摘要 在全球化激烈的競爭環境下，組織如何培養與提昇其「核心能力」，以取得競爭的優勢，成為企業、政府與公共管理學者的重要議題。 本研究首先從策略性人力資源管理理論為出發點，藉由研究探討國內外公私部門推動與建構核心能力的經驗，再進一步以核心能力的角度，歸納分析我國公務機關政風人員的角色、職能與核心價值；並透過深度訪談北台灣地區高階政風人員，來探討高階政風人員所應具備的核心能力，並檢視其實際上所具備的核心能力，以瞭解兩者之間的落差，找出高階政風人員所須具備與加強培育的關鍵核心能力，並提出建議供政風機構參考。 本論文除以文獻分析與實地觀察進行研究瞭解外，並以深度訪談法作為本文研究途徑；研究對象為北台灣地區現職及績效卓著的高階政風人員。希望藉由本研究，建立高階政風人員應具備的核心能力項目，並將研究成果提供政風機構作為未來推動高階政風人員核心能力培育、規劃、訓練等策略之參考。 / Abstract In the global environment of acute competition, how to acquire and upgrade their core competence to take the advantage of competence becomes an important issue for enterprises, governments and Public-Management scholars. This research begins with the strategic human resources management theory and then study the experience how the public and private establishments, in Taiwan or overseas, promote and construct their core competence. Furthermore, we analyze the roles, functions and core value of the ethics officers of the public establishments in Taiwan from the view of core competence. And by deeply interviewing the high-level ethics officers in North Taiwan, we study what kinds of core competence a high-level ethics officer should have and what they have already to give suggestions to the ethics establishments. This research exploits approaches such as survey and analysis on theoretical literatures, observation on reality and depth interview. The scope of the objects we study is confined to the high-level ethics officers, in North Taiwan, on-the-job and with excellent performance. We hope that this research can found what kinds of core competence the high-level ethics officers should have and give suggestions to the ethics establishments for their further reference regarding establishing policies of fostering, planning and training high-level ethics officers.

21世紀的世界裡，大量利用知識經濟的創新加上資訊網路的日新月異，使市場加快建立更具效率化的商業模式、平台和電子交易。金融業也不例外的在各相關領域裡依賴科技技術的創新，增加金融服務業的效率及競爭力。尤其，繼民國九十年七月通過的「金融控股公司法」的法令開放後，結合國內金融相關產業的金融控股公司紛紛掛牌上市，每家金控都積極努力在找尋新的藍海策略與建立不同的商業模式與提供跨國金融服務平台，以期在這一場激烈的合併戰役中勝出。在複雜的融資交易或是投資服務活動後面，金融業面對的是如何客制化和建立屬於自己企業專屬的金融服務平台，不僅僅是在金融專業形象建立或是產品服務的多樣化，更用以滿足各層次的客戶需求、加快交易服務和在市場上擁有獨樹一格的企業核心能耐。筆者深信，在未來新金融商品發行的速度上每家金控大都不至於有太大的落差，但唯獨在資訊平台的競爭距離上卻是可以拉大的。這裡面的原因不外乎是因為：1. 資訊平台的建置需要投入大量的人力及財務資源、知識的投入整合並且需要花費較長的時間，2. 金融商品的know-how可藉由資訊整合後更加系統化並在使用上更具效率性，3.建置兩岸三地或全球性的平台服務將是必須，因為在產業競爭全球化趨勢之下，客戶更需要的是跨疆界的金融服務。 本研究乃以A銀行金融產品開發部門PM參與導入外部技術的過程中，探討外部新技術及工具是否能成為銀行核心能耐一環。並發現此次外部技術已結合經內化過程的金融商品的know-how及業務規劃的執行方向的外化過程；並且經由此專案的執行，打破過去因組織界線而從未整合過的產品風險屬性共識，這也是在專案在執行之初並未預期到的回饋價值。所以從專案的執行過程，我們瞭解到執行專案的成員雖然包含公司各不同的部門，但唯有放棄原來組織的包袱，並極力尋求共識一起解決問題，才能在專案上取的極具價值的內化經驗與知識。

如製造業欲實行製造業服務化概念，第一步總是最難決定。因此，這項研究的目的是提供台灣扣件產業對於製造業服務化概念，一個實際採行內容分析。本研究採用動態能耐和作業性能耐為主要兩大構面的一個研究框架，這是由Gebauer等人在2012）所發展的分析框架。本研究探討企業如何在開始抓住機遇，感測機遇和重新配置企業資源。這項研究希望能發現有關企業如何運營再結構化組織企業能耐以支撐企業戰略。對作業面能耐，重點在於企業文化，績效評估系統，人力資源，創新過程和組織結構。 動態能耐和作業性能耐作為本研究中的框架。動態能力可以分為三個部分，感知和形狀的機會和威脅，抓住機遇，通過加強和重新配置企業的無形資產和有形資產，以保持競爭力。在這項研究中，發現是該產品為導向的製造商只有在創建關鍵資源的價值和再分配融入企業文化。此外，產品為導向的生產廠家應建立在製造業和非製造業部門的評估程序。在另一方面，以結果為導向的製造商重新分配所有資源的組織中為他們的客戶提供卓越的使用體驗，還建立了一套服務面和非服務面衡量績效指標系統。此外，結果為導向的製造業會執行的品牌建立和通路經營的，支持企業戰略。此外，台灣扣件產業能夠了解自身擁有的能耐之餘，並知悉如何踏實地實行製造業服務化。 有兩個理由說明這項研究的標的，選擇台灣扣件產業。首先，扣件產業在台灣擁有完整從上下游完整供應鏈。其次，其中在台灣一些扣件製造廠商已經成功執行製造業服務化，以加強於非價格競爭的競爭力。研究結果可分為，從能耐的角度具體探討執行內容，產品導向的服務以及結果為導向的服務之間的實際經驗。此外，這項研究指出兩種類型的產品服務化系統之間的相似與相異的能耐。 然而，這項研究的限制是，它僅選擇扣件產業。未來的研究方向可能會選擇其他行業的情況下，試圖找出這些行業中，對於製造業服務化，所需要能耐的相似性及長期觀察下，能耐擁有是否改變。 / As manufacturer adopts servitization to add value by adding services on their current value chain, the first step is always the hardest one. Thus this research aims to offer Taiwanese fastener industry insights to develop servitization. Moreover, it studies and recognizes what the key capabilities are that companies should have. This research uses the dynamic capability and operational capability, which were developed by Gebauer et al (2012) as the analytic framework. This research explores how enterprises initiate in seizing opportunities, sensing opportunities and reconfiguring corporate resources from dynamic capability perspective. Within the interview, this research hopes to discover findings on how business operations support corporate strategy. The research interview focuses on corporate culture, performance measurement systems, human resources, innovation process and organizational structures of operational capability perspective. There are two reasons why this research is focused on Taiwan’s fastener industry. Firstly, the fastener industry in Taiwan has a complete supply chain from upstream to downstream with an industry cluster. Secondly, some traditional industries such as fastener industry have adopted servitization to enhance the competitiveness for non-price competition. The results of the interviews include the capabilities that servitized companies have with the capability framework. Furthermore, the findings include practical experiences between product-oriented service and result-oriented service from capability perspective. This research also identifies the differences and similarities capabilities between two types of product-service system. Dynamic capability and operational capability are used as a framework within this research. Dynamic capability can be divided into three parts, to sense and shape opportunities and threats, to seize opportunities, and to maintain competitiveness through enhancing and reconfiguring the business enterprise’s intangible and tangible assets. During this research, the findings were that that product-oriented manufacturers only integrate corporate culture in value creation and reallocation of the key resources. In addition, product-oriented manufacturers should establish procedures for evaluation on manufacturing and non-manufacturing departments. On the other hand, the result-oriented manufacturers re-allocate all resources among the organization for a superb usage experience for their customers and also establish a set of service and non-service performance indicators for measurement systems. Additionally, the result-oriented company executes brand building and operates channels to support corporate strategy. Also, the Taiwanese fastener industry can ensure their own company's capabilities and understand how to perform servitization practically. However, this research focuses on the contents of capabilities that the companies initiate for servitization. The restriction of this research is that it only chooses the fastener industry. Future research directions may choose other industries as cases and try to find out similarities of capabilities for servitization among those industries.

本研究有感於近年來台灣社會政治活動的參與情況，與往年相較起來熱絡許多，從以往只能透過數年一度的選舉活動，來表現個人的政治參與；到目前有許多人能夠從網路發表自身意見，討論時事議題，進而與政府、官員們接觸，甚至透過大型的集會活動來表達個人的立場以及訴求，企圖影響，並改變當前政治環境。在眾多參與政治的過程當中，個人心理因素對於投入與否的影響效果十分重要。政治態度的種類繁多，筆者在本文以政治效能感的角度出發，探討民眾對於政治參與的動機。是否會因為個人能夠理解政治，同樣能夠感受到政府官員對於個人的關心與重視，進而擁有認為自身能夠影響政治的這項心理態度，使得個人願意力行不同種類的政治參與。 本研究運用2013年「台灣選舉與民主化調查研究」資料，探索政治效能感對於政治參與的影響效果。除了檢證過去理論中：政治效能感愈高，愈會參與政治活動之外，區分了政治效能感的內在與外在的不同面向，以及政治參與的不同種類，探討政治效能感對於不同種類的政治參與是否具備不同的影響效果。研究結果發現，內在政治效能感較容易影響純粹表達意見的政治參與，而外在政治效能感較容易影響企圖改變現況的政治參與，此一發現提供與以往不同的理論觀點，認為政治效能感對於是個人政治參與的影響，是一項重要心理因素。 / Over the past few years, political participations in Taiwan have been flourished. Indeed, a democratic society, like Taiwan, should allow people to have various ways to participate in politics beyond simply casting their votes, including demonstrating on the street to show what they stand for. By examining public opinion data in Taiwan, this study aims to explore the relationship between political efficacy and different types of political participations. Specifically, this study use the 2013 Taiwan’s Election and Democratization Study (TEDS) data to examine the extent to which one’s political efficacy could influence his/her political participations. The conventional wisdom suggests that the higher the political efficacy, the more political activities one may participate in. Additionally, previous research also posits that the linkages between political efficacy and participation vary, depending on different components of political efficacy as well as various types of political participations. The empirical results of this analysis show that the respondents who have higher internal political efficacy are more likely to participate in “opinion-expression actions”. On the other hand, those who have higher external political efficacy are more likely to participate in “changing the status quo action”. In short, political efficacy should be regarded as an important psychological element that may influence different dimensions of political participations.

本研究的主要目的在於運用靜息態功能性磁振造影技術來探討高社會焦慮的自我參照處理腦區的功能聯結。根據Clark和Wells(1995)的模型，高社會焦慮者的負向自我心象只透過自我相關的在線索來建構；然而根據Rapee和Heimberg(1997)的模型則假設高社會焦慮者還會納入他人外在訊息，做自我與他人參照訊息的處理。本研究企圖透過神經影像的發現來檢測上述兩個模型。 本研究篩選出四十名大學生分為高社會焦慮組與低社會焦慮組，所有受試者都會進行靜息態功能性磁振造影的掃描，並使用MPFC、PCC、ACC、VMPFC、DMPFC作為種子進行全腦的功能聯結分析並獲得功能聯結圖譜做比較。 研究結果發現高社會焦慮者的MPFC、PCC、ACC都有增加的功能聯結，顯示他們比一般人更容易做自我參照處理，而VMPFC、DMPFC同時有增加的功能聯結，代表高社會焦慮者的自我參照處理除了自我內在的相關訊息外，還會包含他人外在相關訊息的處理，研究結果較支持Rapee和Heimberg(1997)的說法。最後並提出本論文研究限制，與對社會焦慮症的臨床理論與實務上之建議。 / The purpose of the present study was to utilize the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(RS-fMRI) technique to investigate the brain regions in functional connectivity of self-referential processing in socially anxious individuals. According to Clark and Wells’ (1995) view, socially anxious individuals were hypothesized to construct their negative self-image with self-related internal information. However, according to Repee and Heimberg’ s (1997) model, they supposed that socially anxious individuals also brought other-related external information to make other-related external information self-referential and other-referential be processed. The present study was designed to use finding of neuroimaging to examine the two models Forty undergraduate students were assigned to either high or low social-anxiety group. All subjects were asked to be scanned with RS-fMRI. MPFC, PCC, ACC, VMPFC, DMPFC were used as seeds to proceed the whole-brain functional connectivity analysis and acquired functional connectivity maps for comparison. The results revealed that functional connectivity of MPFC, PCC, ACC of high social anxiety group increased, it displayed that they were more easily to do self-referential processing. Besides, functional connectivity of VMPFC and DMPFC also increased simultaneously, which means that the self-referential processing of high social anxiety group not only included self-related internal information but also included other-related external information. The result supported Repee and Heimberg’ s model. The limitations of this study and the suggestions for the theories and clinical treatment of social anxiety disorder were advanced in the end.

本研究乃一縱貫性之實證研究，主要目的在於探討：（1）實施360度回饋二年之成效，（2）針對不同的自評與他評一致性之主管，探討其績效改善之情形，與（3）自評改變之情況，（4）自我效能與知覺組織支持對行為改變之影響，以及（5）不同的評量目的，對主管評量之影響。本研究樣本為國內某建築業之初、中、高階主管，共計61位，研究時間長達二年。研究結果發現，執行360度回饋後，受評主管第二年之績效表現有顯著的改善；在第二年，「高估者」及「一致╱低者」有顯著的績效改善，而「低估者」與「一致╱高者」則無；此外，「低估者」與「一致╱低者」會提高自評，而「高估者」與「一致╱高者」之自評則無改變；此外，「自我效能」與「知覺組織支持」並不影響績效改善，但在單純主要效果分析中發現，高自我效能者有顯著的績效改善，低自我效能者則無；而不同的「評量目的」，確實會影響主管的評量正確性，且以「員工發展」為目的之360度回饋中的主管回饋，能有效預測受評者未來的績效表現，此外，本研究亦發現執行360度回饋後，主管之評量正確性有提高之傾向。最後，本研究並進一步指出研究之限制、後續相關研究之方向，以及企業實施360度回饋之實務建議。

在使用外國語言表達的時候，語言學習者經常會遇到不會說的單字。為了使溝通能夠繼續下去，語言學習者經常會採用溝通表達策略(C.S)來幫助自己表達意見。除了口語之外，人們還可以用書面語來溝通。但目前尚未有研究關於溝通表達策略在這兩種語言形式中有何異同之處。比較溝通表達策略在這兩種語言形式中有何不同之處是我們其中的一個目標。另外，我們還檢視受試者說的能力(speaking ability)與寫的能力(writing ability)如何影響兩種形式的溝通表達策略。結果顯示只有情境策略(situation strategy)和同義字策略(synonym strategy)在兩種語言形式中呈現顯著差異。受試者說的能力只會影響策略數量上(number)的使用，並不會影響到種類上(type)的選擇。而寫的能力則與策略數量上(number)的使用以及種類上(type)的選擇都沒有關聯。策略種類上(type)的選擇不會隨著說的能力或寫的能力增加的結果使我們提出英文老師應該加強學生溝通表達策略的概念與使用的建議，期使學生提升他們的溝通能力。 / Communication strategies (C.S.) are the strategies used by language learners to deal with lexical problems when they are using a target language for communication. In addition to oral language, people can also communicate in written language. However, no study has looked into the similarities and differences of the C.S. used in the two modes. An aim of our study is to compare the use of C.S. in the two modes. The second aim is to examine the use of C.S. in the two modes through speaking proficiency and writing proficiency respectively. Subjects were asked to express prompted words to the native English interlocutor and then to write down the same set of the prompted words without using the exact words. Results shows that only situation strategy and synonym strategy display significant differences in the two modes. Besides, speaking proficiency influences the number of C.S. but is unrelated to the types of C.S. Writing proficiency does not affect the number and the types of C.S. The result that the types of C.S. do not increase according to proficiency level makes us suggest English teachers to enhance learners’ awareness of C.S. with an aim to developing learners’ communicative competence.

本文由新安全觀角度研究石油能源安全，由安全分析發現，任何影響石油供給的課題，都會成為安全議題的指涉對象；二戰結束後，因戰爭需求的石油使用動機轉變成為經濟發展的目的，因此經濟互動對能源安全的影響，加上自70年代末期後核能使用對環境破壞帶來的不確定性，更加重石油在能源市場的重要性，另一方面，環境議題的重視在90年代以來成為影響石油能源安全的重要「功能性行為者」，所以國際能源安全大致受到能源生產消費自身的限制、經濟發展與能源產業的互動，及環境管制的三面向的領域作用影響。 由區域安全分析的層次來看，資源蘊藏與地域分配有密切關係，在60年代後石油躍升成主要的能源來源，加上石油輸出國家組織的成立，使石油生產集中的情況更加明顯，面對政治夾雜經濟的複雜供需情況，使區域安全分析成為研究能源安全的重要途徑。本文以美國涉足中亞之石油能源安全為例發現，因為能源生產分配集中，使油氣產地對更具戰略意義，然政治因素仍是目前影響美國石油安全的重要變因，但經濟及環境發展在能源安全政策整體制定上仍是不可或缺的內涵。 / The thesis is aimed to make the study of oil energy security in the viewpoint of new security concept. In the framework of security analysis, what may affect the oil security of supply will be possible to be the reference object of security agenda. And after the WW II, the purpose of oil using form the war fighting to economic development emphasize the importance between the energy security and economic interaction. With the environmental destruction uncertainties resulting from the nuclear using, the environmental issue became the main factor— the functional behavior within the framework of energy security analysis. Thus, international energy security is concerned by the aspects of the self-limitation of energy supplier, the interaction between the economic development and energy industries, and the environmental regulation. We can reach the conclusion that there is the close relation between the energy resource and regional distribution with the regional level of security analysis. In 60s, oil raise to be the main global energy source, and phenomenon of oil production centralization became more obvious after the foundation of OPEC. Facing the situation mixed with the energy supply and demand because of the political and economic reasons, it is the best method to take the way of regional security analysis to make the study of energy security. Besides, it concludes that the oil production place become more strategic as making the study of “American oil energy security policy set foot in Central Asia”. At the present time, political factor still ruling guides the American oil energy security; however, the environment development is indispensable in making the whole energy security policy.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18557号 / 工博第3918号 / 新制||工||1602(附属図書館) / 31457 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 井合 進, 教授 勝見 武, 教授 木村 亮 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第20131号 / 法博第196号 / 新制||法||157(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 亀本 洋, 教授 服部 高宏, 教授 船越 資晶 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DGAM