Detta projekt undersöker coronapandemins påverkan på bostadsrätter i Stockholms kommun genom två multipel linjär regressionsanalyser med avseende på kvantitativa faktorer som försäljningspris, våningsplan, area, byggnadsår, månadsavgift och tillgång till hiss. Målet med projektet är att analysera om en förändring av preferenser har skett på transaktionsnivå för bostadsmarknaden i Stockholm kommun. För att möjliggöra analysen jämförs varje beta-koefficient från två olika dataset, en innan coronapandemin och en efter coronapandemin. Resultaten från multipel linjär regressionerna i denna undersökning visar för det första att hushållen i Stockholm värderar större area högre och för det andra att värdet av tillgång till hiss har haft en signifikant ökning efter coronapandemin. Där det första resultatet påvisar en fortsatt trend på ökad behov av arbetsrum till följd av distansarbete även efter coronapandemin. Däremot har betydelse av våningsplan, byggnadsår och månadsavgift minskat. Anledningen till minskningen påstås snarare vara en effekt av att andra variabler har blivit mer betydelsefulla. / This project examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on condominiums in the Stockholm region by using two multiple linear regression analyses with respect to quantitative factors as sell price, year of construction, floor, area, monthly fee and access to elevator. The goal of this project is to analyze if a change of preferences have taken place at the transaction level for the real estate market in the Stockholm region. In order to enable the analysis, every beta-coefficient is compared from two different datasets, one before the pandemic and one after. The results of the multiple linear regressions shows firstly that the households in Stockholm value higher on larger areas and secondly that the value of the access to elevators after the pandemic has increased significantly. Whereas the first result proves a continuing trend with increasing demand for workrooms due to remote work even after COVID-19 pandemic. However, the impact of floor, year of construction and monthly fee has decreased. The reason behind the decrease is interpreted rather as an effect of that other variables have been more meaningful instead.

När coronapandemin slog till våren 2020 var kemiundervisningen på gymnasieskolorna i Sverige planerad huvudsakligen som närundervisning och få skolor och lärare var förberedda på den snabbt beslutade omställningen till fjärrundervisning. Under vår VFU-period under vårterminen 2021 uppstod en unik chans att undersöka hur ett antal erfarna kemilärare ställde om och hanterade denna speciella situation av undervisning med förutsättningar som ständigt ändrades med kort varsel beroende på smittoläget i Sverige. Lärarna blev tvungna att använda digitala verktyg i sin kemiundervisning under perioderna när eleverna inte fick komma till skolan utan satt hemma framför sina datorer. Syftet med denna studie var att utifrån ett lärar- och elevperspektiv undersöka pandemins effekter på kemiundervisningen på gymnasiet som bedrivits i en hybrid delvis på distans, delvis i klassrummet samt ibland till och med båda samtidigt. En huvudsakligen kvalitativ undersökning har genomförts med data från semistrukturerade intervjuer av kemilärare på gymnasiet samt från elevenkäter som analyserades med tematisk analys. Analysresultatet pekar på att lärarna själva medger att de haft stora utmaningar med fjärrundervisningen som de upplever inte gett samma lärande som närundervisning. Trots denna försvårande omständighet upplevde lärarna att de generellt lyckades nå kursmålen tack vare ständiga omplaneringar, merarbete och med extrastöd till eleverna åstadkomma ett lärande i kemi i slutet på läsåret på ungefär samma nivå som tidigare år med enbart närundervisning. Elevernas uppfattning var att det var svårare att lära sig under distansperioderna vilket medförde stora tapp i motivation och de gav uttryck för att de hade föredragit att få vara mer i skolans lokaler för att lära sig mer av eget laborerande och kunna interagera lättare och mer med både lärare och klasskamrater. / A mainly qualitative survey was conducted using insights from semi-structured interviews of high school chemistry teachers and thematically-analyzed student surveys. The teachers admitted there were major challenges with using online methodologies and tools for education that had not provided the same level of learning as the traditional classroom environment. Despite the aggravating circumstances disrupting their classes, the teachers managed to generally achieve the course goals. However, it required continuous planning, additional time and extra support for them to help students reach the course goals at the same levels as previous years. The students perceived this initial period of remote learning to be more difficult which led toa reduction in motivation. They claimed that lab work was more conducive at school where they could interact more easily and engage with teachers and fellow classmates.

There is a need for multifunctional polymer-particle complexes for use in biomedical applications such as for drug delivery or as MRI contrast agents where composition and stability are essential for the complexes to function. This work outlines a general methodology for rationally designing complexes stabilized with polymer brush layers using adapted star polymer models for brush extension and pair potential. Block copolymer micelles were first utilized for experimental validation by using the brush extension model to predict the size and the interaction model to predict the second virial coefficient, A2. Subsequently, the models were used to predict the size and colloidal stability of magnetite-polymer complexes using the modified Deryaguin-Verwey-Landau-Overbeek theory. Novel hydrophilic triblock copolymers comprised of poly(ethylene oxide) tailblocks and a carboxylic acid containing polyurethane center block were examined by static and dynamic light scattering (SLS and DLS), small angle neutron scattering (SANS), and densiometry. Under conditions when the charge is suppressed such as at low pH and/or high ionic strength, the polymer chains self-assemble into micelles, whereas unimers alone are present under conditions where charge effects are important, such as high pH and low ionic strength. A model for effective interaction between star polymers was used to obtain an expression for the second virial coefficient (A2) for micelles in solution. The values of A2 obtained using this method were compared with experimentally determined values for star polymers and micelles. In doing so, not only was a new means of calculating A2 a priori introduced, but the applicability of star polymer expressions to micellar systems was established. Through the analogy of micelles to sterically stabilized nanoparticles, this model was applied to water-soluble block copolymers adsorbed on magnetite nanoparticles for the purpose of tailoring a steric stabilizing brush layer. The sizes of the magnetite-polymer complexes were predicted using the star polymer model employed for the micelle study with an added layer to account for the anchor block. Colloidal stability was predicted from extended DLVO theory using the pair interaction. This work will lead to a better understanding of how to design ion-containing block copolymers for steric stabilization of metal oxide nanoparticles. / Ph. D.

Syftet med denna fallstudie är att visa på en ökad förståelse kring regeringschefers förmåga att skapa förtroende sin kriskommunikation. Uppsatsen undersöker de tal till nationen som hölls av Sveriges statsminister Stefan Löfven och Storbritanniens premiärminister Boris Johnson vid Covid-19 pandemin under våren och hösten 2020. Uppsatsen utgår från ett retoriskt perspektiv och undersöker talens innehåll utifrån dess transkriberingar. Analysen utgår från uppsatsens teoretiska perspektiv som innefattar retorikens olika delar, appellformer och stilfigurer. Den utgår även från den retoriska situationen. Metoden som används är retorisk analys och utgår från uppsatsens disposition, argumentation, stil och retoriska situation. Den retoriska analysen skapar möjligheten att analysera och tolka talen både i sin helhet men också genom meningar, ord och tecken. Vidare diskuteras resultaten utifrån tidigare forskning och teoretiska perspektiv med ett fokus på politiskt förtroende och kriskommunikation.   Uppsatsen finner resultatet att regeringscheferna använder samtliga retoriska verktyg som undersöks i sina tal. Det framgår även att dessa verktyg används av regeringscheferna i syfte att öka förtroendet för dem som regeringschefer. Utifrån tidigare forskning går det se att både Löfven och Johnson fick ett ökat förtroende en kort tid efter att de första talen genomfördes, vilket indikerar att regeringscheferna kan ha lyckats uppnå ett förtroende genom sin kriskommunikation. / The aim of this case study is to gain more understanding of the head of government's ability to create trust in their crisis communication. The essay examines speeches to the nation, given by the Swedish Prime Minister Stefan Löfven and the British Prime Minister Boris Johnson, during the Covid-19 pandemic in the spring and fall of 2020. The essay uses a rhetorical perspective and examines the content of the speeches based on their transcripts. The analysis is based on the theoretical framework of the essay, which includes the rhetorical theory, three modes of persuasion and the figures of speech. It is also based on the rhetorical situation. The rhetorical analysis is the method used in the case study which focuses on the speech's disposition, argumentation, style and rhetorical situation. The rhetorical analysis makes it possible to analyze and interpret language both in its ensemble, but also through sentences, words, and signs. Furthermore, results based on previous research and theoretical perspectives are discussed with a focus on political trust and crisis communication.   The essay concludes that both Löfven and Johnson use all the rhetorical tools that are examined in their speeches. It is also clear that these tools are used by Löfven and Johnson to gain trust as Heads of Government. Based on previous research, it can be seen that both Löfven and Johnson gained increased trust shortly after their speeches were given, which indicates that the heads of government may have succeeded in gaining confidence through their crisis communication.

Syfte och frågeställningar  Det övergripande syftet är att ta reda på hur distansundervisningen har påverkat lärare i ämnet idrott och hälsa under rådande pandemin (Covid-19) på grundskolan (årskurs 4–9) och gymnasiet.    Hur upplever lärare i ämnet idrott och hälsa att de påverkas av distansundervisning? Vilka för och nackdelar finns det med distansundervisning, enligt lärare i idrott och hälsa?  Metod  Studien är en kvantitativ undersökning som genomfördes på lärare i ämnet idrott och hälsa på gymnasiet, högstadiet och mellanstadiet. Utifrån bekvämlighetsurval, bestod studien av 95 lärare i idrott och hälsa, efter bortfall bestod populationen av 84 lärare i ämnet idrott och hälsa. Lärarna i idrott och hälsa fick svara på enkätfrågor med flersvarsalternativ frågor och en fråga med öppet svarsalternativ. Data analyserades via tolkning, kategorisering och anknytning till tidigare forskning. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten var läroplansteori samt ramfaktorteorin.   Resultat   98 % av deltagarna anser att de inte har tillräckligt med digital kompetens för att undervisa på distans vilket påverkarar undervisningen negativt. 43 % av lärarna i idrott och hälsa upplevde att de inte kan implementera videosamtal i sin undervisning. Majoriteten av lärarna i idrott och hälsa upplevde en ökad arbetsbelastning där sömn och stress påverkats negativt för att det inte finns tillräckligt med IT resurser i skolan. Det framkom även att 96 % av lärarna i idrott och hälsa har det svårt att tolka läroplanen och överföra praktiska moment till distansbaserad undervisning. Slutsats  Distansundervisning i skolan har varit lösningen för att förhålla sig till restriktioner vilket enligt lärare i idrott och hälsa har påverkat ämnet negativt. De teoretiska momenten i idrott och hälsa har tagit större plats i undervisningen enligt 34 % av respondenterna. Lärarna i idrott och hälsa anser att de har haft svårigheter i att tolka och överföra läroplanens praktiska moment till distans och detta leder till att eleverna inte får den utbildning de egentligen ska få. / Aim The overall purpose is to find out how distance education has affected teachers in the subject of physical education during the prevailing pandemic (Covid-19) in primary school (stadium 4–9) and upper secondary school. How do physical education teachers feel that they are affected by distance education? What are the pros and cons of distance learning, according to physical education teachers? Method   This study is a quantitative survey conducted on physical education teachers in Primary school (grade 4–9) and high school. Based on convenience selection, this study had 95 physical education teachers where 11 teachers were not included. This study´s population is 84 physical education teachers. The physical education teachers had to answer questionnaires with multi-answer alternative questions and a question with an open answer alternative. The data was analysed through interpretation, categorization and connection to previous research and theoretical starting point. The theoretical starting point was curriculum theory and the framework factor theory. Results   98% of the participants believe that they do not have enough digital skills to teach at a distance, which has a negative effect on teaching. The result shows that 43% of physical education teachers felt that they could not implement video calls in their education. Most of the physical education teachers experienced an increased workload where sleep and stress have been negatively affected because there are not enough IT resources in the school. 96 % of physical education teachers could not interpret and transfer the curriculum's practical elements to distance education.   Conclusion Distance education in schools has been the solution to match the restrictions, which according to our results have had a negative effect regarding the subject of physical education. However, the theoretical elements in physical education have increased according to 34 % of respondents. It appears that physical education teachers have difficulties in interpreting and transferring the curriculum's practical elements to distance education and this leads to the students not receiving the education they are entitled to.

In a place that has been abandoned I have collected the human-made traces. Preserving the perishability of places and people. Saving the small memory. To hold close and pass on to the next. Placing them in a jewelry context where we may care for them more tenderly. To approach the people through adornment and wearing. I don't want to physically mark anyone, but I still want to come close. A piercing of the clothes: brooches. You who left it. I who collected. Next one to wear. Where all of us become involved and equally important. With the traces taken from the place, I add my own imprint in the craftsmanship of the jewelry. Each brooch fragile and where the next one, the wearer, will become part of our traces and history. Each brooch with a part of us and in transformation. Traces can be left, and memories preserved. They can be passed on through the visible, the tangible, the sound and the anecdotes. They can be experienced or relived when we feel, listen and see. Therefore, I needed to pass on the traces in several ways. Through the brooches and through film. For more people to take part of. Where the next one can see, hear and feel a place; its traces, stories and the imagination created in the experience.

The corona virus has spread steadily and led to consequences on a larger scale than anyone could have imagined, and it is not at all surprising that we want to find someone to hold responsible. Who is to blame for this terrible situation that we have to live through?  By taking an ecolinguistic approach, primarily inspired by Arran Stibbe (2021), this study explores how human and non-human animals are being blamed for the corona crisis in a corpus based on 15 news articles. To demonstrate blame through linguistic portrayal, the data are processed through four different lenses: facticity, appraisal, erasure and salience. The study finds that both human and non-human animals in general are portrayed as being to blame for the corona crisis. However, bats are most frequently portrayed as the responsible entity and human blame is often downplayed by linguistic erasure. Ecolinguistics can convey how language establishes asymmetries between groups and uncover how those asymmetries have an effect upon a broader social context. With this in mind, the way the texts blame entities for the corona crisis has real-life consequences. Firstly, non-human animals risk being killed to reduce the spread of the virus based on shallow arguments and groundless evaluations. Secondly, human blame risks not being evaluated properly and therefore there is a risk that harmful human behaviour can continue.

Covid-19-viruset upptäcktes i Kina i slutet av 2019. Viruset spred sig snabbt och i mars 2020 klassades Covid-19 som en pandemi. Media har sedan dess rapporterat dagligen om utvecklingen av pandemin. Ett ämne som det även rapporterats om är det ökade naturintresset under pandemin. Flertalet naturområden har vittnat om ökat besöksantal, nedskräpning och slitage på naturen. Tidigare studier visar att slitage på naturen främst beror på bristande kunskap om allemansrätten. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om det finns samband mellan pandemin och det ökade naturintresset. För att undersöka detta spreds en digital enkätundersökning riktad till myndiga invånare i Kristianstad kommun. Enkäten innehöll frågor om invånarnas naturvanor både innan och under pandemin. Ett statistiskt test av resultatet bekräftade att myndiga invånare i Kristianstad kommun är ute oftare i naturen under pandemin än innan. Trettio procent av deltagarna svarade att deras naturvanor har förändrats under pandemin och flertalet menar att deras förändrade naturvanor lett till mer tid i naturen. Den vanligaste aktiviteten är promenad och den populäraste platsen för besök i naturen är sitt omedelbara närområde. För att undvika bestående skada på naturen av de förändrade naturvanorna kan ökad kunskap om allemansrätten vara en del av lösningen. / The Covid-19 virus was discovered in China in late 2019. The virus spread rapidly, and in March 2020, Covid-19 was classified as a pandemic. The media has since reported daily on the development of pandemic. One topic that also has been reported about is the increased interest in nature during the pandemic. Many nature areas have witnessed increased visitor numbers, littering, and wear on nature. Previous studies show that wear on nature is mainly due to a lack of knowledge about allemansrätten (the right of public access). The thesis aims to investigate whether there is a connection between the pandemic and the increased interest in nature.  A digital survey was distributed to adult residents in Kristianstad municipality to investigate this potential relationship. The survey included questions about the inhabitants' nature habits both before and during the pandemic. A statistical test of the result confirmed that adult residents of Kristianstad county are out in nature more often during the pandemic than before. Thirty percent of the participants answered that their nature habits have changed during the pandemic, and the majority believe that their changed nature habits have led to more time in nature. The most common activity is walking, and the most popular place to visit nature is its immediate local area. To avoid permanent damage to nature from the changed nature habits, increased knowledge of allemansrätten can be a part of the solution.

During the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, large parts of Sweden's higher education, together with the rest of the world, needed to drasticallymake a switch to distance learning. This involved the use of new technology and video conferencing tools such as Zoom to reduce the virtual distance and get closer to each other without having to be close physically. Umeå University has also had to undergo this drastic transformation of their activities, with lectures, seminars and examinations which all had to suddenly be kept at a distance to reduce the spread of infection. This study consists of a quantitative survey which just over 600 teachers at Umeå University responded to, where their responses show that overall,they’ve had negative experiences where their workload has increased, job satisfaction has decreased and the interaction between the teachers and theirstudents has suffered. At the same time, they respond very positively about the quality of their digital tools and that they’re easy to use. Judging by the results and the answers of the survey, it can also be seen that even though teachers have been quick to adapt to the new distance-based reality, their way of teaching has notadapted in the same way which prevents full utilization of distance-basedtechnologies. All in all, it can be stated that the majority of those who responded to the survey give a picture that teachers prefer to keep their education in classrooms or lecture halls, to have a better interaction between teachers and students.

The virus SARS-CoV-2 gave rise to a global pandemic and several vaccines, whose efficiency needed to be evaluated, have been developed. Our immune system is regulated by several mechanisms that activate and inhibit immune response. PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 are immune inhibitors with a possible correlation between the potency of the immune response and the number of inhibitors. The hypothesis of this study is that individuals with a lower antibody response after vaccination have higher levels of PD-1/PD-L1. Using an ELISA, the concentration of the proteins was measured from blood plasma from 19 individuals from the CoVacc Cohort, with known antibody response after one as well as two doses of vaccine. The study found a significant correlation between the inhibitors PD-1 and PD-L1 after both the first and the second dose. No correlation was found between the response of antibodies and PD-1/PD-L1 and the hypothesis is therefore rejected. It is possible that the interval between each dose of vaccine and the collection of blood plasma was not optimized for this study. It is also possible that the number of individuals that were included in this study was too low. Considering this result, more research should be conducted on the subject before an absolute conclusion can be drawn. / Viruset SARS-Cov-2 gav upphov till en global pandemi och flera vacciner vars effektbehövde utvärderas har utvecklats. Vårt immunförsvar regleras av flera mekanismersom samverkar genom att aktivera respektive hämma immunförsvaret. PD-1 och dessligand PD-L1 är immuninhibitorer med en möjlig korrelation mellan styrkan hosimmunsvaret och mängden inhibitorer. Hypotesen för denna studie är att individermed ett lägre antikroppssvar efter vaccination har högre nivåer av PD-1 och PD-L1.Med hjälp av en ELISA mättes koncentrationen av PD-1 och PD-L1 med blodplasmafrån 19 individer ur CoVacc kohorten med kända antikroppsnivåer som fått enrespektive två doser av vaccin mot COVID-19. Studien fann en signifikant korrelationmellan hämmarna PD-1 och PD-L1 både efter första och andra dosen. Ingenkorrelation hittades mellan antikroppsresponsen och nivåerna av PD-1 och PD-L1 ochhypotesen förkastas därför. Det är möjligt att tidpunkten för provtagning eftervaccindoserna inte valdes optimalt för denna undersökning. Det är också möjligt attför få individer ingick i studien. Mot bakgrund av detta bör mer forskning göras i ämnetinnan en absolut slutsats kan dras.