氣候變遷加劇全球各地天然災害。基於保障人民基本生活，政府主動積極管理災害風險已不可避免，而國際上亦普遍以保險機制調適氣候變遷風險，且建立公私合作關係共同承擔巨災損失。本文整理分析文獻資料作為論述基礎，並比較研究國內外天然災害保險制度，歸納整理共同特性與功能，以及建立制度之基本原則與經營基礎，以演繹我國天然災害保險制度法制化重點包括：1.立法形式：單獨特別立法建立制度；2.政府角色：兼具保險人及再保險人角色，提供天災保險保障並具風險承擔功能；3.制度模式：在公私合作關係下，由民營保險人負責銷售管理、理賠且承擔中間規模損失，而政府提供財務支持或擔保；4.制度定位及性質：屬於非社會保險之公共計畫（政策保險），人民無投保之法律上義務；5.保障範圍：規範最低承保範圍，提供人民一致且可負擔之保險；6.減災責任及誘因：保險制度應整合減災，納入個人減災誘因且於利害關係人間（政府、被保險人、保險人）適當分攤減災責任；7.主管機關與專職管理組織：減災為天然災害保險不可分割之一部分，宜跨越行政組織分工，從功能性意義上互動共同治理；並將住宅地震保險基金轉型為天然災害保險基金作為專職管理組織；8.風險分散機制：立法設置多層次風險承擔機制，由被保險人自負低層小額損失，保險人、天災基金、再保險人、資本市場承擔中間層級責任，政府則承受極端重大損失。 / Climate change has intensified natural disasters worldwide. To protect people’s basic livelihoods, it is necessary that the government actively and aggressively manages the risks of disasters. Meanwhile, insurance system is an adaptation measure generally adopted to pool the risks of climate change, and public and private cooperation is established to share the losses of huge disasters. This study compared domestic and foreign insurance systems aiming at natural disasters based on the summary and analysis of literature to develop the keys legislation regarding a natural disaster insurance system: 1. Type of legislation: individually established legislative system; 2. Government role: both the insurer and re-insurer providing protection and risk assumption for natural disasters; 3. System model: with public and private cooperation, private insurers are responsible for the sales, management, claims and assumed losses on a moderate scale, while the government provides financial support or guarantees; 4. System positioning and nature: the public plan other than social insurance, people is no generalized duty to buy cover in the system; 5. Coverage: minimum protection, providing consistent and affordable insurance to all people; 6. Mitigation and incentives: the insurance system should integrate mitigation with personal incentives for disaster reduction and share mitigation responsibilities among stakeholders (government, insured, insurer) as appropriate; 7. Competent authority and dedicated management organization: mitigation is an inseparable part of natural disaster insurance, which is appropriate for the work divisions of cross-administrative organizations and interactive governance in functions; turn the Taiwan Residential Earthquake Insurance Fund into a natural disaster insurance fund for dedicated management; 8. Risk diversification mechanism: set a multi-level risk sharing mechanism through legislation, in which the insured shall be responsible for low-level losses in small amounts; the insurer, natural disaster insurance fund, re-insurer, and capital market share the middle-level liabilities; and the government shall bear the extremely large losses.

本研究旨在探討新北市國民中學教師學術樂觀與學校組織氣候的現況；並剖析不同背景變項與學校變項的教師知覺教師學術樂觀與學校組織氣候的差異情形；及探討教師學術樂觀與學校組織氣候之間的關係；最後，以逐步多元迴歸檢視教師學術樂觀對學校組織氣候的預測力。為達到上述研究目的，本研究採用問卷調查法，以新北市35所國民中學之主任、組長及教師為研究對象，共寄發問卷559份，回收有效問卷521 份，有效回收率為93.20％。本研究採用SPSS統計套裝軟體進行分析，獲得以下結論： 一、 新北市國民中學教師知覺教師學術樂觀、學校組織氣候為中高程度。 二、 不同年齡、教育程度、任教領域及學校地區之教師在知覺教師學術樂觀整體與學校組織氣候整體，都沒有顯著差異。 三、 不同性別之教師在知覺學校組織氣候整體，女性教師高於男性教師。 四、 不同服務年資之教師在知覺教師學術樂觀整體，21（含）年以上之教師高於6~10年之教師。 五、 不同職務性質之教師在知覺教師學術樂觀整體，教師兼主任高於教師兼導師。 六、 不同學校規模之教師在知覺教師學術樂觀整體，73（含）班以上之教師高於25~48班之教師。 七、 教師學術樂觀與學校組織氣候之間呈現正向相關。 八、 教師學術樂觀對學校組織氣候具正向預測力，其中教師信任領導者及教師信任同儕二構面對學校組織氣候整體之聯合預測力最高。 最後，依據上述研究結論，提出具體建議，以做為教育行政機關、國民中學校行政及未來研究人員的參考運用。 關鍵詞：國民中學、教師學術樂觀、學校組織氣候 / The Study of the Relationships between Teacher Academic Optimism and School Organization Climate in Junior High Schools in New Taipei City Abstract First, this study aimed to explore the current situation of New Taipei City junior high schools’ teacher academic optimism and school organization climate; then, to analyze the demographic variables on the different perceptions of teacher academic optimism and school organization climate, and then to discuss the relationship between teacher academic optimism and school organization climate. Finally, stepwise multiple regression was used to predict school organization climate. Based on the research conclusions, the proposed recommendations for the relevant institutions’ reference were provided. To achieve these purposes, this study used questionnaire survey method. The directors, team leaders and teachers from 35 junior high schools in New Taipei City were sampled as the subjects. A total of 559 questionnaires were distributed, with 521 valid questionnaires. The return rate was 93.2%. Survey data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression. The conclusions of this research are as follows: 1. Teachers’ perceptions of teacher academic optimism and school organization climate is high in junior high schools in New Taipei City. 2. There are no significant statistical differences in ages, education levels, teaching field, and school locations in teachers’ perceptions of teacher academic optimism and school organization climate. 3. There are significant statistical differences within genders of junior high school teachers perceptions of school organization climate. And the female teachers are obviously higher than the male teachers. 4. There are significant statistical differences within service years of junior high school teachers perceptions of teacher academic optimism. And teachers service above 21 years are obviously higher than teachers service 6~10 years. 5. There are significant statistical differences within duties of junior high school teachers perceptions of teacher academic optimism. And teachers serving concurrently as administrators of school affairs are obviously higher than class teachers. 6. There are significant statistical differences within school sizes of junior high school teachers perceptions of teacher academic optimism. And teachers above 73 classes are obviously higher than teachers in 25~48 classes. 7. Teacher academic optimism is positively correlated to school organization climate. 8. The prediction of the relationships between teacher academic optimism and school organization climate is supported. Finally, based on the above research conclusions, the recommendations are provided as references and applications for educational administrations, junior high school administrations and future researchers. Keywords: junior high school, teacher academic optimism, school organization climate

本研究計一冊，五萬字，分為五章。 本研究係「組織發展」中之「調查回饋」技術之初步研究，主要目的在於探討「調查 回饋」技術對於增進組織的健全與效能之影響，並嘗試建立一套調查回饋系統，以提 供企業各界診療之服務。 本研究之實驗對象為建德機械公司三重與平鎮兩廠製造課之全體員工，其中三重廠之 製造課為實驗組，進行「調查回饋」之實驗處理，調查之問卷內容包括有：工廠員工 心態調查問卷、組織氣候量表、工作士氣量表及工作滿足量表等四份量表，調查完畢 之後，加以列表摘要，並回饋給該課的所有成員，然後由其共同診斷組織□的問題， 並擬定行動方案，提呈上級栽決。另一平鎮廠之製造課則為「調查」控制組，其於三 重廠進行實驗處理三個月後進行問卷調查，但研究者只將結果回饋予該廠的高級主管 人員，之後，兩組共同逐步實施行動方案。 本研究係以員工對該項「調查回饋」研究計劃的支持程度與生產量以及離職率等為評 估之依據。由於本研究採「多重時間系列設計」，故分別收集兩組處理前後之有關資 料，以進行實驗處理效果之分析。 研究結果發現： (1) 實驗組之員工對該項「調查回饋」研究計劃頗為歡迎。 (2) 「調查回饋」技術有助於提高該廠之生產量。 (3) 「調查回饋」技術有助於減低該廠之離職率。 (4) 「調查」控制組之生產量略有上揚之趨勢，但不若「調查回饋」組來得明顯。 (5) 「調查」控制組之離職率略有下降之趨勢，但不若「調查回饋」組來得明顯。 此外，本研究並進行相關等多項統計分析，以探討問卷內容中諸變項間之關係，其結 果詳見論文中之「結果與討論」一章。

本研究的主要目的在探討員工的需求層次、工作態度、與組織氣候，對員工承諾的解 釋能力；本研究同時探討員工人口統計特徵與需求層次、工作態度、與員工承諾的關 係。 本研究以臺灣的電子公司，生產線上作業員以外的各級職員二七三名為研究對象。 本論文共分成七章： 第一章：緒論及研究問題。 第二章：文獻探討。 第三章：研究方法。 第四章：人口統計特徵與需求層次、工作態度與組織承諾的關係。 第五章：需求層次、工作態度、與組織氣候對組織承諾的交互影響。 第六章：需求層次、工作態度、與組織氣候對組織承諾解釋力之探討。 第七章：結論與建議。

第一章為緒論，旨在闡述研究動機與目的，提出研究問題與假設，並對名詞的運作定 義予以說明。 第二章為文獻探討，第一節探討內外控取向的理論基礎與涵義，人格特徵及有關研究 舉隅。第二節探討組織氣候的理論基礎與涵義、組織次級系統氣候、組織氣候與工作 滿足的區別。第三節探討激勵概念的涵義與性質、激勵的內容理論與過程理論、工作 滿足的涵義與其相關變項。 第三章為研究設計，分別敘述研究範圍、分析架構、研究對象、研究工具、研究程序 及資料處理。 第四章為調查樣本資料分析，第一節分析調查樣本的特性。第二節為調查樣本內外控 取向、氣候知覺，工作滿足之整體分析。第三、四、五節分別為人口統計特徵與職務 因素在氣候知覺、工作滿足、內外控取向上的單因子變異數分析。第六節為內外控取 向在氣候知覺上的單因子變異數分析。第七節為內外控取向與氣候知覺在工作滿足上 的雙因子變異數分析。 第五章為結論，闡明本研究的限制，提出研究結果，並進行討論與建議。 本論文以中油公司為對象，實證研究結果發現： （１）不同性別、婚姻狀況、年齡、年資、職等者對組織內氣候的知覺及其工作滿足 ，有顯著的差異存在。 （２）不同工作單位者對組織內氣候的知覺及其工作滿足，有顯著的差異存在，亦即 組織內有次級系統氣候的存在。 （３）人格特質不同者，對組織內氣候的知沉與其工作滿足，有顯著的差異存在。 （４）成員的人格特質與對組織內氣候之知覺，在其工作滿足上有顯著的交互影響存 在。

本論文分別為：導論、研究方法、研究變數之衡量與分配、各項變數對電腦化成效影 響之分析、及結論建議。導論中包括研究動機與目的、研究問題與研究範圍、研究限 制、重要名詞詮釋等四節。第二章研究方法包括研究步驟、相關理論之探討、本研究 之架構與假設、研究設計等四節。第三章變數之衡量與分配分為四節，第一、二、四 節是以因素分析法說明系統性能、組織氣候、教育訓練、工作改變及電腦化成效等主 觀知覺變之衡量；第三節是有關使用者基本屬性之說明。第四章分為四節，以相關分 析、變異數分析、逐步迴歸等方法分析各項自變數對電腦化成效( 工作績效、工作滿 足) 的影響如何。第五章僅一節結論與建議。

著者從企業實施品管圈活動實際經驗之了解，配合理論文獻探討，而建立一個研究模 式，再由這個模式作實證分析，以尋找獲致品管圈活動成功的因素，而有助於企業實 施品管圈活動之參考。全文分五章，十四節，其章節如下： 第一章：緒論第一節研究動機與目的，第二節研究方法與限制，第三節本文架構。 第二章：品管圈概述第一節品管圈誕生的時代背景，第二節品管圈的基本精神與原則 ，第三節品管圈的發展，第四節實施品管圈的經驗。 第三章：先前有關理論文獻探討第一節群體輪廊與群體氣候，第二節群體氣候組織忠 誠性，第三節組織忠誠性與組織績效。 第四章：研究模式的建立與實證第一節模式的說明，第二節變數的界定與衡量，第三 節實證結果，第四節企業實施品管圈之建議。 第五章：結論。

本研究旨在瞭解當前國民小學組織動態能耐、組織健康氣候與學校創新經營之現況；分析不同背景變項在國民小學組織動態能耐、組織健康氣候與學校創新經營之差異；探討國民小學組織動態能耐、組織健康氣候與學校創新經營之關係；研究國民小學組織動態能耐、組織健康氣候與學校創新經營之預測分析；與推論國民小學組織動態能耐、組織健康氣候與學校創新經營之路徑關係。 本研究採取文獻分析法及問卷調查法。根據文獻資料架構理論基礎，編製「國民小學組織動態能耐、組織健康氣候與學校創新經營調查問卷」，依全省分北、中、南、東四大區域，共抽取93所國小，合計1408位國小教師，對於國民小學組織動態能耐、組織健康氣候與學校創新經營之看法。回收資料經由描述性統計、變異數分析、相關分析、逐步多元迴歸，以及LISREL潛在變項模式等統計方法，所得研究結果如下： 一、國民小學組織動態能耐以「科技應用」為最高，其次為「創新學習」、「學校定位」及「知識管理」，而「行政整合」相對較低。 二、國民小學組織健康氣候以「教師的凝聚力」最高，其次為「同儕領導」、「資源的影響性」及「重視學業成就」，而「機構主體性」相對較低。 三、學校創新經營以「資訊科技創新經營」最高，其次為「外部關係創新經營」、「行政管理創新經營」及「教學分享創新經營」，而「校園規劃創新經營」相對較低。 四、年長、資深及兼任行政之教師所知覺的整體組織動態能耐、組織健康氣候及學校創新經營的程度較高。 五、私立學校之教師所知覺的整體組織動態能耐、組織健康氣候及學校創新經營的程度較高。 六、位於都市、小型學校及新設學校所知覺的整體組織動態能耐、組織健康氣候及學校創新經營的程度較高。 七、組織動態能耐、健康氣候與學校創新經營間具有高相關。 八、組織動態能耐與健康氣候能有效預測學校創新經營。 九、國民小學組織動態能耐、組織健康氣候與學校創新經營量表之二階驗證性因素分析模式適配度佳。 十、組織動態能耐透過組織健康氣候，有助於推動學校創新經營。 研究者依以上研究結果，分別針對主管教育行政機關、校長、教師以及未來研究者提出若干建議。茲分述如下： 壹、對於主管教育行政機關之建議 一、將動態能耐健康氣候學校創新經營納入學校評鑑指標 二、以辦學績效為指標來調整公私立學校的教育資源分配 三、為老舊學校重新注入一股新的活力以提升其創新能耐 貳、對於學校校長之建議 一、安排年長與資深教師協助新進教師經驗傳承 二、提供教師充足的教學資源與協助其專業成長 三、營造有創意的活力校園與人性化的健康校園 四、不因少數家長無理的要求而改變既有的政策 五、透過行銷策略建立學校品牌和提升學校形象 參、對於學校教師之建議 一、應用資訊及網路科技融入教學以增進教學效能 二、由校園資訊與通訊科技平台分享教學相關資訊 三、掌握外在環境的快速變遷建立獨特的創新能耐 肆、對於未來研究者之建議 一、研究對象可再擴大 二、研究議題加深加廣 三、研究方法可更多元 關鍵字：國民小學、組織動態能耐、組織健康氣候、學校創新經營 / The main purposes of this study are: (1) to understand the present condition of dynamic capabilities, organizational health climate, and school innovative management in the elementary school; (2) to analyze the diversity of different background variables in dynamic capabilities, organizational health climate, and school innovative management in the elementary school; (3) to discuss the relationships between dynamic capabilities, organizational health climate, and school innovative management in the elementary school; (4) to investigate the Predicted Analysis of dynamic capabilities, organizational health climate, and school innovative management in the elementary school; (5) to conclude the path relationships between dynamic capabilities, organizational health climate, and school innovative management in the elementary school. The present study applied literature analysis and questionnaire survey method. According to related literature, the theoretical foundation was constructed and 「Elementary School Dynamic Capabilities, Organizational Health Climate, and School Innovative Management Survey Questionnaire」was organized. Ninety-three elementary schools were chosen randomly from north, central, south, and east regions in Taiwan. Totally there were 1408 elementary school teachers. Subjects’ viewpoints about Elementary School dynamic capabilities, organizational health climate, and school innovative management were collected. The data were analyzed by Descriptive Statistic, ANOVA, Correlation Analysis, Stepwise regression, and LISREL8.71.The results are shown below: 1.About dynamic capabilities in the elementary school , technology application is the highest，then innovative learning, school positioning, and knowledge management. And administrative integration is comparatively lower than the others. 2.About organizational health climate, teacher affiliation is the highest, then collegial leadership, influence of resources, and emphasis on academic achievement. Subjectivity of institution is comparative lower than the others. 3.About school innovative management, information technology innovative management is the highest, then external relationship innovative management, administrative management innovative management, and teaching sharing innovative management. And campus planning innovative management is comparatively lower than the others. 4.Teachers, who are senior, experienced, or have administrated jobs, perceive dynamic capabilities, organizational health climate, and school innovative management higher than young, unexperienced teachers. 5.Private school teachers’ perception of dynamic capabilities, organizational health climate, and school innovative management is higher than public school teachers. 6.Teachers’ perception about integral dynamic capabilities, organizational health climate, and school innovative management is higher when they teach in urban, small-scale, and newly-built schools. 7.There is high correlation association between dynamic capabilities, organizational health climate, and school innovative management. 8.Dynamic capabilities and organizational health climate can effectively predict school innovative management. 9.The fit measures of the two-order confirmatory factor analysis model of dynamic capabilities, organizational health climate, and school innovative management is good. 10.By organizational health climate, dynamic capabilities can promote school innovative management According to studied results, some suggestions are addressed for educational administrated institutions, principals, teachers, and future researchers. 1.For educational administrated institutions （1）Bring dynamic capabilities, health climate, and school innovative management into school evaluation indicators. （2）Allot educational resources for public and private schools by school achievement. （3）Rebirth old schools and promote their innovative capabilities. 2.For principals （1）Create opportunities for senior and experienced teachers to share and pass down their experience. （2）Provide teachers with sufficient teaching resources and help them to advance professional development. （3）Construct creative, animate, humanistic, and health campus. （4）Do not change prime policies due to some parents’ unreasonable demands. 3.For school teachers （1）Integrate information and Internet technology into teaching to enhance teaching efficiency. （2）Share teaching resources through campus information platform. （3）Know the outside environment is changed in high-velocity and create unique innovative capabilities. 4.For future researchers （1）There should be more subjects. （2）Researched issue can be deeper and broader. （3）Researched methodologies can be more multi-dimentional. Keyword：the elementary school, organizational dynamic capabilities, organizational health climate, school innovative management

本研究係透過聯合國氣候綱要公約在臺灣的實踐為個案研究來就環境政策形成過程為政治經濟分析。首先，先就環境問題的原因與特徵及國際環境意識形成的政治經濟因素為介紹。為了個案研究，也檢視了國際環境法在全球暖化議題的發展來了解國際的發展方向，再就臺灣的國內環境政策與國際環境政策為了解以提供本研究的背景資料。透過深度訪談來就組織、法令及政策來探討聯合國氣候綱要公約在臺灣的實踐。本研究發現，組織的設計仍有部分限制，相關法令尚未全面的檢視，政策則缺乏一上位的指導綱領。由於政治及經濟因素均對環境政策的發展扮演著重要的角色，臺灣未來有關全球暖化政策的發展取決於執政黨的決心與執行力。 / This study explores the political economy behind the environmental policy making process through a case study of Taiwan’s practice of the UNFCCC. First, this study analyzes the reasons and characteristics of environmental problems, as well as the political economy of the formation of international environment awareness. For the case study, the development of international environment law toward global warming is reviewed to clarify international trends in dealing with this problem. Next, the author analyzes two aspects of Taiwan’s environmental policy: domestic environmental policy and international environmental policy in the past fifty years to give background information of Taiwan’s global warming policy. Then, through in-depth interviews, an examination of organization, legislation, and policy aspects of the UNFCCC practice in Taiwan is conducted to understand how the policy implements. The conclusions are as followed: (1) Institution settings for Taiwan’s global warming policies still have some limitations and need to be reviewed. (2) Although some GHG reduction regulations have already been sent to the Legislative Yuan to be reviewed, the government has yet to carry out overwhelming legal evaluation in all aspects to address the climate change issues. (3) Policy lacks superior guidelines laying out the direction for whole country to follow and implement. After all, political and economic factors both play influential roles in the development of environmental policy. Taiwan’s future action regarding global warming still depends on the determination and executive ability of the new ruling party.

本研究主要探討台北都會區都市蔓延與氣候暖化之關係，實證分析是否都市蔓延的發展形態會造成氣溫的上升。有研究指出台灣的歷年氣溫上升是因為近年來工商業急速發展，人口增加，建築物型態改變，交通運輸量激增等所致。國內外許多研究也發現都市化與氣溫是呈現正相關，而綠地與氣溫呈現負相關。 本研究實證分析部分使用地理資訊系統之內差法和空間分析方法，以及迴歸分析使用panel data之固定效果模型等工具，內插法之結果得到台北都會區年平均氣溫自1996年至2006年約上升1℃，有些地區甚至上升約2℃，且上升之溫度範圍有擴大的趨勢，呈現放射狀的溫度分布，此與都市蔓延之放射狀發展形態類似。使用空間分析方法則證實了一地人口數的增加會造成該地氣溫上升，並且也發現近來人口數多增加在都市外圍地區，這與上述氣溫分布和都市蔓延之放射狀發展形態也相符合。 迴歸分析結果顯示人口數對於氣溫有相當大之正相關，耕地面積對氣溫則呈現負相關，可見得擁有廣大綠地可以降低區域之氣溫，減緩氣候暖化，因此建議政府需檢討當前農地政策，配合環境保護，適合時宜的提出正確之政策。另外在各鄉鎮市區固定效果估計量方面，可以歸納出若一地區有廣大的公園、綠地、或是有河川流域的經過，對於降低當地氣溫有明顯的幫助；時間趨勢之固定效果估計量顯示台北都會區隨著時間的經過，氣溫將持續上升。因此在未來都市規劃方面，規劃者必須了解各地區特性，善加利用其自然環境以調和氣候暖化之影響、多設置公園綠地、多種植綠色植物、在道路周邊行道樹的設置、建築物間風場之設計等。如此將可以降低都市蔓延對氣候暖化的影響，以及防止氣候暖化的發生。 / In this study, we research the relationship between urban sprawl and climate warming in Taipei metropolitan area. Analyze empirically whether the developed shape of urban sprawl causes the climbing of the temperature. Some studies indicate that the reasons why the climate is getting warmer in Taiwan are the high-speed developments of industry and commerce, the increase of population, the changes of the buildings and the huge increase of the traffic volume. Some other studies also find out that there is a positive correlation between the urbanization and the temperature, and there is a negative correlation between the green space and the temperature. The empirical analysis in this study is based on the Interpolation Method and Spatial Analysis of GIS. And the regression analysis is based on the Fixed Effect Model of Panel Data. The yearly average temperature increased about 1℃ to 2℃ in the Taipei metropolitan area from 1996 to 2006. Furthermore, the range of the increasing temperature has been trending up, and it reveals a radial distribution. It is similar to the radial developed shape of urban sprawl. By using Spatial Analysis, we prove that the temperature of an area increases when the population rises. And we find out that the population rises in most of the peri-urban areas. It also answers to the radial developed shape of urban sprawl and the distribution of the temperature as above. The result of using the regression analysis shows that there is a positive correlation between the number of the population and the temperature and is a negative correlation between the farmland areas and the temperature. So that if there is a big green space, it can decrease the temperature in an area, reduce climate warming. For this reason, I suggest that the government should review our current farmland policy, which should be worked with the environmental protection policy, and bring it into practice at the right time right place. From the fixed effect estimation, we concludes that it helps decrease the temperature in an area obviously when there is a big park, big green space or where a river passing through. The time trend of the fixed effect estimation indicates that the climate in the Taipei metropolitan area will be getting warming with time goes by. Therefore, the urban planner should know better of the feature in each area, using the natural environment to accommodate the influence of climate warming. To have more parks, green spaces and plants, plant more trees by the roads, design the wind flow between buildings. Cut down the carbon production by using either way. Thus and so, we can reduce the influence of urban sprawl to climate warming, and also prevent climate warming.