Die vorliegende Arbeit will den Fokus auf die angewandte Rhetorik (Aristoteles & Krapinger 2019) in einer Krise lenken, da von ihrer Effektivität die Rettung von Menschenleben abhängig ist (Ernst. 2004. S.247). Der Impuls für diese Arbeit kam deshalb von zwei Richtungen: zum einen ist es die aktuelle, durch die Corona Pandemie und Klimakrise geprägte gesellschaftliche Realität, in der die Autorin sich selbst bewegt und die es besser zu verstehen gilt. Zum anderen bezweifelt die Autorin die von Szymon Wròbel (2015) gemachte Behauptung, dass die heutigen, politischen Reden sich fast ausschließlich des Pathos bedienen und vor allem an die Emotionen der Zuhörer appellieren. Für die rhetorische Analyse wurde deshalb zunächst die sprachwissenschaftliche Theorie der Textpragmatik (Ernst 2004. S. 265) mit den Grundbegriffen von Logos, Ethos und Pathos (Aristoteles 2019. S.78) verknüpft und anschließend auf die drei ausgewählten Reden strukturell angewandt. Es konnte dadurch bewiesen werden, dass sich Ethos und Pathos ausgewogen in den ausgewählten Reden vorfinden lassen. Es bleibt die Frage, ob politische Reden ohne emotionelle Wirkung überhaupt Sinn machen würden. Von dem Ergebnis der Analyse ließen sich ebenfalls Rückschlüsse zu den jeweiligen Vertrauensverhältnissen zwischen Sprecher (Regierung) und Hörer (Bürger) ableiten und eine Verbindung zur sprachlichen Machtausübung herstellen. Demnach schlägt die Autorin am Ende vor, die Reden Merkels und Arderns als Diktaturen der Vernunft zu definieren und die Rede von Löfven als Appell der Vernunft. Es wurde deutlich, welch wichtigen Einfluß Vertrauen und die umfassende Interpretation und Auswahl von wissenschaftlichem Wissen als Vorbereitung auf die Ausarbeitung von politischen Reden haben und das unterschiedliche Kulturen in diesem Sinne ihr Krisenmanagement und sprachlichen Appelle auf unterschiedliche Voraussetzungen, mit unterschiedlichen Wirkungsfunktionen aufbauen. So stimmt die Autorin am Ende Wróbels Interpretation von Nietzsches Idee bezüglich der Rationalität und Rhetorik zu: Power does not limit itself, however, to simply defining a given interpretation or view of reality, rather, power defines and creates concrete social reality. (Wróbel 2015, 410)

Safety concerns arising from cytotoxic behavior of nanoparticles (NPs) in complex biological environment remain the main problem limiting NPs application in biomedicine. In this study, we have investigated cytotoxicity of NPs with different composition, shape and size, namely SiO2 NPs (SiNPs, 7-14 nm), superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (SPIONs, 8 nm) and carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTCOOHs, diameter: 60-100 nm, length: 1-2 μm). Cytotoxicity was evaluated with newly designed screening assay capable to simultaneously assess activity of cell dehydrogenases, activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released from cells into environment and number of intact cell nuclei and apoptotic bodies in human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) culture growing in the very same well of the 96-well plate. Aforementioned attributes were subsequently utilized to obtain information about cell viability and necrotic and apoptotic aspects of cell death. Results from this "three-in-one" cell death screening (CDS) assay showed that SiNPs and CNTCOOHs evoked pronounced cytotoxic effect demonstrated as decrease of cell viability and development of apoptotic bodies formation. In contrast to this, SPIONs induced only mild cytotoxicity. Moreover, SiNPs impaired cell membrane leading to increased LDH release...

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This dissertation presents the novel creation of a hybrid D-fiber electro-optic polymer electric field sensor. The sensor is made by removing a portion of the cladding from a D-shaped optical fiber, thus exposing the core to interaction with external stimulus. Then, an electro-optic polymer is deposited, partially replacing the core of the fiber. Next, the polymer is poled to endow it with electro-optic properties. This sensor is packaged in order to restore its mechanical strength. Because D-fiber is not intrinsically compatible with standard optical equipment it is fusion spliced to standard polarization maintaining fiber. Finally the sensor is tested for electro-optic sensitivity. The hybrid D-fiber electric field sensors designed and fabricated in this work meet the requirements of mechanical strength, temporal stability, minimal perturbation of the electric field by the sensor, and a small and flexible cross-sectional area so that it can be embedded into the device under test. A fully packaged hybrid electro-optic polymer D-fiber electric field sensor which is capable of detecting electric fields of 50 V/m at a frequency of 6 GHz is produced. The sensor's electro-optic response is shown to be temporally stable. Additionally, the sensor is physically robust, and physically and electrically non-intrusive. This work also adds a thorough understanding of the design and fabrication of D-fiber waveguides with a polymer material deposited in the core. Several new fabrication techniques are developed and presented. A path to greater electric field sensitivity is outlined for future research.

Adolescents are especially vulnerable to image-based messages, which place them directly in line with the lifestyle messages presented in numerous alcohol advertisements. Research has shown that teenagers encounter alcohol advertisements from a variety of sources, prompting concern over the consequences of exposure and the risks associated with teen drinking. Warning messages contained within these alcohol advertisements are often vague in their wording and targeted to promote responsible drinking among adults, making them wholly inadequate for teen deterrence. This thesis explores the problems with current alcohol responsibility messages when dealing with teens, and proposes the development of new, modified messages, that are more direct and consequence-based. The Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion was used to describe teen processing of alcohol warning messages, and eye-tracking technology was used to determine how this processing can be examined visually. The purpose of this research was to aid in the development of new messages that have been modified by type size, type contrast, and message content (a 2x2x2 factorial design). Results indicated that modifying message content to include direct language and a consequence enhances visibility and attention to alcohol responsibility messages. Larger type and higher contrast can be applied to the message to further enhance visibility, but the change in attention for these factors was shown to be minimal and nonsignificant. Overall, the greatest power lies in changing the message itself, irrespective of all other variables.

Bakgrund: Coronapandemin präglade under lång tid människors vardag såväl som de finansiella marknaderna. Den kraftiga nedgången i februari - mars år 2020 och den rekordsnabba återhämtningen påverkade privatinvesterare. Dessa investerare stod inför tuffa beslut, och präglades av stress och oro. Under volatila tider sker inte alltid rationella beslut, och denna typ av beslutsmiljö kan påverka investerare att vara mer mottagliga av psykologiska bias. För att undvika att gå i samma fällor, är det av intresse att kartlägga börspsykologiska faktorers påverkan på privatinvesterares agerande och vilken effekt det har på deras diversifiering i aktieportföljen. Eventuella skillnader i agerande under börsnedgångarna visar även om investerarna själva lärde sig någonting från den första börsnedgången och ändrade sitt beteende till den andra börsnedgången. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att kartlägga privatinvesterares agerande på aktiemarknaden under Coronapandemin. Detta för att kunna uttala sig om, privatinvesterares beteende under börsnedgången i februari - mars 2020, samt den andra börsnedgången i oktober samma år. Genom att undersöka två tidsperioder går det att observera skillnader i beteende. Metod: Studien använde sig av en enkätstudie med tvärsnittsdesign för att på generell nivå ha möjlighet till att uttala sig om privatinvesterares agerande under börsnedgångarna. Slutsats: Studien har visat att samtliga undersökta börspsykologiska bias har påverkat privatinvesterare under båda börsnedgångarna men det finns dock skillnader mellan perioderna. Om respondenterna själva får beskriva deras agerande har många angett att de har agerat rationellt under krisen, något som tidigare forskning också konstaterat. Diversifieringen har ökat i aktieportföljen efter börsnedgångarna, jämfört med hur det såg ut vid slutet av 2019. Det är dock inte säkerställt att detta är en effekt av nedgångarna. Slutligen finns det även skillnader i börspsykologiska faktorer och diversifiering mellan demografiska faktorer och erfarenhet från tidigare kriser. / Background: The Corona pandemic has affected people’s everyday life as well as the financial markets. The big decline in the stock market that happened in February-March 2020 and the record fast recovery impacted private investors in a big way. Investors had difficult decisions to make during times of stress and worry, which does not always lead to optimal decisions. The investors could be more affected by biases during times of crisis. To avoid walking into the same traps again it is of investor’s interest to map psychological biases and how they affect the diversification in their stock portfolios. Eventual differences in behavior between the stock market decline in February-Mars and the one in October could be spotted by comparing the two periods. This would show if the respondents themselves learned from the first stock market decline to the second one, hence changing their behavior. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to map private investors’ behavior in the stock market during the Corona pandemic. This will make it possible to discuss private investors’ behavior during the stock market declines in February-March 2020 as well as the one in October the same year. This will make it possible to see differences in behavior. Method: The study used a survey study with cross-sectional design to be able to discuss private investors’ behavior at a general level. Conclusion: The study has shown that all studied psychological biases to affect private investors during the stock market declines, showing there are differences between these periods. If the respondents describe their own actions, then many of say themselves that they acted rational during the crisis, something that previous studies have shown. The diversification has also increased after the stock market declines compared to how it was at the end of 2019, but it is not certain that it is an effect of the stock market declines. There are also differences between demographic factors and experience from previous crises with regards to psychological biases and diversification.

Ausgehend von dem geschichtlichen Pestausbruch des 14. Jahrhunderts in Europa werden 350 Jahre Geschichte der Pest als Pandemie, Epidemie, Endemie und Pest der Kinder in Deutschland, dem Kurfürstentum Sachsen und der Residenzstadt Dresden mit dem Amt Radeberg untersucht und dargestellt. Wichtig war dabei die Herausstellung, dass Pandemien durchaus die Welt verändern und der „Krieg der Mikroben, als sogenannte „Unsichtbare Feinde”, Zivilisationen immer wieder mit ihren eingefahrenen Strukturen zum Wanken bringen können. Dokumentiert wird die Sterbensgefahr durch die Pestausbrüche und deren Überlieferung in Dresdner Akten und dem Amt Radeberg, welches auch zum Fluchtort der Kurfürsten bei Pestgefahr wurde. Herausgearbeitet wurde ebenfalls die stetige Pestgefahr, die als Bedrohung durch das nahe Grenzgebiet von Böhmen ausging, durch Glaubensflüchtlinge beziehungsweise mit dem Handel auf dem Wasser- oder Landwege nach Sachsen gebracht oder durch die Heerscharen des Dreißigjährigen Krieges verbreitet wurde. Nachdem die Pest 1682 offiziell als „überwunden“ erklärt wurde, traten bis in die Jetztzeit immer wieder epidemische oder endemische Pestausbrüche auf, die zeigen - die Pest lebt weiter…

During the COVID-19 pandemic, European states have taken numerous measures to prevent the spread of the coronavirus. Several states have introduced various forms of compulsory vaccination against COVID-19. While vaccines are one of the most effective tools for protecting people against COVID-19, it raises the question to which extent states may justifiably make vaccination schemes compulsory in the pursuit of public health. This paper, therefore, analyses the compatibility between compulsory vaccination and the right to respect for private life as set out in Article 8 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (the ECHR). As of today, the European Court of Human Rights (the ECtHR) has not decided whether vaccine mandates are compatible with the right to respect for private life.  An interference in the right to respect for private life must be in accordance with the law and fulfil one of the legitimate aims that are set out in Article 8.2 of the ECHR. An interference also needs to be necessary in a democratic society in order to achieve that legitimate aim. The protection of health as well as the protection of the rights and freedoms of others are two of the legitimate aims stipulated in Article 8 of the ECHR that are relevant in relation to the introduction of compulsory vaccination in society. In assessing whether an interference is necessary in a democratic society, the states enjoy a certain margin of appreciation. However, their assessment remains subject to review by the ECtHR. The principle of proportionality is an important part in assessing whether the interference has been necessary in a democratic society or not. The interference in question must remain proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued. In this paper, the compatibility between compulsory COVID-19 vaccination and the right to respect for private life is examined primarily by analysing prior case law of the ECtHR concerning vaccination and other medical interventions. This paper concludes that the states enjoy a wide margin of appreciation when assessing the necessity of introducing compulsory COVID-19 vaccinations, mainly because of the lack of European consensus regarding such vaccination schemes. Furthermore, it is concluded that compulsory COVID-19 vaccinations can be compatible with the right to respect for private life as set out in Article 8 of the ECHR, provided that the vaccines are considered safe and efficient by the research community, the vaccines used are monitored and the vaccine mandate is only indirectly imposed by sanctions of a protective nature. In addition, necessary precautions must be taken by prior assessment of potential contraindications and there must exist a possibility to receive compensation as a result of potential injuries caused by the vaccine.

With teleworking becoming an increasingly normalized work arrangement after the Covid-19 pandemic, it opens up possibilities for workers to be located elsewhere than their workplace. This indicates that work-related relocation may not be a necessity anymore for parts of the workforce, because they can choose to work remotely instead of relocating. The overall purpose of the thesis has been to investigate whether the normalization of telework as a part of the employee value proposition’s benefits will make people in the workforce less likely to relocate for work. The employee value proposition theory was used to understand the current role telework has as a part of the benefit component, and how telework may affect the employees' likelihood to relocate for work. Two research questions were used to answer the overall purpose:  Has telework resulted in the benefit component having a greater influence than other components for the workforce? Has telework offered as a benefit made people in the workforce less likely to relocate for work? The research purpose for the study was exploratory and the research approach was a deductive, qualitative study approach. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data and the sampling were selected by both the purposive and snowball sampling method. The sample for the interviews were employees who have a job where it is possible to do teleworking and were between 25-35 years old. After the interviews were conducted, the data was analyzed by using thematic analysis. The finding of the study indicates that the influence of the benefit component did not change compared to previous research and still had a mid-level of importance. It is not likely that telework has made the benefit component to have an overall greater influence compared to other components, but there were components such as affiliation that were very influential when making relocation decisions. It was also found that family members, especially partners and children, were a big influence on relocation decisions. The participants were more likely to consider teleworking instead of relocating when they had partners and children. Several of them could not see themselves only doing teleworking long-term though, because the connection with the colleagues and team at their workplace were also important. The findings of the study indicate that human connection and relationships have become increasingly important for the employees, and this affects both their teleworking and relocation decisions.

Ziel der Studie ist es, einen Überblick über die Entwicklung der psychischen Gesundheit von Schülern der 5. bis 10. Klassen (Sekundarstufe I) im Freistaat Sachsen in den vergangenen Jahren zu bekommen. Dabei sollen vor allem der zeitliche Verlauf vor und seit Beginn der Corona-Pandemie im März 2020 und damit einhergehende Schutzmaßnahmen im Mittelpunkt stehen. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen der Studie sollen Aussagen getroffen werden, inwiefern und in welchem Ausmaß die Pandemie Einfluss auf die psychische Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen genommen hat. Sie dienen als Grundlage für das weitere Handeln des Freistaats Sachsen und die Sicherung der kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen sowie -psychotherapeutischen Versorgung. Redaktionsschluss: 31.01.2023