，她們也受到其所在的社會脈絡的限制，而無法完全察覺科幻對於「全人類幻想」承諾背後的陷阱。此外，她們對迷/群的認同與互動，體現出一種對當代大眾流行文化迷/群和網路迷/群的迴避與疏離。總結來說，她們在閱聽、著迷科幻的愉悅和協商中，表現出一種「愛恨交織」的心理。

在父權的社會中，女性一直處於被宰制的弱勢地位，雖然今日女性在賦權的過程中，已在經濟、宗教、教育各方面達到平權，但在真實的社會制度裡，兩性平權依然只是一種幻覺。 本研究將藉由女性主義的觀點，輔以Goffman的「污名」理論與Veblen的「有閒階級」理論，探討過往兩性在酒文化裡所扮演的角色，以及當前臺灣資本主義社會的酒類廣告，如何呈現兩性意象，來作為洞悉台灣女性賦權真況的著力點。 研究發現，在酒類廣告中，女性主義所提倡的符號，已然被酒商商品化，而女性被污名化的現象，從明顯易見的狀況轉為更精緻隱晦的手法。最後，酒類廣告中，父權主義男性對於女性的刻板意象依然存在，例如，男性掌握了權力與生產工具，女性還是努力模仿學習男性，或只是配角。由以上可得知，目前的兩性平權，還是僅存於表面形式，真正的女性賦權，仍有一段辛苦的道路要努力。 / In the patriarchal society,women have long occupied a lower status . Although women today have gained more rights in economy, religion, and education in the process of empowerment, denger equality is still an illusion in real social systems. In order to explore the empowerment of Taiwanese women, this study is based on feminist view, complemented with Goffman's "stigma" theory and Veblen's "leisure class" theory, discussing the roles women and man played in the wine culture in the past, as well as how gender images are currently presented in alcohol advertising. According to this research, the wine merchants have commercialized in the advertising the symbols advocated by the feminists. And the stigmatized phenomenon of women still exists, while just turning from obvious ways into more sophisticated approach. Men’s patriarchal stereotype images for women still exist. For example, men control the power and produce tools, while women still try to imitate men, or just take supporting roles. From all above, it is not difficult to find out that gender equality is merely superficial. There is still long way to go for the woman empowerment.

從來「美貌」即是女性最為關注的課題之一，而傳播媒體的推波助瀾，更助長了美貌意識的盛行，尤以標榜女性為「唯一閱聽人」的女性雜誌為最。本研究即以女性主義精神為本，試圖以兩種不同的理論觀點來解讀女性雜誌：一是以批判理論觀點來分析女性雜誌建構的「美貌」，一是用後現代理論觀點來解析女性讀者使用女性雜誌所得到的愉悅。本研究採取質性研究方法，分別採用符號學分析法來分析女性雜誌文本，以及深度訪談法對十位讀者進行讀者研究。 根據文本分析的結果，研究者將女性雜誌所象徵的美貌意涵歸類為三大項，即（一）高級出眾的時尚品味（二）完美無瑕的身體髮膚和（三）撩動人心的性感風情。女性雜誌成功地運用各種符號，交織出一個面貌單一且為男性所喜的美貌形象，並強說這一切是女性之所欲，用以召喚女性讀者。而從讀者訪談的結果發現，女性雜誌確實在其生活中扮演重要角色，帶給她們許多愉悅，是她們理想自我和生活的投射；她們也多認同女性雜誌披露的美貌論述，並身體力行，為美貌付出諸多心力。然而，她們不免落入了某些美貌迷思，而這些迷思似乎正和女性雜誌的論調如出一轍。 在後現代的氛圍中，愉悅的享受被正當化了，女人的愉悅更不再受到壓抑，擁抱愉悅，展現自我，正是時下女性致力追求的。本研究願以開放的態度來看待女性愛美的心理，也樂見女性享受閱讀女性雜誌的種種樂趣，只是在資本主義和父權體制的層層重圍之下，女性如何能活得更自在快樂，或許還有很長的一段路要走。 / "Beauty" is always one of the topics that women are most concerned with. Mass media, especially women's magazines focussing on a "women-only" audience, adds to the push for beauty consciousness. The thesis is based on the spirit of feminism, and attempts to decode women's maganizes with two different theories: first, to analyse the construction of "beauty" in women's magazines by critical theory; second, to interpret female readers' pleasure from using women's magazines by applying postmodem theory. Qualitative research methods are applied in this study by using Semiology to analyze text language in women's maganizes, and the "in-depth interview" method to research 10 readers. According to the results of text analysis, the researcher classifies the meaning of beauty in women's magazines into three categories. They are: (1) haute coutre and upscale fashion (2) perfect body (3) sensual pleasure and exquisite taste. Various signs are well exercised in women's magazines. They attract women readers by portraying a simple yet beautiful image that men prefer and advocate that this is the image that women have long pursued. From the interviews by the 10 readers, we found that female magazines play a key role and gives women pleasure in their daily lives. These magazines put up an ideal image that they can strive for. The readers are able to identify with the images created by the women's magazines and are devoted to working towards it. However, they are also inevitably sucker into a beauty myth that magazines try to paint. Amid post-modern context, pursuing pleasure is justified. Women are no more being suppressed in pursuing pleasure and engaging in self-development, which are what modern female have long endeavoured. The thesis attempts to look at the psychological aspect of what women expect from their beauty consciousness and the pleasure they derive from female magazines. However, under pressure from capitalism and patriarchy, there might be still a long way to go before women can live a free and happy life.

本研究以婦女新知基金會作為個案研究的分析對象，在於其前身─婦女新知雜誌社於1982年成立，為台灣第一個女性主義雜誌社，也是發起台灣婦女運動的先驅者之ㄧ。婦女新知基金會多年來致力於推動性別法案的撰擬與修正，如：民法親屬編、兩性工作平等法和家事事件法等；因此，研究者認為有必要探究此一重要婦運團體中的女性志工，其性別意識的發展與實踐經驗為何，以助於日後研究者對於性別意識這個主題有較深入的了解。 研究重要性和預期貢獻主要有二：首先，由於婦女新知基金會在台灣婦運發展歷程中扮演相當重要的角色，因而欲了解此一組織對於成員的性別意識發展與實踐的影響為何，以提供多元、豐富的資料展現性別意識的課題。其次，欲探究個人實踐性別意識的可能困境，除了將研究焦點置於婦運團體女性志工的個人生命經驗之外，本研究透過志工性別意識實踐的情形，來了解成員性別意識與實踐間的關係，並將研究結果提供組織參考，以達到兩性平權的目標。 研究者採用質性取向的研究方法，以半結構式深度訪談法深入了解14位婦運團體女性志工之性別意識發展及其實踐經驗；藉由深度訪談探究及理解受訪者個人之感受、改變、他人的互動情形及受訪者對性別議題之看法。 研究發現主要如下：一、婦女新知基金會女性志工的性別意識狀態兼具意識和行動改變層面。二、受訪者過去的性別意識發展，包括在原生家庭中、求學過程中、婚姻（伴侶）生活中、社會經驗中的性別經驗，對其性別意識發展深具意義。三、從反思性別意識的論述、溝通以改善性別關係，到了解與接納爭議性的性別議題，這些都是新知姐妹們參加課程、活動與接線服務的經歷所帶來的改變，顯示在新知這個環境下，除了豐富她們的性別意識，也讓更了解性別差異和不平等。四、儘管新知女性志工性別意識有所發展，但實際上仍受限環境結構：家庭環境、周遭親友等因素都會造成個人行動者在實踐過程中的困難。 最後，研究者提出四點研究建議以提供婦女新知基金會之參考：ㄧ、增加性別必修課程之培訓時數；二、提升志工參與接線工作以外的新知相關活動之誘因；三、恢復定期舉辦性別相關的讀書會活動；四、邀請志工參與工作會議以增進彼此交流。 / The researcher took the Awakening Foundation as a case study because this foundation published the first feminist magazine in 1982 and was one of pioneers in Taiwan’s women’s movements. In recent years, workers in the Awakening Foundation have been dedicated themselves to amending gender equality act and laws, such as the Book of Family in the Civil Code, the Equal Employment Law, and the Family Affairs Law. Therefore, the researcher thinks it is significant to explore these female volunteers’ gender consciousness and daily practice, in order to help other researchers have a better understanding of this topic in the future. The importance of this study is as follows; first of all, since the Awakening Foundation plays a vital role in Taiwan’s women’s movements, the researcher attempts to discover how this organization influences its members’ gender consciousness, to provide gender issues with abundant data. In addition, the researcher would like to know difficulties female volunteers experience when they practice their gender consciousness in daily life. Furthermore, the focus is both stressed on personal experiences and structural relations, in order to offer the Awakening Foundation research findings for reference. Qualitative research method was adopted in this study, and the researcher used semi- structural interview to collect data of fourteen female volunteers’ gender consciousness and daily practice. Meanwhile, the researcher analyzed participants’ feeling, thoughts toward gender issues and relations in their families and daily life. Four main research results are presented. First, female volunteers’ gender consciousness consists of consciousness and action respectively. Second, participants’ past gender experiences, including their original families, school life, marriage, and social interaction, are meaningful to their gender consciousness. Third, after participating in the Civil Law Enquiry Hotline, courses, and activities held by the Awakening Foundation, female volunteers’ communication and views on gender relations are changed, and they gradually accepted critical gender issues. It illustrates the Awakening Foundation raises their gender consciousness and helps them understand gender difference. Forth, despite the development of their gender consciousness, female volunteers cope with a variety of difficulties in daily practice, such as structural factors. Finally, based on researching findings, the researcher suggests the Awakening Foundation to increase discussion hours of gender issues as required courses, to motivate volunteers’ incentives to engage in women’s movements, press conferences, and activities, to reset up a study group concerning gender equlity, and to invite volunteers to work conferences for exachanging both notions of gender issues.

本文旨在將新世紀的自傳體小說書寫風潮視為一個文學現象來做整體的探討，同時以此時期的自傳體小說創作做為主要研究個案，並且旁及其時代背景之探討，觀察自90年代以降台灣歷史社會與文學生態的變遷，是如何提供作家們書寫風格變異的契機，促使自傳式文學的書寫風潮一路延燒至新世紀，而興起一波自傳體小說書寫潮流。本文將自傳體小說書寫置放於90年代以降自傳式文學的整體發展環境中來觀看，嘗試做一個文學類別的發展脈絡探討。同時，從總體的文學書寫現象觀照把握，以新世紀自傳體小說的熱門創作主題與當代社會文化及文學生態的扣連作為論述主軸，針對幾個重要的創作主題進行解讀分析，企圖探討自傳體小說文類與台灣社會文化及文學場域的互動，並將這個文學現象的研究討論，建立於文本細緻解讀的基礎之上，以五位作家的六部自傳體小說，作為這波自傳體小說書寫潮流的研究個案，進行文類與文本的考察。本文先就文學外緣開始探討，進而進行文本研究個案的細緻解讀，以期較為全面而深入地論述新世紀自傳體小說書寫風潮的價值與意義。