Global ETD Search

21	Evaluation de l'état de santé périnatal des enfants nés après assistance médicale à la procréation : trois études transversales réalisées à partir d'une cohorte monocentrique incluant 3829 issues de grossesse / Evaluation of the perinatal health of children born after assisted reproductive technologies : three cross-sectional studies carried out from a monocentric cohort including 3829 pregnancy outcomes Beltran Anzola, Any Alejandra 15 November 2018 (has links) L’Assistance Médicale à la Procréation est considérée comme une solution thérapeutique en cas d’infertilité. Au-delà des questions économiques et éthiques qui sont soulevées au niveau de la société, l’impact sur la santé des enfants nés grâce à ces techniques pose de nombreuses questions. En effet, ces techniques ont été introduites chez l’homme sans aucun essai clinique ni aucune évaluation sur les effets à long terme sur la santé.Dans ce travail, nous présentons trois études réalisées à partir d’une cohorte de plus de 3000 enfants (singletons et jumeaux) constituée depuis 1994 au sein du service de médecine et de biologie de la reproduction de l’Hôpital Saint Joseph à Marseille. Nous avons évalué différents indicateurs de la santé périnatale (la prématurité, le faible poids et la macrosomie à la naissance, l’hypotrophie et l’hypertrophie pondérales par rapport à l’âge gestationnel et les anomalies congénitales), chez des enfants conçus à partir de différentes techniques : fécondation in vitro classique, fécondation in vitro avec micromanipulation, fécondation après transfert d’embryon congelé et fécondation après vitrification et réchauffement ovocytaire.Nos résultats ont suggéré que l’Assistance Médicale à la Procréation, quelle que soit la technique mise en œuvre, était associée à des problèmes de santé chez les enfants nés grâce à ces techniques. Il est nécessaire de continuer à développer des systèmes de surveillance visant à rendre plus performant le suivi de l’état de santé à long terme des enfants concernés, d’autant plus que de nouvelles techniques et procédés continueront à être développés. / Assisted reproductive technologies are considered as a therapeutic solution in infertility cases. Beyond the economic and ethical questions that arise at the societal level, the impact on children’s health born after these techniques raises many questions. Indeed, these techniques have been introduced to the human without any clinical trial or assessment of long-term health effects. The main interest of this thesis is to contribute to the existing debate on the safety of these techniques regarding children’s health and well-being and to open new perspectives for future research on this subject.This research presents three studies based on a cohort of more than 3000 children (singletons and twins) constituted since 1994 in the Medicine and Reproductive Biology Department at the Saint Joseph Hospital in Marseille. The thesis evaluates various indicators of perinatal health (preterm birth, low birth weight and macrosomia, small and large for gestational age, and congenital anomalies) in children conceived from different techniques: classical In Vitro fertilisation, In Vitro fertilisation with micromanipulation, fertilisation after frozen embryo transfer and fertilisation after vitrified/warmed oocyte.The results suggest that assisted reproductive technologies, regardless of the technique used, were associated with health problems in children born through these techniques. There is a need to continue to develop surveillance systems to improve the long-term monitoring of the health status of children, especially as new techniques and procedures will continue to be developed. Assistance Médicale à la Procréation Santé périnatale Anomalies congénitales Assisted reproductive technologies Perinatal health Congenital anomalies Small for gestational age Large for gestational age
22	Utilização de células foliculares ovarianas para o aprimoramento de técnicas de reprodução assistida e para a compreensão da falência ovariana precoce Alcoba, Diego Duarte January 2016 (has links) A infertilidade é uma condição clínica que acomete até 15% dos casais em idade reprodutiva. Como forma de tratamento para essa parcela da população a Medicina Reprodutiva dispõe de várias técnicas de Reprodução Assistida que visam auxiliar o casal na obtenção da gestação. O primeiro passo para obtenção de sucesso na Medicina Reprodutiva é o correto diagnóstico da infertilidade e, do ponto de vista didático, as causas de infertilidade podem ser classificadas em: feminina, masculina, mista ou desconhecida. A causa feminina de infertilidade apresenta como importante fator o ovariano, representado, principalmente, por alterações no processo de maturação do oócito e/ou no processo de foliculogênese. Com relação à maturação do oócito, um dos possíveis tratamentos oferecidos pela Medicina Reprodutiva é a aplicação da técnica de maturação in vitro (MIV). Infelizmente a MIV não apresenta resultados animadores, e um dos motivos é a falta de um método adequado de seleção dos gametas de humanos que podem ser destinados à ela. No entanto, várias técnicas de seleção de oóticos já foram descritas para espécies animais; dentre elas destaca-se a coloração dos complexos cumuli-oócitos com o corante Azul Cresil Brilhante (BCB). A sua aplicação na espécie humana permanece com ressalvas, uma vez que a comunidade científica preocupa-se com os possíveis efeitos tóxicos dessa substância. Nesta Tese, conseguimos demonstrar, através da avaliação de ensaios de viabilidade e de proliferação celular, e da expressão gênica e proteica, a inocuidade dessa substância para o modelo de cultura primária de células foliculares ovarianas luteinizadas, indicando que o protocolo de coloração com BCB é seguro para a espécie humana. Adicionalmente, conseguimos caracterizar e padronizar o cultivo dessas células, que são amplamente utilizadas em estudos na área da Medicina Reprodutiva. Com relação ao outro fator ovariano de infertilidade (o processo de foliculogênese), sabe-se que a depleção acelerada dos folículos ovarianos pode provocar falência ovariana precoce (FOP), uma condição clínica que acomete até 1% das mulheres em idade reprodutiva e leva à infertilidade. Uma das causas da FOP é a alteração no gene Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) e consequentemente em sua proteína (FMRP). Muito do conhecimento do controle dessa proteína provem de experimentos em neurônios, onde o seu controle já foi elucidado. Nesta Tese, conseguimos demonstrar que o controle dessa proteína nas células ovarianas de humanos é similar ao controle que ocorre nos neurônios, envolvendo a via de sinalização S6K. / Infertility is a clinical condition that affects up to 15% of couples of reproductive age. Reproductive medicine applies many assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) in order to help them to achieve pregnancy. The first step for infertility treatment success is the correct infertility diagnosis, which is divided into four categories: female, male, mixed or unknown. Female infertility is chiefly represented by ovarian dysfunctions, which are generally related to oocyte maturation and/or folliculogenesis. With regard to oocyte maturation, in vitro oocyte maturation (IVM) is one ART that can be applied but, unfortunately, nowadays it does not present suitable results, since we do not have an effective method of selecting competent human oocytes. On the other hand, in animal reproduction brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) staining has already been described as an appropriate method for oocyte selection. However its clinical applicability to humans is some away off, owing to concerns about its safety. In this thesis we have demonstrated (through many cellular viability and proliferation assays and gene and protein expression), that BCB staining, applying the correct protocol, seems to be safe for use in humans (using the primary culture of human ovarian follicular cells as an experimental model). Additionally, we have characterized and standardized the primary culture of human ovarian follicular cells, and this experimental model is widely applied in reproductive medicine experiments. With regard to folliculogenesis, it is well known that premature ovarian failure/insufficiency (POF/POI) is one condition that can be caused by follicle depletion (when folliculogenesis occurs too fast). This condition affects about 1% of females of reproductive age, causing infertility. Genetic alterations, such as in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene and its protein FMRP, are considered as one cause of POF/POI. Most of our knowledge about FMRP cellular control comes from studies on neurons, and in these cells we have a clue about its control. In this thesis, we have shown that FMRP control on human granulosa cells is similar to its control on neurons, and this involves the S6K pathway. Infertilidade Reprodução assistida Células foliculares Células da granulosa Falência ovariana prematura Expressão gênica Ovário Infertility Reproductive medicine Assisted reproductive technologies Ovarian follicular cells Oocyte maturation Folliculogenesis
23	Utilização de células foliculares ovarianas para o aprimoramento de técnicas de reprodução assistida e para a compreensão da falência ovariana precoce Alcoba, Diego Duarte January 2016 (has links) A infertilidade é uma condição clínica que acomete até 15% dos casais em idade reprodutiva. Como forma de tratamento para essa parcela da população a Medicina Reprodutiva dispõe de várias técnicas de Reprodução Assistida que visam auxiliar o casal na obtenção da gestação. O primeiro passo para obtenção de sucesso na Medicina Reprodutiva é o correto diagnóstico da infertilidade e, do ponto de vista didático, as causas de infertilidade podem ser classificadas em: feminina, masculina, mista ou desconhecida. A causa feminina de infertilidade apresenta como importante fator o ovariano, representado, principalmente, por alterações no processo de maturação do oócito e/ou no processo de foliculogênese. Com relação à maturação do oócito, um dos possíveis tratamentos oferecidos pela Medicina Reprodutiva é a aplicação da técnica de maturação in vitro (MIV). Infelizmente a MIV não apresenta resultados animadores, e um dos motivos é a falta de um método adequado de seleção dos gametas de humanos que podem ser destinados à ela. No entanto, várias técnicas de seleção de oóticos já foram descritas para espécies animais; dentre elas destaca-se a coloração dos complexos cumuli-oócitos com o corante Azul Cresil Brilhante (BCB). A sua aplicação na espécie humana permanece com ressalvas, uma vez que a comunidade científica preocupa-se com os possíveis efeitos tóxicos dessa substância. Nesta Tese, conseguimos demonstrar, através da avaliação de ensaios de viabilidade e de proliferação celular, e da expressão gênica e proteica, a inocuidade dessa substância para o modelo de cultura primária de células foliculares ovarianas luteinizadas, indicando que o protocolo de coloração com BCB é seguro para a espécie humana. Adicionalmente, conseguimos caracterizar e padronizar o cultivo dessas células, que são amplamente utilizadas em estudos na área da Medicina Reprodutiva. Com relação ao outro fator ovariano de infertilidade (o processo de foliculogênese), sabe-se que a depleção acelerada dos folículos ovarianos pode provocar falência ovariana precoce (FOP), uma condição clínica que acomete até 1% das mulheres em idade reprodutiva e leva à infertilidade. Uma das causas da FOP é a alteração no gene Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) e consequentemente em sua proteína (FMRP). Muito do conhecimento do controle dessa proteína provem de experimentos em neurônios, onde o seu controle já foi elucidado. Nesta Tese, conseguimos demonstrar que o controle dessa proteína nas células ovarianas de humanos é similar ao controle que ocorre nos neurônios, envolvendo a via de sinalização S6K. / Infertility is a clinical condition that affects up to 15% of couples of reproductive age. Reproductive medicine applies many assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) in order to help them to achieve pregnancy. The first step for infertility treatment success is the correct infertility diagnosis, which is divided into four categories: female, male, mixed or unknown. Female infertility is chiefly represented by ovarian dysfunctions, which are generally related to oocyte maturation and/or folliculogenesis. With regard to oocyte maturation, in vitro oocyte maturation (IVM) is one ART that can be applied but, unfortunately, nowadays it does not present suitable results, since we do not have an effective method of selecting competent human oocytes. On the other hand, in animal reproduction brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) staining has already been described as an appropriate method for oocyte selection. However its clinical applicability to humans is some away off, owing to concerns about its safety. In this thesis we have demonstrated (through many cellular viability and proliferation assays and gene and protein expression), that BCB staining, applying the correct protocol, seems to be safe for use in humans (using the primary culture of human ovarian follicular cells as an experimental model). Additionally, we have characterized and standardized the primary culture of human ovarian follicular cells, and this experimental model is widely applied in reproductive medicine experiments. With regard to folliculogenesis, it is well known that premature ovarian failure/insufficiency (POF/POI) is one condition that can be caused by follicle depletion (when folliculogenesis occurs too fast). This condition affects about 1% of females of reproductive age, causing infertility. Genetic alterations, such as in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene and its protein FMRP, are considered as one cause of POF/POI. Most of our knowledge about FMRP cellular control comes from studies on neurons, and in these cells we have a clue about its control. In this thesis, we have shown that FMRP control on human granulosa cells is similar to its control on neurons, and this involves the S6K pathway. Infertilidade Reprodução assistida Células foliculares Células da granulosa Falência ovariana prematura Expressão gênica Ovário Infertility Reproductive medicine Assisted reproductive technologies Ovarian follicular cells Oocyte maturation Folliculogenesis
24	Utilização de células foliculares ovarianas para o aprimoramento de técnicas de reprodução assistida e para a compreensão da falência ovariana precoce Alcoba, Diego Duarte January 2016 (has links) A infertilidade é uma condição clínica que acomete até 15% dos casais em idade reprodutiva. Como forma de tratamento para essa parcela da população a Medicina Reprodutiva dispõe de várias técnicas de Reprodução Assistida que visam auxiliar o casal na obtenção da gestação. O primeiro passo para obtenção de sucesso na Medicina Reprodutiva é o correto diagnóstico da infertilidade e, do ponto de vista didático, as causas de infertilidade podem ser classificadas em: feminina, masculina, mista ou desconhecida. A causa feminina de infertilidade apresenta como importante fator o ovariano, representado, principalmente, por alterações no processo de maturação do oócito e/ou no processo de foliculogênese. Com relação à maturação do oócito, um dos possíveis tratamentos oferecidos pela Medicina Reprodutiva é a aplicação da técnica de maturação in vitro (MIV). Infelizmente a MIV não apresenta resultados animadores, e um dos motivos é a falta de um método adequado de seleção dos gametas de humanos que podem ser destinados à ela. No entanto, várias técnicas de seleção de oóticos já foram descritas para espécies animais; dentre elas destaca-se a coloração dos complexos cumuli-oócitos com o corante Azul Cresil Brilhante (BCB). A sua aplicação na espécie humana permanece com ressalvas, uma vez que a comunidade científica preocupa-se com os possíveis efeitos tóxicos dessa substância. Nesta Tese, conseguimos demonstrar, através da avaliação de ensaios de viabilidade e de proliferação celular, e da expressão gênica e proteica, a inocuidade dessa substância para o modelo de cultura primária de células foliculares ovarianas luteinizadas, indicando que o protocolo de coloração com BCB é seguro para a espécie humana. Adicionalmente, conseguimos caracterizar e padronizar o cultivo dessas células, que são amplamente utilizadas em estudos na área da Medicina Reprodutiva. Com relação ao outro fator ovariano de infertilidade (o processo de foliculogênese), sabe-se que a depleção acelerada dos folículos ovarianos pode provocar falência ovariana precoce (FOP), uma condição clínica que acomete até 1% das mulheres em idade reprodutiva e leva à infertilidade. Uma das causas da FOP é a alteração no gene Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) e consequentemente em sua proteína (FMRP). Muito do conhecimento do controle dessa proteína provem de experimentos em neurônios, onde o seu controle já foi elucidado. Nesta Tese, conseguimos demonstrar que o controle dessa proteína nas células ovarianas de humanos é similar ao controle que ocorre nos neurônios, envolvendo a via de sinalização S6K. / Infertility is a clinical condition that affects up to 15% of couples of reproductive age. Reproductive medicine applies many assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) in order to help them to achieve pregnancy. The first step for infertility treatment success is the correct infertility diagnosis, which is divided into four categories: female, male, mixed or unknown. Female infertility is chiefly represented by ovarian dysfunctions, which are generally related to oocyte maturation and/or folliculogenesis. With regard to oocyte maturation, in vitro oocyte maturation (IVM) is one ART that can be applied but, unfortunately, nowadays it does not present suitable results, since we do not have an effective method of selecting competent human oocytes. On the other hand, in animal reproduction brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) staining has already been described as an appropriate method for oocyte selection. However its clinical applicability to humans is some away off, owing to concerns about its safety. In this thesis we have demonstrated (through many cellular viability and proliferation assays and gene and protein expression), that BCB staining, applying the correct protocol, seems to be safe for use in humans (using the primary culture of human ovarian follicular cells as an experimental model). Additionally, we have characterized and standardized the primary culture of human ovarian follicular cells, and this experimental model is widely applied in reproductive medicine experiments. With regard to folliculogenesis, it is well known that premature ovarian failure/insufficiency (POF/POI) is one condition that can be caused by follicle depletion (when folliculogenesis occurs too fast). This condition affects about 1% of females of reproductive age, causing infertility. Genetic alterations, such as in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene and its protein FMRP, are considered as one cause of POF/POI. Most of our knowledge about FMRP cellular control comes from studies on neurons, and in these cells we have a clue about its control. In this thesis, we have shown that FMRP control on human granulosa cells is similar to its control on neurons, and this involves the S6K pathway. Infertilidade Reprodução assistida Células foliculares Células da granulosa Falência ovariana prematura Expressão gênica Ovário Infertility Reproductive medicine Assisted reproductive technologies Ovarian follicular cells Oocyte maturation Folliculogenesis
25	Risques épigénétiques de la procréation médicalement assistée : enjeux éthiques pour les parents, les futurs enfants et les professionnels de la santé Roy, Marie-Christine 06 1900 (has links) La procréation médicalement assistée (PMA) permet à beaucoup d’individus infertiles de concevoir un enfant qui leur est génétiquement lié. Cependant, des données scientifiques émergentes suggèrent que la PMA pourrait entraîner des risques épigénétiques pour les futurs enfants. Conformément à l'hypothèse des origines développementales de la santé et des maladies, la PMA pourrait augmenter le risque de développer des maladies à apparition tardive par des mécanismes épigénétiques, car l’hyperovulation, les méthodes de fécondation et la culture embryonnaire pourraient nuire à la reprogrammation épigénétique de l'embryon. De tels risques épigénétiques soulèvent des enjeux éthiques pour toutes les parties prenantes: les futurs parents et enfants, les professionnels de la santé, et la société. Ce mémoire se concentre sur les questions éthiques soulevées par la prise en compte de ces risques lors de l'utilisation de la PMA. Pour mettre en lumière ces enjeux, nous utilisons l’approche principiste. Nous argüons qu'une tension éthique peut émerger entre le respect de l'autonomie procréative des parents d’intention et le devoir de minimiser les risques pour les enfants potentiels. Une seconde tension éthique peut émerger entre le droit des parents d’intention de faire un choix éclairé, et la réticence que peuvent avoir les professionnels de la santé de communiquer l’information sur les risques épigénétiques de la PMA, étant donné la validité incertaine de ces informations. Nous explorons aussi le risque de conflits d’intérêts pour les cliniciens des cliniques de PMA. Nous soutenons que les parents d’intention et les professionnels de la santé ont la responsabilité partagée de promouvoir les meilleurs intérêts du futur enfant. Nous plaidons pour que plus de recherche soit faite sur les effets de la PMA sur la santé des futurs enfants, pour que soient énoncées des lignes directrices priorisant le recours à des techniques moins risquées au niveau épigénétique, et pour que d’autres lignes directrices guident les professionnels de la santé dans la communication des risques épigénétiques associés à la PMA. Enfin, nous suggérons que cette communication se fasse dans le cadre d’une approche centrée sur le patient. Nous explorons aussi l’apport d’une approche narrative pour aborder les tensions éthiques soulevées par l’approche principiste. / The use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) allows many coping with infertility to conceive. However, an emerging body of evidence suggests that ART could carry epigenetic risks for those conceived through the use of these technologies. In accordance with the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis, ART could increase the risk of developing late-onset diseases through epigenetic mechanisms, since superovulation, fertilization methods and embryo culture could impair the embryo’s epigenetic reprogramming. Such epigenetic risks raise ethical issues for all stakeholders: prospective parents and children, health professionals, and society. This thesis focuses on ethical issues raised by the consideration of these risks when using ART. To highlight these issues, we use the principlist approach. We argue that an ethical tension can emerge between respect for the reproductive autonomy of prospective parents and the duty to minimize the risks for potential children. A second ethical tension can emerge between the parents' right to make an informed choice about the use of ART, and the reluctance of health professionals to communicate epigenetic risk given its uncertain validity. We also explore the risks of conflicts of interests for health professionals in ART clinics. We argue that prospective parents and health professionals have a shared responsibility to promote the best interests of the future child. We also argue in favor of further research on the effects of ART on the health of future children, and in favor of clinical guidelines that prioritize the use of techniques that carry less epigenetic risk and that assist health professionals in communicating the epigenetic risks associated with ART. Finally, we suggest that this communication be done within the patient-centered approach. We also explore the contribution of a narrative approach to address the ethical tensions raised by the principlist approach. Enjeux éthiques Risques épigénétiques Fécondation in vitro (FIV) DOHaD Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) In vitro fertilization (IVF) Epigenetic risks Ethical issues
26	L'autoconservation des ovocytes : l'infertilité anticipée comme mode de gestion de l'horloge biologique Gervais, Maude 04 1900 (has links) Ce mémoire porte sur les représentations sociales de la maternité présentes dans les discours publicitaires entourant la pratique de l’autoconservation des ovocytes. C’est à travers l’analyse de discours promotionnel des cliniques de fertilité que je montrerai comment cette pratique reproduit une vision idéalisée de la maternité et de la procréation. L’autoconservation des ovocytes promet aux femmes de prolonger leur capacité procréative au-delà de la temporalité biologique. Avec la transformation des modes de vie, des valeurs et des exigences professionnelles, un écart sociologique important s’est instauré, pour plusieurs femmes, entre la fertilité biologique et la fertilité sociale. On assiste alors à la marchandisation de la temporalité biologique dans le but de réaliser certains idéaux professionnels et affectifs. La littérature est abondante sur les raisons qui poussent les femmes à s’engager dans le processus de l’autoconservation des ovocytes, mais peu de recherches s’intéressent à la manière dont les normes en matière de maternité sont produites et reproduites à travers l’usage des technologies de la reproduction. Dans ce mémoire, je souhaite porter une réflexion tant sur les valeurs promues par les cliniques de fertilité que sur les impacts inattendus de la pratique de l’autoconservation des ovocytes sur la culture reproductive et sur le rapport au corps féminin, tout en considérant les enjeux socio-économiques qu’elle sous-tend. Je montrerai que l’industrie de la préservation de la fertilité révèle un tout nouveau rapport au temps productif et au temps reproductif. / This thesis focuses on the social representations of motherhood present in advertising discourse surrounding the practice of social egg freezing. It is through the analysis of promotional discourse from fertility clinics that we will show how this practice reproduces an idealized vision of motherhood and procreation. The self-preservation of oocytes aims to allow women to extend their reproductive capacity beyond biological temporality. The transformation of lifestyles, values and professional requirements caused a significant sociological gap between biological fertility and social fertility. We are then witnessing the commodification of biological temporality in order to realize certain professional and emotional ideals. The literature is plentiful on the reasons that lead women to engage in the process of social egg freezing, but little research is focused on how standards in maternity are produced and reproduced throughout the use of egg freezing and the use of reproductive technologies. In this thesis, we wish to reflect both the values promoted by fertility clinics and the unexpected impacts of the practice of social egg freezing on reproductive culture as well as the relationship to the female body, while considering the socio-economic issues that it underlies. Autoconservation des ovocytes Technique de reproduction assistée Biotechnologie Technoscience Maternité Cryoconservation Fécondation in vitro Bioéconomie Temporalité capitaliste Social egg freezing Assisted reproductive technologies Biotechnologies Technosciences Motherhood Cryopreservation Bioeconomy
27	Christian kinship : relatedness in Christian practice and moral thought Torrance, David Alan January 2017 (has links) Ideas of kinship play a significant role in structuring everyday life, and yet kinship has been neglected in Christian ethics, as well as moral philosophy and bioethics. Attention has been paid in these disciplines to the ethics of ‘family,’ but little regard has been paid to the fact that kinship is not a given, but is culturally contingent. The thesis seeks to remedy the neglect in recent Christian theological ethics by drawing on resources from the history of Christian thought and practice. It uses social anthropology both to unsettle the accounts of kinship used in Christian ethics, and to expose elements in Christian traditions of thought and practice relating to kinship. Notions of shared bodily substance, the house, gender and personhood recur cross-culturally in giving shape to kinship. By examining these four notions as they inform Christian thought and practice, a theological account is developed. Chapters dedicated to each of these four attempt to provide, in the first instance, a descriptive account of how the notion has structured Christian thought and practice in relation to kinship. Each chapter then turns, in the second instance, to a critical mode, offering a theological treatment of the chapter topic as it bears on kinship. The thesis concludes that kinship in Christ should be considered normatively primary for the Christian, but also that there are ways in which Christians have honoured this kinship in Christ by organising and playing out kinship on a smaller scale. In detailing the distinctively Christian organising principles that structure some practices of kinship ‘in miniature,’ another common practice – the special privileging of the blood tie in structuring kinship – is singled out for critique.
28	Building families through Assisted Reproductive Technologies in South Africa: a critical legal analysis Mande, Ntumba 02 1900 (has links) The advent of ARTs has enabled many individuals to have children and build families. Although ARTs have from the start been designated to serve as alternative way for heterosexual infertile individuals and couples to have genetically related children, ARTs are nowadays widely used by gays and lesbians to have even genetically unrelated children and build their families. This study addresses the well-being of children born as a result of ARTs and growing up in homosexual families in South Africa. South Africa has legalised homosexual unions, granting gays and lesbians several rights, including the right to marry, use ARTs to reproduce, and build families in which they raise their children. South Africa has also provided constitutional and statutory protection of children’s rights and has further required that the child’s best interests be considered as paramount in every matter concerning the child. Although ARTs may have allowed people to have children, they have proven to put the child’s interests at risk. ARTs are associated with several physical and psychological problems for resulting children. The legal protection provided for those children seems to be inadequate in respect of their best interests. Unlike Australian statutes that have provided strong protection for the child’s best interests, South African legislations regulating ARTs are far from protecting ART-born children’s interests. The application of the child’s best interests criterion to ART procedures has revealed that in the USA and Australia efforts of the state, ART providers and parents have been centred on the transfer of the custody of the ART-born child to the commissioning parent(s). Although in South Africa the application of the child’s best interests in the context of surrogacy procedures has revealed the protection of the child’s interests, it should be noted that that protection seems to focus on the child’s post-birth period. This situation leaves ART-born children without any protection, especially before their birth. In order to give effect to section 28 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 and protect ART-born children’s interests, I make certain proposals for law reform in the final chapter of this thesis. / Private Law / LL. D The best interests of the child Child’s best interests criterion Child’s well-being Homosexual families Building families Infertile individuals Legalisation of homosexual unions 346.171068 Gay parents -- South Africa Domestic relations -- South Africa
29	Surrogatmodern och den mänskliga värdigheten : En diskursanalys av den statliga utredningen om surrogatmoderskap, ur ett kritiskt postkolonialt feministiskt perspektiv Zanzi Ferrando, Diana January 2019 (has links) Uppsatsen undersöker hur ”SOU 2016:11 Olika vägar till föräldraskap” formulerar problemet med surrogatmoderskap, vilka subjektspositioner som kan urskiljas i utredningen och analyserar den ut ett kritiskt postkolonialt feministiskt perspektiv. Utredningen utgår ifrån mänsklig värdighet, autonomi och barnets bästa vilket uppsatsen belyser får konsekvenser för hur problemet med surrogatarrangemang porträtteras olika beroende på om surrogatmodern och barnet är från det globala syd eller det globala nord. Utgångspunkterna är centrala när surrogatmodern och barnet från det globala nord lyfts men får inte samma roll gällande surrogatmodern och det barn hon föder. Vidare undersöks hur subjektspositioner formuleras utifrån emotionell/icke-emotionell, sårbar/icke-sårbar, skyddsvärd/icke-skyddsvärd och blottlägger hur den svenska surrogatmodern och det inrikesfödda barnet konstrueras som emotionella, sårbara och skyddsvärda vilket skiljer sig från hur den utländska surrogatmodern och det utrikesfödda barnet konstrueras. Dessa omges att tystnad vilket får konsekvenser för hur de porträtteras och för vilka åtgärder som föreslås. Uppsatsen bidrar till en utveckling av tidigare forskning med ett tillägg av nyckelordet skyddsvärd för att undersöka konstrueringen av surrogatmödrar. Uppsatsen visar att begreppet är relevant genom att materialet visat på delvis konstuering av emotionell och sårbar men inte skyddsvärd och att detta påverkat resultat och åtgärder. Vidare stärker uppsatsen tidigare forskning som menar att utgångspunkten mänsklig värdighet verkar för en avhumanisering av surrogatmödrar från det globala syd samt att synen på biologi varierar beroende på var ett barn föds. Uppsatsen bygger vidare på tidigare forskning som menar att uttryckt rationalitet och brist på emotion resulterar i en avhumanisering, genom att blottlägga hur det kan räcka med att subjektspositionerna möts av tysthet för att uppnå samma resultat. Detta arbete belyser hur olika subjektspositioner framställs olika i den statliga utredningen och hur koloniala idéer hänger kvar och påverkar underlag till svensk lagstiftning, samt blottlägger vilka konkreta konsekvenser detta kan få för lagförslag och för surrogatmödrar i det globala syd samt de barn de föder. surrogacy surrogate Commissioning Parents pregnancy pride gay rights gay Deepak Deomampo Gondouin Gupta Lugones Mendes Lau Wilson Bacchi WPR Bauman Goodwin Mills Lewis Chavez Sittirak adoption structural adjustment program sap population control pregnant surrogate mother the coloniality of power pregnancy risks fertility tourism parental order surrogacy arrangements pregnancy risk intended mother assisted reproductive technologies surrogat surrogatmödraskap SOU 2016:11 avreglering fertilitet Insemination IVF provrörsbefruktning donator spermdonator biologiska barn infertilitet Assisterad befruktning livmoder mamma mamma barn barnlöshet ofrivillig barnlöshet pride Deepak Deomampo Gondouin Gupta Lugones Mendes Lau Wilson Bacchi WPR Bauman Goodwin Mills Lewis Chavez Sittirak surrogatmödrarna de nya surrogatmödrarna sexuella övergrepp mot barn barn barnkonventionen europakonventionen eu konstruering diskurs tilltänkta föräldrar surrogatmor surrogatmamma biologiskt band svensk exceptionalism fertilitet adoption klass ras etnicitet kön stratifierad reproduktion fertilitetsturism sap Sexindustri sexturism Malthusianism strukturer värdmödraskap moderskap maktförhållanden makt värderingar mäns våld mot kvinnor kritiskt kritik kritiskt postkolonialt perspektiv perspektiv feministiskt perspektiv reproduktiv hälsa mödraskap varat och varan barns rättigheter föräldraskap hälsa kvinnors hälsa barnets bästa kommersialisering kvinnors rättigheter Olika vägar till föräldraskap altruistiskt surrogatmödraskap fritt val det fria valet frihet surrogatmoderskap utredning mänsklig värdighet mänskliga rättigheter den mänskliga värdigheten kommersiellt surrogatmödraskap altruistiskt surrogatmoderskap sexuella övergrepp handel med barn barnhandel statlig utredning värdmoderskap feminism feministisk teori postkolonial postkolonial teori rasism jämställdhet sexuella rättigheter tredje världen utvecklingsstudier utveckling livmoder livmodershyra hyra livmoder rätt till sin kropp reproduktiva organ reproduktiva rättigheter graviditet riskfylld graviditet exploatering sexuell exploatering globala syd globala nord emotionalitet subjektsposition lagstiftning koloniala idéer kolonialism vientre de alquiler Political Science Statsvetenskap

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