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The purpose of this critical discourse analysis study is to analyse Swedish and international legislation to determine if it is possible to restrict the use of religious symbols among extreme right movements. To contextualise the analysis material it is prudent to describe the rise and development of Nordic neo-paganism and its connections to extreme right movements. Since the runes in this study share some history with the swastika in Nazi Germany some context about the history of this symbol is also provided. I have divided the analysis into two sections: The first part evaluates legislation and includes the Swedish contitutional law (RF), the European convention on human rights (ECHR) as well as the Swedish discrimination law. The analysis also includes legislative information from the Swedish government agencies called the Chancellor of Justice and the Swedish Agency for Support to Faith Communities. The second part of the analysis focuses on two political extreme right parties called The Nordic resistance movement (NRM) and the Swedish party (SP) as well as their symbols, the tyr rune and the helmet of terror. The result of the analysis shows that it is not possible to limit the religious legislations’ inner core, which stipulates the rights of belief and freedom from it. It is however possible to make limitations in the legislations’ outer core which is mainly comprised of the freedom of speech dimension of the religious freedom.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how the argumentation for the freedom of speech versus the right to safety was presented when these rights came in conflict with each other when a neo-Nazi organization was allowed to co-arrange Almedalen 2017. The material consists of press statements, debate articles and news articles where the arguments of four key agents connected to Almedalsveckan 2017 were collected. In order to fulfill the purpose of the study, the argumentation is analyzed by answering three research questions: How did each agent present their argument? How did the argumentation rely on current law? How did the agents rely on the others’ rights claim? The argumentation is analyzed qualitatively through a normative theory in order to investigate how the claims were made for each right. The agents that claim freedom of speech are Region Gotland and the police. The agents that claim the right to safety are RFSL and Funktionsrätt Sverige together with the JAG Association. The argumentation is categorized thematically for each agent and every category is analyzed separately. The results show that both sides used emotionally charged arguments or affective language and both sides may be considered as lacking in concretization regarding the meaning of their main arguments. Both sides clearly relied on current law by either mentioning laws explicitly or implicitly. All of the agents made some statement about the other key agent’s position or responsibility. Both sides can be considered as having valid right claims by referring to intrinsic values and current law. In the end, Region Gotland and the police have the right to determine who is allowed to co-arrange Almedalen and can therefor decide which claimed rights that is prioritized in the value hierarchy. Furthermore, the study shows that each conflict of rights needs to be valued individually as the circumstances, consequences and claims are crucial for the determination of the hierarchy. For future research, I recommend investigating how the public opinion considers allowing or limiting neo-Nazi’s freedom of opinions, as well as investigating how the Swedish praxis regarding the application and restriction of freedom of opinions for neo-Nazi organizations and parties is carried.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera och diskutera Turkiets lagstiftnings tillämplighet med artikel 10 i Europeiska konventionen angående skydd för de mänskliga rättigheterna och de grundläggande friheterna. Jag har valt att fokusera på artikel 301 i den turkiska brottsbalken. Artikel 301 används för att hindra yttrandefriheten i Turkiet och kan ge upp till 2 år i fängelse. För att komma fram till om artikel 301 är en kränkning av artikel 10 behöver jag förstå hur Turkiet tolkar artikel 10. För att förstå detta har jag använt mig av ett antal domstolsfall frånden europeiska domstolen för de mänskliga rättigheterna. Jag har valt att använda mig av juridisk metod för att komma fram till resultatet och Wienkonventionen om traktaträtt är mitt tolkningsverktyg. / The purpose of my thesis is to analyze and discuss the compatibility of the criminal code of Turkey with article 10 of the European Convention of Human Rights and the Fundamental Freedoms. I have chosen to focus on article 301 of the Turkish Criminal Code. Article 301 is used to suppress freedom of expression in Turkey and can result in a two year prison term. To be able to establish if article 301 is a violation of article 10 I need to understand how Turkey interprets article 10. I have used a number of court cases from the European Court of Human Rights to be able to understand how the states interpret article 10. I have chosen legal method, and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is my interpretation tool.

Fallstudien beskriver bildlärares erfarenheter i demokrati och värdegrundsfrågor i bildundervisningen men också i övrigt arbete med värdegrundsfrågor på skolan. Studien undersöker hur bildlärarnas olika erfarenheter ser ut och identifierar vilka möjligheter och svårigheter de möter i arbetet som bildlärare idag. Två legitimerade bildlärare bidrar till studien genom intervju. Deras erfarenheter kommer från två olika högstadieskolor i Sverige från klass 7-9. Studien bygger på en pragmatisk teoretisk grund där erfarenheter, elevinflytande och kritiskt tänkande blir en del av studiens teoretiska ramverk om hur kunskap blir till utifrån pragmatismens idéer om lärande. Bildlärares erfarenheter i värdegrundsfrågor sammanfattas att lärarkollegiet har en stor betydelse för genomförandet av värdegrundsarbetet på en skola. Deras gemensamma engagemang för enskilda elever ger möjligheter att förändra attityder som strider mot värdegrundens principer. Bildlärare möter svårigheter när elever inte kan det svenska språket. Studien visar genom att bygga relationer med elever blir det en viktig faktor för ökad trivsel. Elever får lära sig kritiskt tänkande i ämnet bildanalys. Elever får praktisk träning i att kunna utrycka sig fritt och får kunskaper i yttrandefrihet. En bildlärare kan anpassa undervisningen efter elevers olika kunskapsnivåer. Uppgifters inramning i bildundervisningen kan både hindra och hjälpa elever i sin kunskapsutveckling visar studien. Konstprojekt som ger elevinflytande kan skapa bättre förutsättningar för demokratiska värderingar.

Online platforms play a crucial role for the right to freedom of expression. Due to the increasing spread of illegal content online, regulatory measures have been taken on an EU-level to curb the dissemination of illegal and harmful content online. Trapped in a dilemma, online platforms grapple with the challenge of ensuring a safer online environment by removing illegal content and taking proactive measures, meanwhile avoiding excessive moderation.  Against this background, this essay explores online platforms' liability for third-party content under the e-commerce directive and the Digital Services Act (DSA). Furthermore, the essay examines how the DSA affects users' ability to file complaints against content moderation by online platforms, analyzing whether the DSA enhances clarity in the liability framework compared to the e-commerce directive and evaluating its effectiveness in achieving its intended purpose. In broad, the analysis compares the legal framework in relation to the impact on users’ freedom of expression.  The DSA has retained broad liability exemption for online platforms in relation to illegal material published by a third-party, causing online platforms to avoid searching for harmful content. However, the inclusion of a "good samaritan" clause in Article 7 of the DSA can resolve the tension between proactive measures on the one hand, while retaining the liability exemption on the other hand. In addition, the DSA brings significant changes and introduces increased transparency and due diligence obligations which complements the liability framework.  Regarding users' ability to challenge content moderation, the essay notes that the DSA introduces mainly three options for users: imposing online platforms to provide statement of reasons when imposing restrictions, (Article 17), internal complaints systems (Article 20), and external dispute resolution bodies (Article 21). While these avenues offer users opportunities to challenge content moderation made by platforms, the analysis shows that the system has some shortcomings, including potential cost and time burdens for online platforms.  The essay concludes that the DSA introduces nuances to the liability framework and provides avenues for users to challenge content moderation to a higher degree. The effectiveness of the provisions in achieving legal clarity and safeguarding fundamental rights will depend on practical implementation and further regulatory developments such as precedents from the Court of Justice of the European Union.

Denna uppsats undersöker hur cancel culture framställs i svenska kvällstidningar. Genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och kritisk diskursanalys granskas artiklar från olika kvällstidningar för att förstå hur cancel culture konstrueras i media och dess konsekvenser för den offentliga debatten. Med hjälp av teoretiska ramverk från Jürgen Habermas offentlighetsteori och diskursteori, tillsammans med tidigare forskning på ämnet, syftar studien till att ge en förståelse av vad cancel culture är, och hur debatten ser ut i dagens medielandskap. Studien konstaterar att cancel culture ofta presenteras som ett hot mot yttrandefriheten och som en faktor som bidrar till självcensur, särskilt inom akademiska och kreativa områden. Samtidigt belyser vissa artiklar hur fenomenet kan fungera som ett verktyg för social rättvisa och ansvarstagande. Resultaten indikerar en komplex diskurs där cancel culture både kritiseras för att begränsa frihet och hyllas för att utmana etablerade maktstrukturer. Uppsatsen bidrar till den bredare diskussionen om mediepåverkan och sociala normer i den digitala eran.

This thesis focuses on chapter 3 articles 8 and 12 of the Ordinance Act, whichdeal with local ordinances issued by the municipalities. It was Vellinge municipality's local ordinances on the prohibition of begging that triggered an extensivedebate about preconditions for local ordinances and the relationship between themunicipal self-government and the normative power. In addition, it raises thequestions of whether local regulations on the prohibition of begging restrict freedom of expression and whether they are discriminatory. Vellinge's local ordinances were submitted to the Supreme Administrative Court (HFD) to decidethe case as the highest instance.HFD states in the case 2018 ref. 75 that local ordinances issued by the municipalities take into account the principle of municipal self-government. This statement has been criticized on the ground that local ordinances should not be considered as a municipal activity. The principle of municipal self-government therefore should not be actualized in local ordinances. But HFDs statement is compatible with the bill to the law, which states that with regard to municipal selfgovernment, the authority to issue local ordinances are given to the municipalitiesand not to the county administrative board. However the county administrativeboard should be able to review all the prerequisites for adopting local regulations.Furthermore, HFD has not dealt with this issue whether local ordinances onthe prohibition of begging conflict with regulations of a higher value or apply toissues that must be regulated by law. HFD has thus not dealt with whether theban on begging restricts freedom of expression and whether it is discriminatory. Begging can be considered as an expression in the Form of Government (RF)and is protected by freedom of expression. The ban on begging therefore violatesfreedom of speech and it must, however, be regulated by law and not by localregulations.Furthermore, given that the ECHR is considered a law in Sweden and theEuropean Court of Human Rights refers to the US judicial precedent on freedomof expression, the American law on freedom of speech and begging has also beenstudied in this thesis in the comparative method.According to the widespread case law in the United States, begging is protected by freedom of expression and regulations prohibiting begging violate beggar’s freedom of expression. There is also no legitimate ground to ban beggingon the streets. The ban on begging can also be considered discriminatory, as it is the peoplefrom Romania and Bulgaria who make up the majority of the beggars in Swedenand it is them who are disadvantaged by these rules.

The overall aim of this thesis is to explore freedom of speech and aspects of credibility related to the Internet. The phenomenon freedom of speech is seen and examined principally from a communicative perspective. Theoretically the thesis is based on three key concepts: Internet, freedom of speech, and credibility. Four studies are included; each of them focuses on the main problem from different angles using different methods. In the first study, two websites on the Internet, both having reference to the Holocaust, are examined. The aim is to identify some kind of hypertextual dialogue between Living history [Levande historia], representing a serious project about human respect and democracy, and True history [Sann historia], a plagiator expressing a revisionist opinion. The second study examines a media debate about freedom of speech and censorship related to the Internet found in newspaper articles published during 1997-1999, to see which issues these newspapers emphasise, and how the role of the Internet is described. The third study focuses on how university students writing essays assess the credibility of scientific information in web-based environments. In a questionnaire, the students estimate the importance they attach to 24 different elements. The fourth study seeks to increase the understanding of the function and dynamics of Wikipedia as a collaboratively shaped wiki-encyclopaedia. In e-mail interviews, active users are asked about their impressions and experiences. Based on the studies, some reflections on what could be considered as special with the freedom of speech on the Internet are presented. These reflections, in terms of seven aspects, are referred to as the hypertext structure, the collage effect, boundless identities, shift in responsibility, parallel worlds and hyper reality, the compensating effect, and the leaching effect. A concept, denominated the hypertextual dialogue, has emerged during the work on this thesis. This concept has a technical, an intertextual and a discursive level. The discussion deals with the news media’s approach towards the Internet, what their possible agenda could be, and the impact they have on people. Internet’s pluralism and its consequences are discussed. Wikipedia could serve as a model by showing how committed individuals interact to create a competitive product. When users interact with and within the hypertextual structure, the construction of meaning, as well as the responsibility for the consequences, would move from the texts’ original authors to the users. Perhaps the Internet requires the involvement of some kind of homo navigare who is able to function within, outside and between digital arenas. / Avhandlingens övergripande syfte är att utforska yttrandefrihet och trovärdighet relaterat till Internet. Fenomenet yttrandefrihet betraktas och studeras ur ett kommunikativt perspektiv där Internet utgör arenan för kommunikationen som är möjliggjord av den digitala tekniken. Teoretiskt baseras avhandlingen på tre begrepp: Internet, yttrandefrihet och trovärdighet. Fyra studier ingår, var en har sitt specifika närmande och sin metod. Den första studien berör två webbplatser på Internet, båda går att hänföra till Förintelsen. Syftet är att identifiera en slags hypertextuell dialog mellan Levande historia, som är ett seröst projekt om demokrati och medmänsklighet, och Sann historia, som uttrycker ett revisionistiskt synsätt. Den andra studien undersöker en mediedebatt, förd i dagstidningsartiklar 1997-1999, relaterad till yttrandefrihet och censur på Internet. Avsikten är att urskilja de beskrivningar av innehållet på Internet som tidningarna lyfter fram samt att se hur Internets roll berörs. Den tredje studien undersöker uppsatsskrivande studenters bedömning av trovärdighet vid sökandet efter vetenskaplig information i webbaserade miljöer. En enkät där studenterna skattar 24 olika element har använts. Den fjärde studien avser att utifrån intervjuer med Wikipedias användare öka förståelsen för Wikipedias funktion och dynamik som wiki-uppslagsverk. I studierna framskymtar, på ett mer övergripande plan, aspekter av Internet som arena vilka gör att yttrandefriheten kan ses som förhållandevis speciell. Dessa aspekter diskuteras i termer av hypertextstruktur, collageeffekt, gränslösa identiteter, ansvarsförskjutning, parallellvärld och hyperrealitet, utjämnande effekt, samt urlakningseffekt. Ett egenkonstruerat koncept presenteras i den hypertextuella dialogen. Diskussionen tar upp nyhetsmediernas förhållningssätt till Internet, vad som kan tillskrivas den bakomliggande agendan, samt mediernas påverkan på människor. Dessutom berörs Internets pluralism och hur den kan inverka på sättet att se på ”sanning”. Wikipedia framhålls som en förebild genom att visa på hur engagerade användare tillsammans kan skapa en konkurrenskraftig produkt. På Internet sker interaktionen inom och med den hypertextuella strukturen vilket påverkar meningsskapandet och förskjuter ansvaret från texternas ursprungliga skapare till användarna. Möjligtvis behövs någon slags homo navigare som kan fungera inom, utom och emellan digitala arenor.

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