Non-state actors, such as international environmental organisations, business associations and indigenous peoples organisations, increasingly take on governance functions that can influence the delivery of global public goods. This thesis examines the roles of these actors in the field of global climate change governance. Specifically, the thesis examines why and how non-state actors are involved in global climate change governance, the governance activities that they may perform and are perceived to perform, and their views on climate change solutions. The thesis also discusses the implications of their roles for how authority is shared between states and non-state actors in global climate change governance. The research questions are addressed by triangulating several empirical methods. The results show that the roles of non-state actors are continuously evolving and depend on the changing nature of relations between state and non-state actors as well as efforts by non-state actors to expand their policy space by justifying and seeking recognition for their participation. Moreover, the findings point to the importance of differentiating between groups of non-state actors, as they represent diverse interests and have different comparative advantages across governance activities. Which non-state actors participate and to what extent therefore has implications for the effects of their involvement in global climate change governance. On the basis of a systematic assessment of a set of non-state actors, this thesis concludes that the key role-categories of non-state actors in global climate change governance are broadly: shapers of information and ideas, brokers of knowledge, norms and initiatives, and doers of implementing policies and influencing behaviours. Different non-state actors carry out activities within these role-categories to different extents. In addition to the empirical mapping of the roles of non-state actors in global climate change governance, this thesis contributes to two strands in the literature: one theoretical focusing on the authority and legitimacy of non-state actors in global environmental governance, and the other methodological, offering a toolbox that combines survey data with qualitative methods. / Icke-statliga aktörer, exempelvis internationella miljöorganisationer, näringslivsorganisationer och ursprungsbefolkningsorganisationer, fyller alltmer framträdande funktioner i den globala klimatstyrningen. Dessa organisationer kan därmed påverka utformningen av globala kollektiva nyttigheter. Denna avhandling undersöker dessa aktörers roller inom den globala klimatstyrningen. Avhandlingen utforskar varför och på vilket sätt icke-statliga aktörer deltar i den globala klimatstyrningen, uppfattningar om vilka styraktiviteter de utför, och ifall de bidrar till en mer pluralistisk syn på klimatproblematikens lösningar. I avhandlingen diskuteras vilka konsekvenser de icke-statliga aktörernas roller har för hur auktoritet delas mellan stater och icke-statliga aktörer i den globala klimatpolitiken. Forskningsfrågorna behandlas genom att triangulera flera empiriska metoder. Resultaten från dessa undersökningar visar att de icke-statliga aktörernas roller utvecklas kontinuerligt och att dynamiken dels beror på den skiftande relationen mellan statliga och icke-statliga aktörer, dels på de icke-statliga aktörernas egna ansträngningar att öka sitt politiska handlingsutrymme och få erkännande för sitt deltagande. Dessutom pekar resultaten på vikten av att skilja mellan olika grupper av icke-statliga aktörer, eftersom de representerar skilda intressen och har komparativa fördelar i olika styraktiviteter. En konsekvens av detta är att det spelar roll vilka grupper av icke-statliga aktörer som ges tillträde till den internationella klimatdiplomatin. Baserat på en systematisk  bedömning av vad några av de icke-statliga aktörerna anses göra, dras slutsatsen att de viktigaste rollkategorierna som icke-statliga aktörer har är: formare av information och idéer, mäklare av kunskap, normer och initiativ, och görare genom att bidra till implementering och påverka beteenden, men att olika icke-statliga aktörer utför dessa roller i olika utsträckning. Utöver den empiriska kartläggningen av icke-statliga aktörers roller i den globala klimatstyrningen, bidrar avhandlingen dels till den teoretiska litteraturen kring icke-statliga aktörers auktoritet och legitimitet inom den globala miljöstyrningen, dels metodologiskt genom att utveckla analysverktyg som kombinerar enkätdata med kvalitativa metoder.

In this scientific essay I am describing and analysing the digital challenges in the classroom which lead to situations where the students take the role of a teacher leading to a situation which may challenge the teacher's authority. By implementing theories about teaching and practical knowledge I am evaluating the meaning of the teachers role in the nowadays more digital classroom from the perspective of a mothers tongue teacher, doing so by  evaluating my own experiences and through interviews with other teachers and reflections of existing research literature. The method in this study is essay-writing and my own reflection about the situation of new working conditions that I describe in my story that takes place in an ongoing pandemic. The Covid-19 pandemic has led to new working methods including the inevitable usage of digital tools. In the reflection part I am studying the materials from the semi structured interviews with my colleagues where the teachers get to describe their own experiences and fears towards the increasing digitalization in their classrooms. The results have shown that the technical and digital challenges have had an ambivalent impact on teachers during the pandemic. It appears that digital tools are a support for their teaching and learning but can be used in different ways during lessons. Today all the teachers are using digital tools in the classroom, some more than others. The informants have confirmed my hypothesis that digitalizatilization affects the teachers status and authority. But the question if digitalisation increases or decreases the authority of a teacher can still be debated. Based on the decisions that we make, our authority is being affected - this sentence is a part of the conclusions in my study. The method of trial and error when approaching different bumps on the road allows us to find ways to approach those obstacles by implementing practical knowledge that appears with professional practice. With experience as a base one can experiment as well as question the used methods and therefore find new solutions to new challenges. / I min vetenskapliga essä beskriver jag och analyserar de digitala utmaningar i klassrummet som lett till situationer där elever klivit in i lärarrollen och får vara de som lär läraren och på så sätt kan utmana lärarens auktoritet. Med hjälp av teorier om lärandet och praktisk kunskap omfamnar jag betydelsen av lärarens roll i nutidens, allt mer digitala klassrum utifrån ett modersmålslärares perspektiv, egna berättelser, via intervjuer och reflektioner över existerande forskningslitteratur. Metoden i denna studie är essäskrivandet och min reflektion kring nya arbetsförhållanden vilka jag tar upp i min berättelse som utspelar sig under en pågående pandemi. Covid-19 pandemin har lett till nya arbetssätt med bland annat ofrånkomlig användning av digitala verktyg. I min reflektion ankrar jag således i mitt materialurval från semistrukturerade intervjuer med mina kollegor där modersmålslärarnas egna utsagor kring erfarenheter och farhågor inför den ökade digitaliseringen sätts i relation till tidigare forskning. Det har visat sig att de nya tekniska och digitala utmaningarna har haft en ambivalent påverkan på modersmålslärarens praktik under pandemin. Det framträder att digitala verktyg är ett stöd i undervisningen men de kan användas på olika sätt i modersmålslärarnas arbete. Idag använder alla lärare digitala verktyg i klassrummet, en del mer, andra mindre. Informanterna har bekräftat hypotesen att digitaliseringen påverkar lärarnas status och auktoritet men frågan om digitaliseringen höjer eller sänker lärarnas auktoritet kan fortfarande ställas och diskuteras. Av beslut vi gör, i vårt omdöme påverkas vår auktoritet - denna mening leder till en av slutsatserna i min studie. Att testa sig fram är en metod som kan passa bra för att tillämpa de praktiska kunskaper som uppstår i modersmålslärarnas yrkespraktik. Med erfarenhet som bas kan en experimentera, ifrågasätta och på så sätt finna nya lösningar.

Female religiosity has during the last couple of decades become a subject of interest within sociology of religion. Womens’ way of negotiating their Christian identities, in relation to traditional understandings of them, are particularly interesting in the field of mediatization, where different forms of digital media have been shown to provide new possibilities for female religiosity to become visible. The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to explore this further by examining how female religiosity - visible through digital media - can challenge traditional structures of authority in christianity. This study is based on the instagram account feministpastorn, run by pastor Esther Kazen, which exemplifies how digital media opens up new spaces for women to negotiate their christian faith in relation to their feministic values. To explore this further these following research questions were formulated; 1) How does Esther Kazen relate her christian faith to her feministic values on her instagram account feministpastorn?; and 2) In what way can feministpastorn be viewed as an example of shifting authority, from a traditional (male) Christian authority to a - by a female Christian actor - newly established one? To answer these questions, the theory of mediatization, as a theory of religious change made possible by different forms of media, with a focus on a change in religious authority, was implemented in the analysis. Based on qualitative research this study shows how female religiosity can make possible a shift in religious authority by allowing women to establish their own authority, in relation to traditional structures of authority within Christian institutions. Hence, the digital medium can be seen as a platform where women can build a new position of authority in relation to existing traditional structures of authority. This study shows how feministpastorn undermines traditional authority through criticism and attempts to build a new authority by 1) appealing to the audience with humility; 2) highlighting herself, in opposition to identified problematics; and 3) using her traditional authoritative role, as pastor in Equmeniakyrkan, to enhance a new kind of authority in contrast to traditional structures of Christian authority, made possible by the digital medium instagram.

According to the Swedish library law from 2013 it is the duty of the library to prioritize diverse groups. These minorities include people who speak other first languages than Swedish, the Swedish national minorities, children and adolescents and people with disabilities. People with disabilities is the focus of this study. A big difficulty with the formulation in the library law is that there are many kinds of disabilities that all have varying forms. Regarding the language, there exist different terms for this priority group. This study uses semi structured interviews with four public–librarians from different libraries in the Stockholm region. Based on critical theory with Foucaults theory of power (which focuses on structural relations in society) as a core and conceptual history for analysis, we aim to analyze and discuss the collected material. We want to get an idea of how public librarians are working to make the library accessible for everyone and how their everyday language and the words they are using affects how they view the group of people with disabilities. The pattern that accurses based on both the answers from the interviews and scientific studies shows that larger forms of accessibility have to be in the building plan from the start, since it is difficult to do later. Smaller forms of accessibility such as noise dampening fabrics or earmuffs can serve well for many library visitors and that outreaching work and activities for people with disability often is performed by one person in particular in the workforce. Colleagues are perceived as perverse and nervous and seems to think that the group of disabled people are more difficult to handle than other visitors and are scared to do something wrong.     The conclusion is that availability happens in both the physical room and in the personal treatment and that outreaching to people with disabilities is key to make more people come to the library. The term usage is decided more by the single librarian than the work-team, which can result in misunderstandings. Education to get more personnel to be more comfortable in meeting people with different grades of functionality could be important to bring into future librarian education since several of the librarians we have spoken to can look back on their education and see that it was missing this particular question. We believe that more studies about accessibility and disability would bring more perspectives and a more scientific base to develop work towards the group in question would be important to the research-field Library- and Information Science. / Enligt svensk bibliotekslag från år 2013 är det bibliotekens uppgift att prioritera olika grupper. Dessa minoritetsgrupper innefattar de nationella minoritetsspråken, svenska som andraspråk, barn och unga samt personer med funktionsnedsättning. Funktionsnedsatta är den grupp denna uppsats fokuserar på. En stor svårighet med formuleringen i bibliotekslagen är att det finns många olika funktionsnedsättningar som alla har varierande form. Även språkligt finns det olika termer att använda för sagda målgrupp. Studien utgår från semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra bibliotekarier från olika bibliotek inom region Stockholm. Med hjälp av kritisk teori där Foucaults maktteori (som fokuserar på strukturella förhållanden i samhället) är kärnan och med begreppshistoria som analysmetod ämnar vi analysera och diskutera vårt insamlade material. Vi vill få en uppfattning om hur folkbibliotekarier arbetar för att göra biblioteket till en plats som är tillgänglig för alla, samt att se hur deras dagliga språk och vilka ord de använder påverkar hur de ser på målgruppen personer med funktionsnedsättning. Mönster som kommer igen från informanternas svar samt vetenskapliga texter innefattar hur större anpassningar i lokaler bör finnas med från att lokalen byggs då det är svårt att få igenom senare, att mindre åtgärder som ljuddämpande tyger eller hörselkåpor kan hjälpa många besökare, samt att uppsökande verksamhet och aktiviteter för personer med funktionsnedsättning ofta hamnar på en specifik person i personalstyrkan. Kollegor uppfattas motsträviga och nervösa och bilden finns att det skulle vara svårare att bemöta denna grupp än andra och att de är rädda att göra fel.    Slutsatsen av studien visar att tillgänglighet sker både i fysiska rummet och i det personliga bemötandet där uppsökande verksamhet är en nyckel för att få personer med funktionsnedsättningar att komma till biblioteket. Term-användning beslutas mer av den enskilda bibliotekarien än av arbetslagen, vilket kan leda till missförstånd i kommunikationen. Utbildning för att få personal att bli mer bekväma med att möta personer av olika grader av funktionalitet kan vara viktigt att ta in i framtida bibliotekarieutbildningar då flera av informanterna kan se tillbaka på sina utbildningar och sakna det. Vidare studier inom detta område för att lyfta fler perspektiv och ge en mer vetenskaplig grund att utveckla verksamhet mot gruppen i fråga skulle forskningsfältet Bibliotek- och Informationsvetenskap tjäna på.

Video games are common hobbies today, and as such they have been studied withinthe field of LIS. However, video gaming is a wide subject, and therefore there still exists areas that have not yet been properly researched. This bachelor thesis investigates the ways video game players experience the use of external and internal information and the effect it has on their gameplay experiences. The aim of this study is to determine players’ motivations behind searching for information in relation to gaming and the factors they consider when doing so. Metagaming, which is a commonly used term when it comes to describing what is popular and considered optimal within gaming communities, is explored within the thesis. The theoretical framework that is being adopted for this study and which is being used to interpret the empirical data is Information Practices, Cognitive Authority and McKenzie’s Information Practices model, with related terms. This study is qualitative in nature, and the method that is being used is semi-structured interviews. The results indicate that the kind of information sources and media types that are used by the players are varied. Furthermore the type of game that is being played has a significant impact on the ways in which the players view external and internal information seeking. Metagaming is shown to be a strong influence on how information is searched for in relation to online games. The impact of communally negotiated norms is clear and is clarified within the thesis.

Våren 2023 läste jag en text skriven av Wayne Bowman, där han redogör att begreppet educationsom stammar från lat är en process som förbereder personer för okända, oförutsägbara framtider.Education stammar från latinska educatio och är i sin tur en hopslagning av två begrepp, educareoch educere, som bidrar med två olika typer av undervisning och inlärningsresultat. Syftet meddenna studie är att beskriva och med hjälp av begreppet ”Educatio” försöka förstå någragrundskolemusiklärares ämneskonception. Genom att ovan nämnda begrepp som analysverktygkan identifieras hur musiklärare beskriver betydelse av musik och musikundervisning, samt hur debeskriver deras egen musikundervisning i samtal. Samtalen i detta självständiga arbete är i formav enskilda intervjuer med fem lärare vilka undervisar i ämnet musik på grundskolan. Imusiklärarnas ämneskonception visar sig vilken betydelse musik har för musiklärarna, och hur detpåverkar hur de lägger upp egen musikundervisning. Denna betydelse och påverkan har ett fokuspå möte med elever, vilket ses viktig ur studiens båda teoretiska begrepp. Begreppens perspektivframträder i resultatet i form av informanternas strävan att undervisa utefter bägge perspektiven,möter aktiviteter eller moment i musikundervisningen. Styrdokument och betygens auktoritetfrämjar educare samt exkluderar educere. Detta möte faller generellt i linje med tidigare forskningkring musikämnet i grundskolan och visar i vissa delar ett förändrat synsätt under de senaste 10åren. Pedagogiska implikationer pekar på att musiklärare anser att Lgr22 är enklare att följa änLgr11, men det finns en motsägelse där de önskar tydligare vägledning och behöver konkreta tipsfrån kursplanen. Betygens auktoritet i musikundervisningen leder till betygshets och jämförelsemellan elever och kritiseras av informanterna. / In the spring of 2023, I read a text written by Wayne Bowman, where he explains explains that theconcept of education is a process that prepares individuals for unknown, unpredictable futures.Education stems from the Latin word educatio, and is in turn a combination of two concepts,educare and educere, which contribute to two different types of teaching and learning outcomes.The purpose of this study is to describe and, using the concept of ”Educatio”, attempt tounderstand some primary school music teacher's conception of their subject. By using theaforementioned concept as an analytical tool, we can identify how music teachers describe thesignificance of music and music education, as well as how they describe their own musiceducation in conversation. The conversations in this independent work take the form of individualinterviews with five teachers who teach music at the primary school level. In the music teacher’ssubject conceptions, the significance of music for the teachers becomes apparent, and how itaffects how they structure their own music education. This significance and impact focus onencounters with students, which are seen as important from both theoretical perspectives of thestudy. The perspectives of the concepts emerge in the results in the form of the informant’s effortsto teach according to both perspectives meet activities or moments in music education.Curriculum documents and the authority of grades promote educare while excluding educere.This encounter generally aligns with previous research on the subject of music in primary schoolsand shows, in some aspects, that music teachers find Lgr22 easier to follow than Lgr11, but thereis a contradiction where they wish for clearer guidance and need concrete tips from thecurriculum. The authority of grades in music education leads to grade pressure and comparisonbetween students and is criticized by the informants.

<p><p>In this paper, we have studied the consequences of the bureaucratic or-ganizational structure for the individual- and holistic perspective pre-scribed in the Swedish legislation for social work. We have asked what consequences bureaucratic organizational structure in Max Weber’s terms can have for the individual and how it can affect the street level bureaucrats’ work performance. This is a theoretical study using and comparing earlier theoretical and empirical studies. Several organizational aspect of bureaucracy, listed and discussed in this study, makes it more difficult to implement the prescribed individual- and holistic perspective. At the same time it is demonstrated that the very same organizational features gives the street level bureaucrats the tools to an administrative fast and effective process. Bureaucracy can also create loyalty-bonds, demonstrated in this study, which render possible a structure where one closes the eyes to eventual moral dilemmas that may have negative consequences for the client.</p></p>

In this paper, we have studied the consequences of the bureaucratic or-ganizational structure for the individual- and holistic perspective pre-scribed in the Swedish legislation for social work. We have asked what consequences bureaucratic organizational structure in Max Weber’s terms can have for the individual and how it can affect the street level bureaucrats’ work performance. This is a theoretical study using and comparing earlier theoretical and empirical studies. Several organizational aspect of bureaucracy, listed and discussed in this study, makes it more difficult to implement the prescribed individual- and holistic perspective. At the same time it is demonstrated that the very same organizational features gives the street level bureaucrats the tools to an administrative fast and effective process. Bureaucracy can also create loyalty-bonds, demonstrated in this study, which render possible a structure where one closes the eyes to eventual moral dilemmas that may have negative consequences for the client.

The aim of this dissertation is to explore the functions of narration in Amy Tan’s novel The Hundred Secret Senses. The dissertation is divided into three parts: 1 ‘Introduction’, 2 ‘Analysis’ and 3 ‘Conclusion’. After presenting the writings of Amy Tan and my chosen primary literature, I give a brief survey of terms, theories and previous research. Part 2 ‘Analysis’ is presented in an order that corresponds approximately to the chronology of the primary literature, and will be divided into three chapters: 2.1 ‘Explain, Build a Relationship and Reflect’, 2.2 ‘Influence Thinking and Behaviour’ and 2.3 ‘Remember, Unify and Transmit’. Chapter 2.1 has the first half of the novel as its main focus. It is organised mainly after the clarity of the narrator’s voice, i.e. if the narrator shows (e.g. ‘indirect explanation’) or tells (e.g. ‘explicit explanation’), and analyses how narration functions in order to ‘explain’, ‘build a relationship’ and ‘reflect’ on events and other things. Chapter 2.2 elaborates on the narration that takes place before and after the trip to China, an event that divides the novel into two halves. This chapter deals with the function of ‘influence’, which can be seen as a result of the narrator’s authority and is summarised in the section called ‘Steps of Influence’. Chapter 2.3 delves into the functions of narration most visible in the novel’s second half, which takes place in China. The functions of ‘remembrance’, ‘unification’ and ‘transmission’ have many sub-functions in common, which could perhaps be seen as a result of the blurred perspectives in the novel’s plot. Part 3 aims to summarise the results of the analysis. A theme that recurs through the analysis of functions is the relationship and balance of authority between the two characters/narrators. Sometimes a narrator’s authority, or a shift in this balance, is a prerequisite of a function of narration.

The question of whether there is soft law in international law has been as much the subject of contemporary debate as whether or not there is private legal authority in the international society. The legal boundaries seem to be blurred by the process of globalisation and the recent shift in international law. The traditional definition of international law has been outdated as new forms of treaties has introduced new subject of law to the judicial arena. At the same time a supplementary map of law has been added to the cartography of international law, soft law. These correlating processes have comprehensive political and legal consequences at both the international and national levels. This essay examines and identifies soft law from a legal-political perspective and locates and explores private forms of legal authority on the map of contemporary international law. In respect to theory, it accounts for an interdisciplinary approach involving issues of both international law and international relations. In the process this study examines issues regarding the relative legal normativity and the blurring of legal authority in international law. The focus is on the legal character, the constitutive practices and the legal and political influence of soft law. It discusses the influence and power exerted by soft law over state actors in the international system and at the national level. The essay finds that soft law is of substantial relevance in the international ambit. To some extent a limited normative force of certain norms is recognized in soft law even though it is conceded that those norms would not be enforceable by an international court or other international organ. To say that it does not exist because it is not of the enforceable variety, might blind students of international law to another dimension of the landscape of international practice. Soft law does not translate to soft obligations in the reality of international society, and it seems to be some confusion surrounding the obligations conceived by it. The research here presented suggests that its political and legal power is substantial. The researched examples do not display any real private legal authority in soft law. This is because soft law is found to be a separate phenomenon from international law proper. However, soft law’s impact on national governments combined with the wider acceptance of the presence of private actors in the creation of soft law suggests that private power is noteworthy in comparison. In one of the studied examples, the soft law is concluded by private business representatives solely, but in requiring the status of soft law it is dependant on the recognition of the international and national legal bodies.