現今社群媒體已經是人們生活的一大部分，而網路提供了更容易與消費者接觸的平台給廠商呈現其廣告訴求，廣告訴求是一種策略，利用其所呈現的訴求說服消費者作出購買決策，或是改變消費者對於品牌的態度。本研究探討廣告內容的訊息訴求對於消費者購買決策的影響，並利用推敲可能性模型分析消費者的決策路徑。 因為先前針對推敲可能性模型的決策路徑主要都是以推論為主，本研究設計了一個測量中央及邊陲路徑的問卷，藉此了解受測者實際感受到的決策路徑。而整體的問卷透過一個網路實驗收集資料，結果發現廣告訴求對思考路徑有顯著的關係，理性的廣告訴求會使消費者傾向於使用中央路徑；感性的廣告訴求則會使消費者傾向於使用邊陲路徑，而認知需求會對這個關係有交互作用的影響。同時也發現思考路徑對於購買意願會有顯著影響，不同的產品類型會對於這個關係有交互作用的影響。 / Social media and the Internet are inseparable elements of modern human life. Online advertising becomes a popular method for vendors to access their consumers. Advertising appeals are important in attracting consumers’ attention of products and services. In this study, we investigate the effect of online advertising appeals on consumer’s purchase decision using the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) that proposes a central-peripheral dual-route persuasion mechanism. We designed an instrument to measure the perceived route in decision processes and applied it in an online experiment to examine how different appeals affect the central and peripheral routes in consumers’ decision processes. The results indicate that advertising appeals have significant effect on decision routes. Cognitive needs are found to have interaction effects. Decision through different routes also have significant effect on consumers’ decision, while product types have moderation effects.

In April 1927, National Southeast University of Nanjing was taken over and reorganized by the Kuomingtang. In June, Educational Administration Committee of Nanjing National Government combined the former National Southeast University and the other eight official colleges and vocational schools in Nanjing, Shanghai and Suzhou, in order to set up the National Fourth Sun Yat-sen University. In May 1928, the new school was named National Central University confirmedly. By August 1949, the Nanjing Martial Administration Committee of Chinese Communist Party changed the National Central University to Nanjing University. Therefore, the National Central University, the former National Southeast University and the subsequent Nanjing University retained the historical continuousness. But also form 1927 to 1949, the National Central University had its unique features of intellectual and politics. That was an integrated history of school. With the foundation of the Nanking National Government, the National Central University had being turning into the super academy of China. Not only the scale of education or academic prestige but also given political resources, the National Central University held the most important status. At the same time, the relationship between the universty and politics was more and more much closed. The thesis focuses on the history of National Central University form 1927 to 1949, mainly including educational system, academic research, political culture in campus and so on. The items reflected the complex relation between state and intellectual. Besides, the thesis looks into some Chinese universities' issues, about the connotation and reality of nationalization of university, education by partification, academic freedom and faculty governance in context of Republican China. / 蔣宝麟. / Adviser: Yuen Sang Leung. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-03, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 276-288). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Jiang Baolin.

在托克維爾政治思想中，民主一直是核心的議題，也引發大西洋兩岸知識界熱烈的爭論。直到今天，政治、學術、新聞等各界仍經常引用他的觀點。本文即就托克維爾有關民主體制的思想進行研究，並發現可分梳為民主社會一般傾向、民主社會潛在的腐化危機，及民主體制存續之道三個面向進行討論。而這三個相關的部分，更可就其內在邏輯整合而成共和主義研究途徑。 首先，在民主社會的特徵及其發展方面，托克維爾認為民主社會強調國民主權及身份平等，雖然使社會充滿活力；但也易於衝動，缺乏遠見，造成庸俗的中產階級政治。同時在資本主義及工業革命影響下，可能會形成個體主義，使得人際關係疏離，且對公共事務冷漠；也造成物質主義，只想追求物質享受。大多數勞工也會有異化現象，淪為工作的奴隸。不過，民主社會也會發展出諸如結社、地方自治等鍛鍊政治自由的機制，提供個體自主性及公民性格寬廣的公共領域。托克維爾並主張國家利用宗教、法律培養公民參與的熱情與美德。這種觀念下的國家對人生計劃並不中立，顯現共和主義多於自由主義的立場。 其次，在民主體制潛藏的腐化危機方面，托克維爾指出三種可能形式。一是因身份平等可能切斷封建社會原有的社會紐帶，使得個體孤立無援，必須服從統治的多數，終而導致一種多數專制─以一種社會一致性窒息個體的思想。二是因公民追求物質主義過甚，竟而完全退出公共領域，並召喚一種保護性權力，在民主自由的形式下，溫柔親切地奴役人民。此亦即民主專制。三是在民主革命初期或資本主義發達之後，必將出現中央集權。國家為解決工業社會複雜的問題，因應人民龐雜的需求，在多數授權下集中所有權力，破壞了政治自由得以維繫的各種機制。 第三，在民主體制的維繫方面，托克維爾的主張也充滿共和主義的色彩。例如，為使公民保持自由的技藝，他認為，公民應參與鄉鎮自治、結社（特別是政治結社）、陪審團。而在培養公共精神的美德方面，托克維爾強調宗教的重要性。藉由教條式信仰，宗教可培養公民認識「適當理解的自利原則」。而且，民主社會也有賴宗教提供一種道德與知識的權威。在這一方面，女性公民扮演了傳承與複製的重要角色，因而在托克維爾的民主思想中也占有一席之地。 本文最後提出國民主權、身份平等、公私領域、社會共識等四方面的引申討論，進一步分析托克維爾共和主義式的民主思想，對當前主流民主理論所能提供的貢獻。此外，也依個人見解評論其不足之處。 / Democracy has always been a core concept and a controversial issue in Tocqueville’s political thought at both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Politicians, scholars as well as journalists still quote Tocqueville’s points at the present time. This thesis studies Tocqueville’s democratic thought, and analyzed it in three aspects: the general tendency of democratic societies, the potential danger of corruption in democratic societies, and the maintenance of democratic system. With the interlock between these aspects, this thesis integrated them into an approach of republicanism to Tocqueville’s democratic thought. For the first aspect, Tocqueville believed that with the emphasis on popular sovereignty and equality of condition, democratic societies will bring themselves diversified vitality. However, the societies will also be passionate and myopic, as the characteristics of mediocre bourgeois politics. Influenced by capitalism and industrial revolution, the prevailing individualism in democratic societies results in social alienation, public apathy and overwhelming materialism. Most workers will degrade into slaves of their works. On the other hand, democracy will promote associations, local self-governments which provide public spheres to practice autonomy and citizenship through the art of political freedom. Furthermore, Tocqueville requested the states to cultivate the passion and virtue of civic participation by means of religion and law. States under this requirement is not neutral toward citizens’ life plans, and seems more republican than liberal. For the second aspect, Tocqueville pointed out three possible forms of corruption from democratic societies: majority tyranny, democratic tyranny and centralization. First, majority tyranny results in extreme exploitation of equality of condition which cut off the original social bonds in feudal societies, hence isolate the individuals and render them totally helpless but to obey the ruling majority. Majority tyranny stifles citizen’s originality with social conformity. Secondly, mainly on account of materialism, citizens would escape into private life and material happiness, and moreover give away thoroughly public affairs to a tutelage power to enslave people gently within the liberal democratic form. That is democratic tyranny. Thirdly, centralization will present itself definitely, either during the early stage of democratic revolution or after capital economy is delivered. In order to solve the complicated problems in industrial societies, respond to a lot of diverse demands, the state concentrate all the power under the delegation of the majority, and destroy all kinds of mechanism which sustaining the art of political freedom. For the third aspect, Tocqueville offered republican solution to the maintenance of democratic system. He thought that citizens should take part in township self-governance, associations (especially political associations) and the jury. He also emphasized the importance of religion in teaching the virtue of public spirit, as well as cultivating the knowledge of “the principle self-interest properly understood” by dogmatic belief. In the same way, religion affords ethical and intellectual authority to democratic societies. In this regard, the female citizens play so important part of sustaining and reproducing these ethical and intellectual lessons that Tocqueville had to illuminate the role of women in his democratic thought. In addition to these interpretations, this thesis presents four related concepts for further discourse: popular sovereignty, equality of condition, public and private sphere and social consensus. Based on these discourses, the thesis evaluates the merit and deficiency of Tocqueville’s thought of republican democracy.

本文旨在探討精省之後的中央與地方於權限所生之衝突。以法制研究途徑，檢視現行法律規範中關於權限劃分之方式及內容，分析其缺失；對於權限衝突之內容、爭點，以文獻分析、歷史研究與比較研究的方法，從相關法律、實務運作與學說見解等角度，進行下述之探討： 一、 從權限劃分制度，探討我國均權制度形成背景( 中山先生對於集權分權 主義的省思)、內涵(權限劃分之原理原則)，以及現行憲法關於權限劃分 相關規定，尤其對於造成權限衝突根源的第十章劃分方式與均權理論加以分析並檢討;進一步介紹美國、德國、日本與英國之權限劃分制度與經驗，以作為吾國制度的借鏡與學習。 二、 地方自治是否為憲法保障之制度，將影響地方自治團體與國家間之關 係，及其運作與呈現方式。藉由探討地方自治之憲法理論，明瞭地方自治的意義、本質、保障之重要性，以及地方自治團體的任務與高權，進而對照並分析我國地方自治法制化歷程，方能理解地方自治在我國因實踐經驗與程度之不足所造成今日中央與地方衝突之時空背景。 三、 對精省後中央與地方權限衝突中最具代表性的四大面向-自治事項與委 辦事項之釐清、立法權、人事權與財政權，深入分析現行法制的規範缺 失、明白實務操作之情形與落差，並探討學說爭議，以發現衝突所在。 (一) 、自治事項與委辦事項之釐清部分: 從憲法、地方制度法與專業法律中關於權限劃分之規定加以析論;自治事項與委辦事項的定義、意義，在學說與實務的看法與相關問題均加以分析，繼而提出判斷標準，再從其影響範圍肯定區分兩者之必要性。 (二) 、立法權限之衝突部分: 認識立法權體系與內涵，探討其與中央立法權之範圍、界限與法律位階之爭議；自治監督引發之衝突常為造成中央與地方施政受礙或關係破劣之因，故監督之方式與實施，以及救濟管道，均為探討所在。 (三) 、人事權限之衝突部分: 最大爭議為中央一條鞭體制的專屬管轄問題，故而將一條鞭制度之意義、由來、實施與適用範圍、與地方行政權之爭議先予以釐清，再反省改進之道；並介紹我國人事權之沿革，從三個時期(自治綱要、自治二法、地方制度法)之法制加以分析；探討人事權今日爭議的處理與解決機制，並從最具爭議代表的警察人員的任免與遷調、消防人員之人事管理與體制問題、政風人員考核與懲處問題等深入析論。 (四) 、財政權限之衝突部分: 財政為庶務之母。今日財政爭議不免因中央本位主義心態，不重視地方分權而造成，故須正視地方財政分權的價值。從中央與地方財政權之規範法源，探討財政收支劃分法的理念、演進與內容。對於當前財政權衝突問題分別由收入、支出與調整面深入剖析，其中對於課稅權之設計、造成地方財源困窘因素、統籌分配稅與補助款本身的問題與爭議，尤為探究重點，並呼籲建立正確之財政分配理念以為解決財政權衝突之基本理念。 四、 嘗試對於精省後中央與地方權限衝突類型化，藉由近年爭議最具代表 性，且受矚目之案例(里長延選案、健保釋憲案、地方民意代表費用支給及村里長事務補助費補助條例與地方自治權之關係、中央與地方在教育權限之衝突、各級地方選舉委員會為隸屬中央選舉委員會之疑義、財團法人許可設立及行政監督與管理的問題、公益彩劵發行權之收回中央爭議、台北市擬定之「台北市資訊休閒服務業管理自治條例」與台北縣原擬定之「台北縣民宿輔導管理自治條例」的「核定」問題)共通性歸納為「中央函令與地方立法權限衝突」、「中央立法與地方立法並執行衝突」、「中央立法並執行與地方立法並執行衝突」與「地方先立法，中央後來居上立法權之疑義」四大類型。深入分析衝突原委，並提出己見。 五、 自美國、德國、日本與英國之解決機制作為借鏡與參考，尤重視自治經 驗相仿的德國、日本的法制；主張權限衝突之解決當有事前之預防機制與事後解決機制的處理，前者乃治本之道，須從檢討並健全法制著手，且須重視地方有效參與;後者為必須及時建立之機制，鑑於我國已有的機制基礎，提出行政爭訟與權限爭議調解委員會雙軌制的新思維，以及強化爭訟途徑的構想。 六、 綜合四大面向的研究心得，以期發現造成中央與地方權限衝突的「五大 衝突原因」----自治事項與委辦事項難以釐清、地方自治意識之覺醒與高漲、政黨因素、監督法制未成熟與欠缺落實大法官揭示事前參與機制研究等，作為探討衝突問題後之研究發現並提出能預防衝突又解決衝突的具體建議；以「三大建議」----權限明確劃分與精緻化、建設中央與地方參與夥伴關係、衝突解決爭訟機制之強化，作為本文探討精省後中央與地方權限衝突心得之建議。

教師申訴制度自民國84年運行迄今，已近十個寒暑。相關之法令規範是否完備？申評會在實務運作上，是否有其他的因應或變通作法？另外，理想之教師申訴制度，應該具備哪些要求？而現行制度之內涵是否具備這些要求？若有所欠缺，又應如何調整？ 本文乃結合法制規範與實務，就教師申訴制度進行全面性之研究與檢討。其中，在實務研究素材之選取上，係以中央申評會之相關見解、案例、組織與程序之實際運作情形，為主要研究對象。 本文認為，為貫徹憲法第16條保障訴願權之本旨，教師申訴程序亦應踐行「正當法律程序」。而其應具備「公平」、「公正」、「效率」與「公開」四項要求，始符合憲法保障之正當程序；並為理想之教師申訴制度。 觀察現行制度，本文發現教師法及評議準則之規範並不充足，而仍有許多疏漏。實務上為解決實際運作所遭遇之困難，雖然已自行發展出若干因應或變通作法，以填補規範之漏洞；不過，其補充尚有未足，且有些作法亦有待商榷。以致於教師申訴制度仍有諸多不符合上開四項要求之缺失而尚待改進。 本文認為，救濟制度應講求單純，而僅設立單一的救濟途徑，以避免衍生更多問題；另外，並應充分利用有限之行政資源，致力於此單一救濟途徑之完善化。因此，將來應以教師申訴作為教師唯一之行政救濟途徑，而排除訴願途徑；並以「強化申評會組成之公平與公正；追求程序進行之效率；配合適當資訊之公開」作為改革方向，追求公平、公正、效率與公開四項要求之均衡實踐！

學術研究機構向來是科技創新的主要動力來源，許多與人類生活息息相關的發明多半來自於學術研究機構此一孕育創新的搖籃。此外，一個國家的學術研究能量往往也反映了該國的技術能力與競爭力，因此世界各國無不投注大量資源於大專院校及研究機構，期望除了學術產出之外，亦能將原始的創新概念透過研發活動轉化為智慧財產，並進一步將其商業化，滿足市場需求，實現知識之最大價值。 我國之學術研究能量並不落於美、歐、日等主要技術領先國之後，從我國政府投注於學術研發活動之經費、歷年發表於SCI、EI等期刊論文以及取得美國專利之數量等科技發展成果指標便可說明此點，然我國於1999年通過與美國拜杜法案意義相當之科技基本法至今已滿九年，各學研機構之專利申請量雖有成長之勢，然而2007年實際之智慧財產權收益卻僅佔研發總投入費用的0.87%；2005年全國技術貿易額收支比僅達0.23，與美、日、英等國相較，實可謂差強人意，顯見我國在研發成果商業化上已面臨一定瓶頸。 在知識大爆炸方興未艾的二十一世紀，可以預見的是將有越來越多的研發成果持續產出，學研機構花費於取得並維護智慧財產之費用亦將持續提高，如何在產出的眾多研發成果及專利中，篩選出真正有商業化潛力之標的，以將有限的人力、時間、資金等資源投注於其上並轉化為實質的經濟效益，將是學研機構進行研發成果商業化時的重要課題；此外，在學研機構法人化之潮流下，若未來大學等學研單位須自行負擔大部份資金之籌措時，此一評估機制將更顯重要。另，在資訊高度不對稱的情況下，技術需求方難以辨認技術供給方之技術是否為適合之交易標的，因此若能建立一套商業化可行性評估機制，亦能使雙方間之資訊交流更為順暢，促進技術之移轉與商業化。 因此，本研究嘗試提出一研發成果商業化可行性評估機制，以供學研機構進行內部評估，使國內「悶住」的研發能量得以透過有效的評估機制而活化。又，由於不同科技領域所適用之商業化可行性評估方式將有所差異，而生物科技領域為二十一世紀科技發展中之重要領域，且列為政府政策下的重點發展產業之一，加以作者本身之相關學經歷背景，是以本研究選擇生物科技領域研發成果為討論之重點。 本研究分別從5W的角度來探討研發成果商業化可行性之評估機制，分別是進行商業化可行性評估之目的(Why)、進行商業化可行性評估之時點(When)、商業化可行性評估之執行者(Who)、評估所需資訊之取得(How)以及進行商業化可行性評估時所需考量之因素(What)，最後建立一研發成果商業化可行性評估機制，作為本研究之核心概念以及後續個案探討之依據。 此外，本研究針對研發成果商業化可行性評估之各項構面進行介紹，並提出學研機構於進行評估時在各構面應考量之重要項目與問題。依所建立之評估機制與架構流程，將評估構面分為技術、智慧財產、市場、法規與財務五大構面，並以技術與智慧財產構面為探討之重點。 由於本研究之研究對象為學術研究機構，且以生物科技領域為重心，故由大專院校、基礎研究機構及應用研究機構中各挑選一具代表性之單位作為個案研究對象，分別為國立陽明大學、中央研究院以及財團法人工業技術研究院，透過與各機構之研發成果管理專責單位進行訪談，深入了解其運作機制與現況，以期綜覽各類型學研機構之研發成果商業化可行性評估機制，並得出研究發現及建議。 根據個案研究之發現，本研究對於國內學研機構之整體建議，主要包括：研發成果商業化可行性評估機制應依機構之目的、性質、智財管理現況加以擬定；研發成果商業化可行性評估之構面應配合研發成果之性質及開發階段而設定，並以技術構面為基礎，智財構面為樞紐連結市場與法規構面之評估，最後以財務構面進行統合；而學研機構若欲採外部審查方式執行評估工作，須考量可能之缺失；此外，研發成果商業化可行性之評估應由具備跨領域能力之團隊加以執行，並應使具備產業經驗與市場背景之人員有一定程度之涉入；再者，生物科技領域研發成果因其本質上之特殊性，故於進行商業化可行性評估時，有諸多因素需加以考量；最後，政府可主動協助建立專業之機構或團隊，提供學研機構進行研發成果商業化可行性評估甚至後續之技術行銷服務，以有效符合規模經濟、範疇經濟與專業、客觀之考量。 / Academic and research institutes are the origins of technology innovation. Many of the significant inventions were devised in these cradles of innovation. Academic and research power can often indicates the technology capability and competency of a nation. Every government invests vast resources to universities and research institutes in order not only to make academic publication but also to realize the maximum value of the knowledge through converting the innovative ideas into intellectual properties (IP) and further commercializing the R&D achievements to meet the market needs. The academic researches in Taiwan can compete with the technological leading countries such as the U.S, Japan, and E.U. countries, in terms of some science and technology indicators like R & D expenditure, SCI / EI publications, and the number of U.S. patent granted. Nevertheless, the actual revenue generated by IP in 2007 was only account for 0.87% of the total R&D input and the coverage ratio of technology balance of payments was only 0.23 in 2005. The fact indicates that there were some barriers on the path of R&D commercialization in Taiwan. In the 21st century of knowledge explosion, it is predictable that more and more R&D achievements will be generated from academic institutes and the expenses devoted to the acquisition and protection of IP will keep rising. Therefore, it will become a critical issue in academic institutes to sieve out the targets of the higher commercial potential from numerous R&D results and patents so as to concentrate the time, human and financial resources on those targets for its further commercialization. Moreover, under the highly asymmetrical information situation during the technology trading, technology buyers have difficulty in identifying whether the technology is a suitable trading target or not. A well-established feasibility evaluation mechanism will also stimulate the interflow of information and promote the technology transfer and commercialization. Accordingly, this thesis will try to establish a feasibility evaluation mechanism (FEM) for commercialization of R&D achievements in academic institutes in order to activate the stuffy R&D energy in Taiwan. Biotechnology is one of the most important fields of technology in the 21st century and thus be the main concern of the discussion of this thesis. This thesis will investigate the feasibility evaluation mechanism for commercialization of R&D achievements on a “5W” basis, including the purposes of evaluation (why), the time of evaluation (when), the executives of evaluation (who), the information needed in the evaluation process (how), and the factors that should be taken into consideration in the evaluation process (what). Accordingly, a feasibility evaluation mechanism for commercialization of R&D achievements will be established as the central concept of this study and as the ground of follow-up case analysis. In addition, each aspects of feasibility evaluation as well as the significant issues and questions of each aspect will be illustrated in this study. According to the feasibility evaluation mechanism and framework established in this study, there are five main evaluation aspects including the technical aspect, intellectual property aspect, market aspect, legal aspect, and financial aspect. The main subjects of this study were the academic institutes in biotechnology field in Taiwan, the National Yang-Ming University, the Academia Sinica, and the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI). These institutes are chosen as the subjects of case study standing respectively for the higher education institute, basic research institute, and the applied research institute. By way of interviewing the personnel of R&D achievements and IPR management department in the institutes in question, the feasibility evaluation mechanism implemented by different types of academic institutes was investigated to delineate the key findings, followed up with some practical advices. The overall advices proposed by this study for the academic institutes in Taiwan were summarized as follows: (1) The feasibility evaluation mechanism for commercialization of R&D achievements should be devised in accordance with the purpose, the nature, and the IP management status of each institute. (2) The feasibility evaluation should be set to match up the development stage of the R&D achievements and take the technical aspect as the groundwork, IP aspect as the pivot connecting to the market and legal aspect, and the financial aspect as an integrated result. (3) Evaluation executed by external parties may be of some defects that should be taken into consideration. (4) The feasibility evaluation for R&D commercialization should be executed by multi-disciplinary team and the industry-experienced or market personnel should as well participate in the evaluation process. (5) Due to the characteristics of biotechnology, many special factors should be involved in the evaluation process. (6) The government may actively assist in setting up a professional organization or team to provide feasibility evaluation and even the further technology marketing services to meet the consideration of economies of scale/ scope, specialty, and objectivity.

隨著美國次級房貸衝擊世界經濟的影響不斷擴大，各國政府對於全球景氣的提振，莫不推出各種拯救方案。同時，為使相關拯救政策的效果得以發揮，各國央行莫不競相調降基準利率，以減輕投資者與消費者的資金成本壓力，企求藉此增加企業的投資意願與民眾的消費慾望，進而促使經濟景氣得以反轉為多。然而，欲使一國貨幣政策發揮其效果，除了社會大眾對於通貨膨脹預期的心理是否可以獲得消弭外，更重要的是央行貨幣政策傳遞管道是否暢通，是否對於整體經濟情勢仍具有相當的控制能力。而這些條件是否可以達成，而使央行貨幣政策確實可以發揮功效，其最主要的關鍵點除了與其所採行的貨幣運作機制有密切關係外，央行的獨立性、權責性與透明性的良窳更是具有決定性的因素。 然而，就臺灣而言，我國中央銀行法自一九七九年重新訂定後，僅於民國一九九七年大幅修訂，且於二ＯＯ二年時小幅修訂部分條文。但面對目前金融情勢變化快速與國內政治局勢的動盪，條文中對於有關央行獨立性地位的確認與央行權責性暨透明性的提昇等等現代化中央銀行所需具備的前提要件，卻似乎規範不甚明確。加以面對因金融自由化所造成市場中貨幣定義的模糊，以及貨幣目標制下政策效率不彰的困境，對於目前仍採行貨幣目標制做為政策執行架構的我國央行而言，其是否擁有其他可行的因應方式與選擇？是否需要追隨世界金融先進國家的腳步，更改目前的貨幣運作機制？是否通貨膨脹目標制對我國央行而言，具有執行上的絕對優勢？我國央行是否已經具備執行此項貨幣機制的相關必要條件？這些議題在國內相關文獻的探討中尚屬進一步探索的領域。故本文希冀透過對於我國央行獨立性、權責性、透明性以及其他主客觀經濟情勢的重新檢視，提出面臨的問題點以及可行的解決方案，以增進我國貨幣政策執行的有效性。 / With the more impacts on the economics in the world from the shocks of subprime-mortgage in America, many policies were proposed from every government to make the economic return the normal situation. For strengthening the effects of these policies, many central banks announced to cut the key interest rates. Because they wish could lighten the enterprises’ and consumers ‘costs of the capital by these policies, and then make them increasing the desires of the investments and consumptions to let the whole economic situations back to good ones. However, whether the monetary policies really have the effects or not, it depends on many elements, including if the central bank eliminates the expectations of inflation of the public or not, the monetary transmission channels could work successfully or not, the central bank could control the key economic variables or not and others seriously. Nevertheless, the monetary policy mechanism of this country, the level of independence, accountability and transparency of the central bank are the key factors that could influence these conditions work valid or not. In Taiwan, The Central Bank of China Act was amended in 1979. In 1997, this law was modify widely and revised few articles in 2002. However, these articles were not being considered how to make affirm the independence position of the central bank, and how to improve the accountability and transparency of the central bank to make the CBC meet the conditions of the modern central bank. Beside this, in the difficult status of the blurred definition of the money and of weakly effectiveness of the monetary policy in the monetary targeting framework, whether the CBC which still adopts the monetary targeting to be the main monetary policy mechanism has any choices to break these problems or not ? Whether the CBC needs to follow the advanced countries to alter the monetary policy mechanism to the inflation targeting framework? Whether the CBC could get more benefits to adopt the inflation targeting? And whether the CBC could meet all the preconditions of the inflation targeting? These issues are so important but not to be discussed in domestic academic literatures. Therefore we want to review the level of the independence, accountability and transparency of the CBC and other economic conditions to see the problems of the monetary policy mechanism in Taiwan. And then, we will provide the feasible suggestions to these problems to improve our monetary policy effectiveness.

本論文運用史學、統計與GIS繪圖法，自表至裏，自應用至體制，再至緣由，論述1895～1945年50年間臺灣預防接種史之開展、歷程與引發原因。論證臺灣人用疫苗發展歷史超過百年；日治時期臺灣住民已廣泛接種多量疫苗；臺灣諸免疫界變革不可忽視日本人事體制。 全文首先以法定之傳染病為例，論證疫苗在臺灣民間應用之普遍。首先論述最早在臺灣實施，作為全民接種開始，且採皮上切種之天花種痘，其官方制度演變、於民間推展方法、技術變革與臺日差距（少），以及從統計面所見之臺灣高接種率（社會高免疫力）、低天花感染率和死亡率，和1900年代一遇疫情風聲，即立刻實行臨時接種或擴大定期接種之防疫定制。其次論述血清型疾病預防注射。如1900年鼠疫接種，是臺灣最早由官方執行較大規模針式＼侵入性皮下預防注射之始。但1904年後因花費金額高、人體副作用大而少在臺灣實施。再如霍亂，1902年臺灣已應用霍亂血清，1916年較大規模實施＼實驗，1919～1920年國際霍亂大流行更極力推廣，兩年間，每年各有百餘萬人接種，是各地臺灣人普遍認識和接種預防注射針之始。1918～1920年流行性感冒，確切菌種和傳染原因等等均未知；但當第二波疫情較集中且嚴重時，官方已鼓勵配合副致死病因如肺炎球菌等，實施預防注射，與今日流感疫苗類似。其後，對霍亂或流感使用預防接種之防疫法，終日治結束均為常例。又如流行性腦脊髓膜炎，自1917年臺灣出現購買疫苗案例後，該疫苗自1920年代起即大量應用，1930年代後之接種人數更屢以十萬或百萬為單位。而臺灣1935年前所謂流行性腦炎或腦炎，常是指流行性腦脊髓膜炎；流行性腦炎或腦炎預防接種，實際指流行性腦脊髓膜炎接種。以上各種疫苗大量應用，至約1920年代已形成官方一遇疫情即立刻接種地積極、強力防疫定制，亦影響臺灣該等傳染病感染率和患者死亡率，以及官民對上述傳染病恐懼態度轉變。 繼應用面，本文次論人事、體制之制度面發展。首先，臺灣在1902～1905年，先後出現在臺灣設置血清藥院聲音、鼓勵細菌血清學研究、設置牛疫血清作業所、起議在臺實施全新生兒種痘和創設中央科學研究所。1916年開始製販血清疫苗，擇製本島常見菌種、強調「賣捌」非「販賣」，此後製品種類陸續增加。臺製疫苗亦供應沖繩和中國等等臺灣以外地區。1922年起，臺灣不再製造牛疫血清，改由朝鮮提供防疫之常備用品；1939年士林廠房完工，臺灣開始製造乾燥和精緻血清疫苗。另就中央衛生部人事和業績比較，細菌血清類研究和專任人力常多居各研究單位之首，1920年代達高峰；1930年代研究比重雖看似降低，然其負責人員數量、製劑內容和販賣數量，卻更深刻且快速進展，故臺灣中央一直重視免疫醫學或細菌學研究。而使臺灣於各階段發生細菌學興起、開始製販血清疫苗、研製機構體制和製品製程改變原因，首先，使細菌學、免疫學和血清研製機構在臺展開，首須歸因後藤新平和高木友枝等臺灣首長個人意識，以及其背後穩固之內務省衛生局（行政）、傳染病研究所（技術）和眾議會（審議）等人事資源和總體意向，並因人際網絡使臺灣得參酌美國作法。1916年臺灣開始製販血清疫苗，源自1914年傳研移管；擇製某類型製劑且限定專賣，則為前期人事派系延續和檢定制度便宜之計。傳承人事脈絡與社會局勢，再配合新發地政治社會需求，使1920年代後期起中央研究所人事漸變化，來自地方者再回歸地方，中央日益學術、大學化。最極致表現是1936～1939年中央研究所成為臺北帝大附屬和東大傳研化。此外，臺灣與海外各血清疫苗單位有連絡互通；臺灣是日本諸外地中最早大量製販各種血清疫苗者；也是日本國境內，極少數可以帝大附屬研究所之姿製販血清疫苗者。 / The dissertation aims to use historical data a long with GIS methods to explore the vaccination prevention to certain infectious diseases in colonial Taiwan (1895 – 1945). The smallpox vaccination was the earliest vaccination has been practiced in Taiwan. The change of polices and influstructure in cowpox manufacture revealed how the vaccination adminstration transformed and shaped local society. With the cowpox vaccine popularized, the immunity was gained as well as the low infection and mortality rate after 1910s implied its effectiveness. Secondly, the plague vaccination in 1900~1904 was the first big-scale preventive injection by the Taiwan official, but rarely injected after 1904 due to the high cost and side effects. following that, the cholera serum was often used in scale in 1916 which 3 million people received injecttion during 1919~1920, a period of cholera pandemic. One effective that cholera imunizationleft was that Taiwanese strated to accept needle injection a way of vaccinated prevention. The pandemic influenza invaded Taiwan in 1918~1921but the etiology was unknown currently. As the second wave of the epidemic occurred, the authorities began to pay attention and encouraged people to take injection from indirect causes of death such as pneumococcal. This injection strategy was applied in the whole Japanese ruled era. The epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, since its vaccination reported in 1917, was larger implemented in the 1920s, then greatly practiced after the 1930s. Furthermore, the epidemic encephalitis or encephalitis named after Taiwan before 1935 usually referred to the epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis. Therefore, the epidemic encephalitis or encephalitis vaccination actually meant the meningococcal meningitis vaccination. In general, most implementation of vaccination appeared around 1916 progressed in 1920s and prevalently practiced after the 1930s. The police of vaccination brought down the infection and mortality rate in Taiwan a long withthe attitude of acceptance to immunization injection among people. Furthermore, Taiwan set up a professional animal serum factory and established the Central Science Institute of Taiwan Governor in 1903. In 1916, Taiwan started to make and sell serums and vaccines to the public which indicated the vaccination were already prevalent among Taiwanese. The govenemnt monopolized the sale of vaccines and the products could however offer to China and other places. In 1939, Taiwan went a step further to manufacture the dried vaccine, toxoid, and anatoxin. The phenomenon above implied various meanings. First, the promotion of bacteriology, immunology and serum in Taiwan were based on personal commitment by Gotou Shinpei (1857-1929) and Takagi Tomoe (1858-1943). With their connection to the Bureau of Sanitation of the Ministry of Interior, the Institute of Infectious Diseases (Kitazato Shibasaburou, 1853-1931), and House of Representatives, their works might link to the Rockefeller Institute which brought strong trust to the developing of bacteriology. In 1916 the attempt to produce and sell vaccine was a side-effect deriving from the domentic friction of the Institute of Infectious Diseases in 1914. It caused by the struggle of the administrative and resources, the dispute of practical and academic, and maturates of the bacteriology; lead to the essentially open to the serums and vaccines market in Japan and its foreign lands, included Taiwan. Taiwan closed to the faction of Kitazato. Soon after, the great spread of infectious diseases in 1918-1921 bright the emergency to apply and manufacture of biologics in 1920s in Japan and all of its territories. Taken the impact, the Central Research Institute of Taiwan Governor changed its infrastructure and products in the 1930s. It is worth noting that the Central Research Institute of Taiwan Governor and the Taiwan Medical Specialized School became branches of the (Taipei and Tokyo) Imperial University in 1936-1939, for the necessity of dried vaccine, toxoid, and anatoxin.

近年各方對探討「知識」(knowledge)的興趣方興未艾「知識」乃為一種「流量」的概念，即知識可以在知識的擁有者與接受者之間相互交流；對知識擁有者而言，是一種選擇性「推」的過程，對知識接受者為「拉」的過程，當二者平衡時，則產生最適的流量。也就是說，知識擁有者並非完全願意將知識傳授給予知識接受者，即使接受者一味的想學習知識，但若擁有者不願將知識傳授給接受者時，也無濟於事；反之，即使擁有者願意傳授知識給接受者，但接受者沒有任何學習意願時，也無法達到知識學習的目的。學者認為日本企業的成功來自於傳播新知的共識，即將知識在企業內廣泛的分享，供參與者取用；正是這種雙重的內部與外部活動不斷刺激日本企業持續創新，而形成日本企業的競爭優勢。所以，組織宜透過一些機策來激勵員工去吸收外界的知識，並能提昇成員分享知識的意願。因此，對「知識分享意願」課題的深入探討有其相當的重要性。 本研究是在探討組織內知識擁有者個人分享的意願，因此分析單位界定在「個人」。一般而言，從事主管職位者，多半是因為具備多年經驗，並充分了解部門的專業知識，且可以將之傳承與部屬，所以，本研究假設，部門中較具備知識與經驗者為「部門主管」；因此，理論架構建立是以「主管」做為探訪對象，即以部門主管的角色（「知識擁有者」）來探討對部屬（「知識接受者」）知識分享的意願。但因各產業與各部門所涉及的知識迥異、產業特性差別甚鉅，所以在實證上為了降低上述因素的干擾，擬將以「單一產業與部門－銀行業的放款部門」為研究對象。 本研究根據相關理論的探討與實務的觀察，發現影響分享意願的因素應該可以歸整為三種層次來探討；第一層次為個人層次的影響，其次為人際層次的影響，第三層次則為組織層次的影響。依據上述三種層次建立影響知識分享意願的理論架構。 個人層次的影響是認為主管的人格特質決定主管的行為特性與思維方式的特性，因此，影響主管知識分享意願。人際層次的影響則從人際間的「信任」與「權力」的長期互動觀點來探討。若以長期觀點來探討部門主管對部屬的信任感時，發現部門主管對部屬的信任感影響該主管對部屬的知識分享意願，即當信任感越高，則對部屬的知識分享意願越高，進而影響未來知識分享的行為；而該行為則對主管的權力會造成影響，一旦此影響為正面時，即對部門主管有利，則主管對部屬下一時點信任感程度會提高；反之，影響為負面時，則主管對部屬下一時點的信任感程度會降低。而部門主管對部屬下一時點的信任感會影響下一時點的知識分享意願。因此就縱斷面的探討，本研究認為影響部門主管知識分享意願的因素可以分由兩部份來加以討論，一為當部門主管考慮是否分享知識予部屬時，該「主管對部屬的信任感」會影響主管對部屬的知識分享意願；另一方面，部門主管在考慮是否分享知識予部屬時，該主管會「預期知識分享後對主管權力的影響」；當部門主管預期知識分享對其權力的影響為正面時，則對部屬知識分享的意願會提昇，反之，當預期對其權力的影響為負面時，則為部屬知識分享的意願會降低。本研究並進一步探討「主管對部屬的信任感」與「預期知識分享後對主管權力的影響」前因變項。組織層次的影響則認為文化藉由影響我們的行為模式而影響我們的工作行為，組織的文化與其組織成員息息相關；其中「組織文化」界定在該部門成員的行為模式與該企業組織可以觀察的制度為主。 本研究以銀行放款部門主管作為研究對象的實證結果發現，雖然人格特質的差異造成個人行為的差異，但行為是由情境所決定，即有時會因為雙方的互動行為，形成行為的差異，故分享性人格特質對知識分享意願的影響效果並不顯著，而主管與部屬互動中所產生的信任感與知識分享對主管在公司地位的影響是形成主管對知識分享意願差異的主要因素，前者之影響程度甚過後者。因此，即使該主管並不具備分享的特質，但因與部屬的互動關係良好，則主管仍願意分享知識予部屬。 因此主管將知識分享予部屬，雖會危及主管在部門中之地位，但當部門主管認為部屬行為一致性越高，該部屬對主管所做所為皆是有利，使得主管越願意對部屬抒發個人情感，則部門主管認為該部屬會對其造成不利影響的機率越低，因此主管願意承擔將知識分享與該部屬後，可能產生的不利影響，所以部門主管越願意將知識分享予該部屬。而影響主管是否信任該部屬的首要條件為該部屬與主管的親近程度，其次，影響主管信任該部屬的條件是對主管絕對的服從、盡力維護主管利益，因為此類型部屬不論在任何情況下，皆會以主管的立場與利益來考量。至於工作能力與工作態度越佳的部屬，則工作績效越佳，能全力以赴完成目標，因此主管可以放心將工作交付與該部屬，所以主管對該部屬信任感高。 影響主管願不願意分享知識予部屬另一考慮因素為知識分享後是否會對主管在組織中的地位有所影響，包括能使主管被部屬認同的程度、使高層主管對部門主管重視的程度或主管被部屬取代的可能性以及是否容易找尋其他替代的部屬。其中，主管最重視的是預期知識分享後，部屬處理事務態度越積極者，則可加速問題的解決，進而越能提昇部門績效，使得該主管越會受到高層人士的重視，越能提昇主管在銀行的地位，即升遷機會增加，則主管越願意分享知識予該部屬。至於組織制度對於主管知識分享意願的影響方面，根據銀行授信部門主管為研究對象的整體影響結果顯示，組織層次的影響效果雖與理論一致，但相較於主管與部屬人際關係對知識分享意願的影響效果，其影響效果並不顯著。

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(B) 課題番号:17330001 研究代表者:杉浦 一孝 研究期間:2005-2007年度