美日歐等先進國家在傳統貨幣政策提振經濟的效果逐漸失靈後，開始大膽啓用量化寛鬆(Quantitative Easing, QE)等非傳統貨幣政策(unconventional monetary policy)。本研究以此為背景，透過大量數據蒐集、整理與分析，比較國際金融市場在量化寛鬆貨幣政策前後的變化。 2007年美國次貸風暴引發全球金融危機後，FED於2008年開始實施密集、快速的QE政策，全面利用央行資產負債表與獨特而絕對在貨幣價格及數量的無限權力。本研究試圖從債券市場、股票市場、外匯市場、信貸與投資市場、各部門負債與去槓桿化程度與全球通貨膨脹現況等不同面向切入，嘗試以較長時間的統計資料比較並說明QE的有效性與侷限性。 在美日歐相繼實行規模程度不一的QE政策後，研究發現美國市場的各個層面已有顯著的改進，特別是在就業市場部分，其中失業率已逼近自然失業率的充分就業狀況，代表美國將逼近升息的時間點，並且不是只有單次調高基準利率(Fed Fund Rate，FFR)，而是一個升息循環的開始，預期FFR將在未來數年內逐漸調高到正常經濟的水平。 與此同時，開發中國家則在資金外流回到美元體系的大環境下，呈現匯率貶值、股市表現不佳與主權債利差變大的金融現象，反應出國際金融市場風險正移轉至新興市場；尤其令人不安的是新興市場持續累積相對龐大的負債，以及國際商品大跌，嚴重衝擊以出口這些商品為主的新興經濟體與生產製造商。在各國央行貨幣政策趨於分岐，特別是美國啟動升息周期將成為美元持續走強的驅動力，龐大國際資金的流動亦會顯著帶來市場風險的移轉。 本研究蒐集各種不同領域的報告及資料，進行分析，主要結果整理如下： 一、量化寬鬆政策(Quantitative Easing)將在一開始造成實施國的貨幣明顯貶值。 二、量化寬鬆政策將造成實施國的股票市場持續走揚。 三、量化寬鬆政策將造成實施國的主權債券殖利率明顯下跌，特別是短天期的部分(short-end)。若實施國進一步採行負利率政策，短天期主權債券收益率亦會由正轉負。 四、量化寬鬆政策帶動全球通貨膨脹脫離偏低水準的效果不明顯，無論已開發或開發中國家都仍深陷通貨緊縮的壓力。 五、在美日歐相繼實施量化寬鬆政策後，全球各商品(市場)的波動趨於一致，呈現越來越高的關聯性。 六、全球金融市場流動性有逐漸降低的趨勢(受到各國管理金融業法規趨嚴影響)，對照市場波動性時大時小，流動性風險影響國際資金的資產配置與流動成為一個重要議題。

本文以 Barnett (1980) 一文為基礎，採用第三地市場以納入廠商型態為多國籍企業 (multinational enterprise) 的模型。本文旨在分析當兩國政府面對獨占廠商的生產不效率及製造過程中汙染排放引發的生產外部性時，如何制定最適汙染稅稅率。並比較經濟開放後資本要素可自由於兩國間移動，最適汙染稅稅率會如何變化。 本研究發現政府課稅將受三種效果影響：消費者剩餘效果 (consumer surplus effect)、利潤移轉效果 (profit-shifting effect)、汙染控制效果 (pollution control effect)。不論在封閉經濟體系或開放經濟體系下，當消費者剩餘效果大於利潤移轉效果時，政府會將最適汙染稅率制定低於皮古稅 (Pigouvian tax)，以補貼獨占廠商增加產量以提高社會福利；若利潤移轉效果大於消費者剩餘效果時，最適汙染稅稅率將高於皮古稅，以藉由汙染稅獲取更多的企業利潤。 當經濟開放後資本可於兩國間自由移動，除原先稅率對產量的直接效果(direct effect) 外，稅率亦會透過資本間接影響產量，為間接效果 (indirect effect)。間接效果將使產量對於稅率的變動較不敏感，因此為吸引具流動性的資本要素進入當地投資，政府會將汙染稅稅率調高以獲取更多企業利潤。 / Based on the setting of Barnett (1980), the thesis develops a model to analyze the optimal pollution tax on multinational enterprises with negative externalities. Governments have only one policy variable: the pollution tax. Each government levies the pollution tax on the output of multinational enterprises, and the tax revenues are returned to the residents in a lump sum manner. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the optimal taxation on the multinational enterprise with externalities and mobile capital flow. The thesis obtains several results: First, no matter in the case of closed economy or open economy, the second-best optimal pollution tax may be less or greater than the marginal pollution damage. It may be lower because the consumer surplus effect dominates the profit-shifting effect, so the government chooses a lower tax rate to stimulate production and to increase social welfare. Second, when the capital can freely move between countries, the governments will levy a tax rate higher than that of a closed economy. Doing so can attract the flow of capital so that government can get more profit.

在一社會中，職業常常被視為個人成就地位的表徵。透過對職業流動的研究，不但可 以瞭解台灣社會階層化的情形，更可以看出台灣社會流動的變遷狀況。本研究嚐試利 用台灣兩個不同時點上的資料，分析台灣地區父子職業流動的事實，期望達成以下的 目的： １．以父子兩代職業流動的密度為標準，找出流動的模式；並分別檢視不同的時點上 ，有無明顯變遷的事實。 ２．以職業類別間之距離為流動障礙的指標，找出不同類別間職業流動的障礙，並加 以比較之。 ３．綜述流動模式與流動障礙的關係，並對「台灣社會流動之開放性」問題做一省思 。 本研究分析資料為行政院主計處於民國六十五年及七十五年所做的「家庭收支暨個人 所得分配調查」資料。利用該調查對職業之分類，抽取具有父子兩代特性之樣本，分 別整理成為父子職業流動表。計得可用以分析之樣本數六十五年為二二三九戶，七十 年為二九一二戶。透過對數相乘模型之運作，將流動表中各種不同的效果加以分析。 研究之結果發現：近十年來台灣地區職業傳承的效果並沒有改變。易而之，近十年來 台灣社會流動的變異絕大多數是導因於職業結構的變遷。就整體而言，整個社會職業 之流動是相當開放的。這個結果與Featherman＆Hauser（一九七八）對美國社會所做 研究之結果大致上相類似。

本研究主要以衝突論(CONFLICT THEORY) 的觀點, 探討教育成就 (以教育程度為代表 ) 對社會流動(SOCIAL MOBILITY) 的影響. 研究目的有三: 一．探討我國收入的分配是否不均 ? 二．探討不同的從業分析（EMPLOYMENT STATUS） 中, 教育成就對收入的影響力如何 三．探討教育成就對於個人進入不同從業身份的影響力如何? 研究以民國七十三年行政院主計處家庭收支調查資料為樣本. 全文共一冊, 約六萬言 結果指出, 樣本顯示不同從業身份會造成收入不均, 而教育成就對不同從業身份的收入有不同的影響力, 但是教育成就對於個人進入不同 從業身份影響力顯著, 亦即只部份支持衝突論的看法.

Abstract In this paper, we examine the relation among different information asymmetry measures in Taiwan Stock Exchange and exploit the ability of the microstructure measures to measure asymmetric information. We also investigate the role of information asymmetry measures in affecting stock returns. With a random sample of 180 firms, we find that the market microstructure measure is significantly correlated with most of the corporate finance measures that should shed lights on the level of information asymmetry in advance. We also find that the analysts’ forecast measures have no relation with the microstructure measure. One main result is that the adverse selection risk does affect the stock returns. For the whole sample period, the adverse selection component has a significant impact on the stock returns and dominates all other variables except for the number of analysts following. Other significant measures include the volatility, firm size, leverage, and market to book ratio of equity. Although these information asymmetry measures act as competent determinants in the whole- period regression, they do not have consistent performance across quarters. The inconsistent result suggests that these measures may have diverse performance with regard to different periods.

This paper investigates the liquidity and the bid-ask spread components of the Taiwan Stock Exchange Capitalization Weighted Stock Index futures contracts, Taiwan Stock Exchange Electronic Sector Index futures contracts, and Taiwan Stock Exchange Banking and Insurance Sector Index futures contracts traded on the Taiwan Futures Exchange, which switched from an electronic periodic call auction market to an electronic continuous auction market on July 29th 2002. It is a rare opportunity to deeply examine the liquidity and transaction cost components of financial derivatives under different trading mechanisms. Using intraday transaction data of transaction and quotes covering from March 2002 to May 2002 for the old trading mechanism and from October 2002 to December 2002 for the new trading mechanism, liquidity measures and bid-ask spread components are examined before and after the enforcement of the electronic continuous auction mechanism. First, for each type of futures contracts, liquidity measures including bid-ask spread, trading volume, trade number, trade size, volatility, and liquidity ratio are explored to show the multifacet of liquidity. Next, the model of Lin, Sanger, and Booth (1995) is used to decompose the spreads of each product in the two periods. The empirical results show that quote spreads, effective spreads, percentage effective spreads, and dollar-weighted percentage effective spreads of the new system are all significantly lower than those measures in the old system for all of the three types of futures contracts. However, other liquidity measures do not show the same patterns. Overall, improvement of liquidity is found for futures contracts but not very consistent though. Multifacet of liquidity is showed by different measures, although two of these measures, including trade size and trade number, may not be suitable for this study. Moreover, the adverse selection is the most important component in the call auction market, which decreases in the continuous auction market. However, the change of other components, including order processing cost and order persistence, does not demonstrate the same pattern. The results indicate that the electronic continuous auction system protects uninformed traders from being hurt by informed traders. However, we also show that each type of futures contracts has its own specific component structure.

學校應該學習與組織記憶、組織學習以及體制論相關之知識。其中，組織記憶有助於問題解決與決策制訂（Hanson, 2001），且能協助學校維持不易被模仿、獨特的競爭優勢，並能有效提高組織績效表現及降低成本（Wexler, 2002）。許多組織記憶相關的研究結論顯示，組織成員流動會嚴重影響組織記憶成長（Carley, 1992）。因此，如何有效獲取、保留、維護及存取（retrieve）組織成員的知識，以避免重要的組織記憶消失（Walsh 和 Ungson, 1991;），儼然成為當前組織最需要關切的課題之一（Lahaie, 2005）。本研究整理、分析組織記憶相關文獻，發現藉由中介變項：書面化程度、可接近性、資深知識者角色行為、協同教學行為與知識分享行為以管理組織記憶，可滿足教師的組織記憶存取需求（retrieval demands），維持組織記憶的有效性。 本研究透過問卷調查法，以幼稚園組織中在園年資一年以下與三年以上的教師為研究對象，徵詢教師對組織記憶的存取需求、組織記憶有效性及教師績效知覺三構面的實際感受。總共發出問卷470份，問卷回收率為44.7%，在剔除不適合的問卷後，得到私幼有效樣本161份、公幼有效樣本19份。由於公幼樣本過少，故公幼教師的意見以描述統計方式呈現；私幼樣本則進行組間差異分析、相關分析及迴歸分析，並進行研究假設檢定。 　　研究結果顯示，本研究七項假設皆獲得支持，即幼稚園教師確實具有組織記憶存取需求，且教師在遭遇工作上的困難時，也經常採取實際詢問行為以解決其組織記憶存取需求，且93%的受訪教師認為其獲得的組織記憶具有效性。其次，教師的在園年資與幼教年資愈短，對組織記憶存取需求則愈高。 在中介變項的分析上，受訪教師除了對協同教學行為此變項持有不同認知外，均認為書面化程度、可接近性、資深知識者角色行為與知識分享行為皆有助於組織記憶建構。迴歸分析結果也顯示，無論教師年資之長短，以園長或資深教師擔任諮詢輔導角色，最能維繫組織記憶有效性，也能提升教師績效知覺；其次，增加知識分享行為亦可達到類似結果。故幼稚園組織在處理組織記憶問題時，應讓園長或資深教師擔任資深知識者的角色，並建立教師之間知識分享的機制，讓教師能有效獲取、保留、維護及存取組織記憶，進而促進組織學習、建立競爭優勢並提高教師績效表現。 / Hanson(2001) declared that schools should get insights from the literature regarding organizational memory, organizational learning and institutional theory. Organizational memory can support organizational members to acquire knowledge in problem-solving and decision-making activities (Walsh and Ungson, 1991). Moreover, organizational memory could be viewed as an intangible asset if successfully managed, and it might confer competitive advantages and lower transaction cost (Wexler, 2002). Day (1994) claimed that organizational memory is as a repository for collective memory which lain in policies, procedures, routines, and rules that can be retrieved when organization members needed. Stein and Zwass (1995) defined that organizational memory as “the means by which knowledge from the past is brought to bear present activities, thus resulting in higher or lower levels of organizational effectiveness.” Levitt and March(1996) also mentioned that “the lesson of history are likely to be lost through turnover of personnel (Hanson, 2001).” These statements implied that personnel turnover is the main threat of organizational memory (Stein and Zwass, 1995). This study wants to explore the relationship between teachers’ turnover, retrieval demands and effectiveness of organizational memory and the performance of kindergartens. Moreover, researcher wants to investigate the elements that have the most influence upon organizational memory effectiveness. Drawn from organization memory literature, we found that knowledge externalization, accessibility of organizational memory, senior teachers and principal’s behavior, team-teaching behavior, and knowledge-sharing behavior are determinants of organizational memory effectiveness. / The major finding was that teachers definitely have retrieval demands toward organizational memory, especially new-employed teachers. New teachers need senior teachers and principal’s guidance to help them solve problems and make decisions. The more assistances senior teachers and principal can offer, new teachers are more satisfied with organizational memory. That means new teachers can retrieve organizational memory successfully; moreover, they will be more contented with organizational memory effectiveness and show higher personal performance. As for intervening variables, researcher have detected that senior teachers and principal’s behavior and knowledge-sharing behavior show the primary influence upon organizational memory effectiveness. Consequently, management teams of kindergartens should attempt to create opportunities for teachers to share their knowledge. After knowledge-sharing procedure, teachers’ retrieval demands of organizational memory will be fulfilled, effectiveness of organizational memory will be maintained, and personal performance will be lifted as well.

公務人員受委託行使行政權，享有身分保障和穩定收入，因而被視為社會體系的中上階層。基於此等特性，學者曾經提出代表性官僚理論與多元代表性等理論，希望能夠以此調和民主與效率兩大價值，達成政策執行的實質公平。然過去相關的實證研究，多半屬於「事後檢測」。但是我國公民除了通過公務人員考試之外，幾乎沒有其他擠身常任文官的管道，因此有關代表性或多元性的討論應該包括考試階段。換言之，考試錄取人員的人口特性值得深入的分析。本研究以2003至2007年的高等考試參與者為主要研究對象，輔以司法官三等考試的資料以利比較。接著，引用社會學「地位取得」的分析架構，採取指數比較分析與邏輯迴歸分析，探索性別、年齡、受教育時間、畢業學校特性、出身地域與錄取與否的關係。 　　本研究結果顯示，女性、非傳統公立綜合大學的畢業生、鄉鎮地區出身者以及41歲以上的考生在公務人員考試中處於較為不利的地位，但是與優勢團體之間的差距隨著考試等級和種類有所不同。例如女性在行政類與司法官考試中，與男性的表現平分秋色甚至猶有過之；剛完成高等教育的25歲以下人口在司法官考試裡最具優勢，但高考三級則有利於26至35歲的青年；傳統公立大學的文憑與都市出身的背景，在技術類考試能發揮的正效果比行政類考試為弱。基於上述的研究發現，為消除各種團體在公務人員考試裡的地位差距，本研究對於未來的考選政策提出下列建議：1.加強命題與口試委員的多元化；2.強化試題的研究發展；3.配合政府再造鬆綁人事法規；4.營造一個落實多元平等的大環境。 / Civil servants, with administrative power in hand, are commonly regarded as part of upper class. Therefore, researchers, to integrate democracy and efficiency in civil service system and to realize the genuine equality, propose representative bureaucracy and team diversity theory. Senior Civil Service Examination, the main approach, if not only, for citizens in Taiwan to enter the bureaucracy affects the representativeness and diversity of state apparatus substantially. By adopting the research approach of “status attainment” from sociology, this study gives an account of the relation between the examination result and the demographics in terms of gender, education, school characteristic, and region. All the data of this research is based on participators’ personnel information cards collected by the Ministry of Examination from 2003 to 2007. The result indicates that four types of participators are inferior in the examination, including women, graduates from private untraditional technological colleges, participators from rural areas, and adults above forty-one years old. The differences between superior and inferior groups, however, vary with the level and subject of examination. To prevent demographic differences in Senior Civil Service Examination, the study suggests the following factors be considered: the diversity of the composition of examiners committee should be ensured, the enhancement of development research of test questions, the deregulation of public personnel rules and, last but not least, the construction of a diversity-respecting society.

附屬於台鐵的《暢流》半月刊（1950~1991）是一本為火車乘客、鐵路員工發行的綜合性雜誌，講求「消閒」與「興趣」，內容五花八門，包括詩詞、遊記、書畫金石、人物軼聞、歷史掌故、文化探源、海外新知、文學創作等，堪稱一般大眾居家旅行必備良伴。本研究藉由細讀《暢流》，管窺戰後二十年間的文學文化生產的情況，一方面爬梳《暢流》的發展史及其週邊，一方面由文學研究的角度出發，指出《暢流》的特色、文學史上的定位，以及《暢流》所代表的美學取向。 　　本研究首先交代《暢流》刊史，分從：一、組織面上，說明《暢流》發行單位與歷任主事者的更迭與改組；二、經營面上，說明《暢流》的行銷方式、普及情形、售價調整、叢書出版等概況；三、編輯面上，點出編輯和作者的互動關係，闡釋編輯方針、刊物內容、讀者反應之間的交流與影響。接著，本研究聚焦《暢流》的形式與內容，追溯其承襲日本明治末期及中國民初以來鐵路附屬雜誌之脈絡，並在與同時代報刊的各種功能、類型對比下，照見《暢流》的綜合性。 　　本研究的第二部分，著重以「日常生活理論」分析《暢流》的旅遊書寫與生活新知。在外省人士以「由景點至風景線」的趨勢逐步認識台灣的同時，旅遊活動的頻繁複寫，使我們見到個體在現代的日常世界中，藉著「移動」所呈現的豐沛活力。另外，差異性不斷地展現在《暢流》的旅遊書寫中，展現在旅人對異地風俗、景觀的敏銳感知當中，於是，旅遊書寫的「非常」意義也由此展開。更重要的是，文本中橫貫公路、福隆海水浴場這些「地點神話」的建構過程裡可以得見，隨著五○年代中期以後台海情勢緊張、反共話語沸騰，同時期的《暢流》卻因為滿眼盡是遊山玩水的旅人，遂勾勒出一個現代化社會的輪廓：即連長年備戰的離島空間，都褪去反攻戰略跳板的色彩，而更接近於現代性不斷滲透、施展其神力的實驗場。另一方面，《暢流》的生活常識、科學新知則是時人在濃厚現代性的環境下，對「日常」萬象的期許與再現。 　　承上，本研究的第三部分由日常生活理論提示的「變動」、「流動」出發，析論《暢流》的文學作品內涵及其美學特徵。第一，本研究標舉「日常生活書寫」作為思考五○年代台灣文學的新框架，其具體文本內涵則包括購物活動、鄰里角力、社群關係的解散或重組、對愛情的質詰、以及寫實的社會百態等。第二，《暢流》的日常生活書寫顯示：所謂「反共」集體意識很可能是一種虛張聲勢，當脫去政治框架，「日常」仍將獲得普遍的關注。另外，在現代性的介入使日常不斷流變的歷程裡，「懷鄉」不再只是政治話語的附屬品，而成為日常書寫的同質異構體。 　　對《暢流》的全面探析，有助調校關於五○、六○年代社會實況的刻板印象。在看似政治掛帥、反共聲浪不斷的外象之下，現代性的滲透、現代生活的浮現，一一成為不宜忽略的面向。由此，五○、六○年代台灣文學的文藝美學、活動板塊、評價定位等，將再次走入評家論者的視野，亟待進一步的詮釋。 / With the research strategy of close reading and the methodology of Everyday life and culture theory, this thesis focuses on the Chang-Liou Fortnightly(1950-1991) to discover its developmental history, significant characteristics, and representative position in modern Taiwanese Literature. Aiming at the staff and the passengers, the Chang-Liou Fortnightly is an affiliated comprehensive magazine to the Taiwan Railway Administration, which includes classical poetry, travel notes, traditional Chinese painting, calligraphy, and graphic arts, anecdotes, general knowledge, science and technology, overseas experience, literary works and creative writings, etc. In the first place, this thesis explicates the developmental history of the Chang-Liou Fortnightly in three aspects: 1, at the organizational level; 2, at the management level; and 3, at the editing level. The second part of study borrows a lot from Everyday life and culture theory to analyze the travel notes and the common knowledge in the Chang-Liou. While the mainlanders build a gradual understanding into Taiwan by the sequence which is named as “from scenic spots to landscape”, the frequent replication of tourism activities shows rich vitality in the course of moving and commuting. In addition, we can indicate a strong “non-everydayness” from the observation on local scenery and customs out of the travel notes. Above all, the emergency of “location myth” surrounding the Central Cross-Island Highway and the Fulung Beach for example reflect a modern image and also reveal a modern atmosphere during the martial law period. On the other hand, general knowledge, science and technology, and overseas experience all together outline the “everydayness” in the Chang-Liou. The third part of this thesis, Chapter 4, discuss the meaning, the connotation and the text feature of the literary works especially those written by women writers. In view of “flowing” and “changing” hinted by Everyday life Theory, literary works in the Chang-Liou present a distinctive array of themes including shopping, neighborhood wrestling, interpersonal relation restructuring, questioning love, and investigating social issue. Besides, under the framework of “Everyday life writing”, the widespread perspective on taking the 1950s Taiwanese literature as anti-communist literature requires further reading and revaluation. Therefore, so-called nostalgic prose is no longer the product of political discourse, but another type of practice on Everyday life writing. Studying the Chang-Liou on the Everyday life Theory basis improves the formation of railway magazine history and helps recognize how modernity influences everyday life during the first two decades in postwar Taiwan, so as to urge existing interpretations of 1950s Taiwanese literature and modern Taiwanese female literature to make certain alterations. Although purpose of the magazine is for leisure and for interests, the Chang-Liou expresses serious concern on literature, culture, and society, that is definitely a key notion for further research.

人口流動具有各種型態。其中包含了遷移、移動、以及通勤人口。在宏觀模型框架下，空間互動模型(簡稱SIM)對於測量人口流動扮演了重要的角色。距離遞減效應為空間互動模型中重要的因子。該效應描述了人口流動的頻率會隨著移動距離而逐漸下降。然而，從實證上，本研究發現人口流動與移動距離的函數，並非在距離上保有恆定的關係。 在本文中，我們提出了對此非恆定的距離遞減效應之修正方法。本修正法運用了轉折點模型的特點，套入了空間互動模型的距離函數上。本文首先運用了電腦模擬驗證了此方法的穩定性與有效性。接下來，研究將此方法應用在兩個人口流動資料。第一個是從台灣健保資料庫觀察出的民眾就醫地變化。健保資料庫包含了總人口的5%抽樣資料。由於在抽樣上瑕疵不大，因此健保抽樣資料具有了一定的代表性。第二個資料則是英國統計局所提供的人口遷移普查資料。在這兩個資料上，我們發現本研究所提修正法，相較於傳統的空間互動模型具有更好的模型配適表現。此改善程度在非都市地區尤其更為明顯。 / Population movement encompasses various forms, such as migration, mobility, and commuting. Spatial Interaction Model (SIM) serves as an important tool to calibrate these movements in the sense of macro modelling. One of the important features of this model is that the number of migrants often decays with the distance. However, we found that this is not always the case in practice and the decay pattern may change with distance. In this study, we propose a distanced-based modification to the SIM, via applying the techniques of change-point problem to construct distance functional form. Computer simulation is illustrated to validate the method and the empirical analysis of flow data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD), and also England & Wales internal migration data also provides sound evidences to support the proposed approach. Note that the flow data from the NHIRD consists of a sample of about one million people and can be treated as a fine sample representative of Taiwan’s whole population (about 23 million people). Our results show that the modified approach is more adequate than the traditional SIM, especially for describing the movements of suburban areas in Taiwan.