2015年3 月，IHS市場調查公司預估由於太陽能光伏企業繼續整合併購有利於市場擴大佔有的連動關係，使得大者恆大，而且平均售價快速下降，驅動市場需求更加高速增長，2020年全球太陽能光伏電站累計安裝量將達到500GW，比較2005年的5.3GW有如天壤之別，同時說明往後五年每年平均安裝64GW，也代表全球投資在太陽能光伏產業的資金每年高達1500億美元，依次中、美、日三國為領先主要投資在新能源建設。再查看平均售價（太陽板光伏模組）2005年價格約為3.5USD/W，隨著市場逐漸增大，預估價格也在2014年降至0.6USD/W。2015-2019年全球總產值將達到5120億美金（以太陽能光伏電站為基礎，系統價格160萬USD/1MW）。 雖然兩岸太陽能光伏產業共同面對一個極具規模及潛力的全球市場，但由於2010-2012年間供需失衡，產能過剩，急速下降的市場平均售價，歐美許多公司工廠因此關廠倒閉，進而對兩岸進行兩次所謂“雙反”–反傾銷Anti Dumping Duty及反補貼Counter Vailing Duty調查，最後判定對矽晶太陽能光伏產品加以處罰性進口關稅。依照WTO世界貿易組織規定會員國在面臨外國進口產品進行不公平競爭，並損害其國內產業時，可以採取救濟措施保護其國內產業，“雙反”就是措施手段之一。2014年大陸也針對美國多晶矽料實施53-57% Anti-Dumping Duty作為反制，目前中美雙方仍處在對峙中，但可預見隨著市場條件改變，將可能達成某種雙方可接受的妥協。 本研究把兩岸太陽能光伏產業競合策略放在上面兩個最大的標題之間及緊迫的時間軸上面，針對兩岸各自產業都已掉入虧損情況（第四章大陸與台灣個案研究），期待從競合策略的積極面（合作是為了創造新生價值，找出潛藏利益，甚至創新價值、價值整合，再爭取自己所創造的價值），加上絲毫不能忽視國家政府在文化、歷史、民族的角度及ECFA大框架協議的前提進行分析得到結論，並且做出建議。當兩岸太陽能光伏產業共同面對普遍存在的“雙反”又同時面向全球市場，台灣在思考競合策略的時候，必須認清在經濟層面上與韓國進行幾乎全面各產業競爭。特別關於時間緊迫，本研究認為無論從面板產業、IC設計產業，都已經說明台灣的技術優勢在快速流失，而大陸方面正傾全國之力加速超前，形成自主（紅色）供應鏈。換句話說，時間完全不在台灣這一邊，如果再對比韓國可以配合大陸的合作條件，台灣更沒有猶豫片刻，佇足不前的理由和本錢了！在非經濟層面上又擁有最好的文化、歷史、民族背景跟大陸進行合作，另外在更高的政治層面的考慮，如臺灣之小，大陸之大，夾存在中日美三個強國之間，臺灣的選擇應該是非常清晰可分辨，並且在極度的時間壓力下應該積極運用國家政府有效作為，盡快在ECFA大框架協議下推進各項服貿、投保、金融協議、導引兩岸太陽能光伏從企業、產業到國家組合全面互利互惠合作達到面向全球市場雙贏局面。 / 2015 March, IHS market survey company forecasts Average Selling Price (ASP) will decrease rapidly and drive much higher demand growth rate, due to the Photovoltaic industries continue merger and acquisition. The forecast also indicates global accumulated installation capacity will reach 500GW in 2020, compared with 5.3GW in the year of 2005 which displays promising growth, meanwhile averages yearly installation capacity of 64GW in next five years and yearly investment of 150B USD globally. When looking into price details that PV module selling price of 3.5USD/W in 2005 has dropped to 0.6USD/W of 2014 which translates gross product value of 512B USD, with price reference of 1.6M USD/1MW solar power system. Both sides of the Taiwan Straits are facing a huge potential but challenging global market of Photovoltaic industries. The period of 2010-2012 not only generated the peak of demand, also induced problematic over-supply and selling price free-fall. Factories in Europe and North America are forced to become insolvent, then claimed for the restricting of import with Anti Dumping Duty (ADD) and Counter Vailing Duty (CVD) against mainland China and Taiwan, according to WTO regulations. In the year of 2014, mainland China also initiated a reactive measures of ADD against polysilicon imported from USA. Currently mainland China and USA are still struggling the head-on situation, but are believed to reach a compromise solutions under the Photovoltaic market development. We study the issue of Anti Dumping Duty (ADD) and Counter Vailing Duty (CVD) for the example of Photovoltaic industries, covering both sides of Cross-Strait. We focus Co-opetition in terms of time pressure, each side reporting business loss and propose a very constructive and active strategy as the essence from Co-opetition (Creating Value that You Can Capture is the Central Theme in Co-opetition). Of course, we should never ignore government playing a critically influential role based on culture, history, Chinese nation and forward-moving ECFA positive impact. When generally evaluating Co-opetition strategy, we clearly see the competition every corner between Taiwan and Korea. Specifically about time pressue we realized the reversal happened in the industries LCD flat panel and IC design which mainland China assures to catch up and surmount Taiwan in short future. Taiwan can not afford any hesitation and miss the narrow window of creating and capturing our own value in Co-opetition with mainland China. We worry as well Taiwan’s dilemma situation between USA, Japan and mainland China and strongly believe that the best strategy, in addition to the essence of Co-opetition is to harmonize the relationship with mainland China in all the possible areas. So that when facing global market, a win-win result can be expected, through Co-opetition central theme.

本研究探討中國大陸紅色供應鏈之定義、形成背景、目的，並分析其對台灣與韓國的影響與因應策略，預期作為雙方堆動相關政策之參考依據。本研究定義紅色供應鏈為：中國大陸以國內生產的產品取代以往依賴進口的中間財，進而占領全球價值鏈中附加價值較高的地位，終致創造中國大陸主導的全新國際分工型態。本研究採用雁行模式與重商主義、自由主義等國際政治經濟理論的觀點分析紅色供應鏈，研究發現紅色供應鏈為加速調整雁行模式國際分工型態的主因之一，亦對台灣與韓國的政治經濟造成相當程度的衝擊。根據本研究分析中國大陸經由資本累積與技術進步階段、產業與技術升級階段、追趕與超越階段形成了紅色供應鏈。本研究透過面板產業、半導體產業、智慧型手機產業等台灣與韓國的主力產業為例探討紅色供應鏈對兩國經濟層面造成的影響，並提出近期實例推測紅色供應鏈於政治層面可能引起的交互作用。 / This study tries to analyze with the so-called China’s ‘Red Supply Chain’, which is defined as ‘the strategy that forms a new structure of China-led international specialization or division of labor through substituting imported intermediary goods with its domestic ones as well as occupying more higher added-values in the global value chains. It also aims at understanding such political economic changes’ impacts on the industries and domestic politics of the China’s major trading partners— Taiwan and South Korea. Based upon the theories—mercantilism, liberalism, and flying-geese model in international political economy, we find that this political change plays a significant role of opportunity as well as threat to the foreign relation between China and its two major neighbors. Such an argument is supported by the three case studies on display, semiconductor, and smartphone industries, which are seriously influenced by the China’s Red Supply Chain; first, in economic perspectives and second, in political perspectives. This study contributes to understanding the political economic interactions between China and its two neighbors that urgently deals with the changes and impacts from Red Supply Chain in comparative perspectives.

以科技業而言，由於近來創業風潮蔚為風行，同時新創企業的數目也蓬勃增加，但是要如何永續發展，成為穩定生存的企業，還有很多需要努力及進步的地方。另外一方面，台灣各個科技大廠多數面臨創新動力及幅度不足的困境，始終處在代工的階段，毛利無法提升，故近來也有許多科技大廠積極找尋新創企業標的購併或合作，以期提升企業未來之競爭力。 本論文旨在研究新創企業及大型科技企業於供應鏈上的互動，大型科技企業該如何找尋正確之標的並且不影響原業務內容以及新創企業須具備哪些核心技能以期公司持續發展。本研究個案以Q公司以及N公司為個案案例，其中大型OEM/ODM系統廠Ｑ和硬體新創企業N的合作是為研究重點，因兩者的合作並不符合一般的直覺思維，Q公司必須要犧牲規模經濟才得以進行Q公司之產品製造，所以本研究透過資源觀點的學說，如資源基礎理論、資源優勢理論、資源相依理論等進而從外部環境到內部資源分析，可以發現因為環境因素的促使，導致Q公司與N公司形成互利的相依共生關係。 / Recently in technology industry, due to the recent upsurge of entrepreneurship, the number of start-ups has also increased vigorously. However, how to achieve sustainable development and become a stable and viable enterprise has a lot to do with efforts and progress. On the other hand, most of the Taiwanese technology firms are faced with the lack of margin and innovation power. They are still in the stage of foundry work and the gross profit can not be improved. Recently, many technology companies are keenly searching for the merger or cooperation of the new startups in order to maintain the future competitiveness of enterprises. The purpose of this paper is to study the interaction between start-ups and large-scale technology enterprises in the supply chain. How can large-scale technology enterprises find the right target and do not affect the original business content and what core skills the start-up enterprises should have in order to keep the company going. The research case is based on the case of Q company and N company. The cooperation between the large OEM / ODM system Q and the hardware start-up enterprise N is the focus of the research, because the cooperation between these two is not in line with the general intuitive thinking. It is necessary to sacrifice the Q’s scale economy to carry out the N company's product manufacturing, so this study will go through the resource point of view, such as resource-based theory, resource advantage theory, resource-dependency theory to analyze the external environment to internal resources. Simply saying the result can be conclude because of the relationship between environmental factors, resulting in Q company and N company to form a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship.

隨著科技進步，金融已突破傳統金融模式框架，各個產業都能透過新的金融模式，提供相關服務，提升產業內的財務效率。晚近發展的供應鏈金融（Supply Chain Finance, SCF）就是以銀行、放款機構針對特定核心企業及其上下游企業提供金融產品、服務的一種融資模式，讓資金可以靈活的在供應鏈中流動，讓一些規模較小的企業，不會受到資金不足的限制。供應鏈金融與傳統信貸業務最大的差別在於，透過核心企業的信用能力評估，來分擔對中小型企業訊息不對稱所產生的風險，讓中小企業獲得的充裕資金，以利供應鏈的發展。 國際間已經有類似成功的案例，例如墨西哥國家金融發展銀行（NAFIN）連結美歐大型通路業者與其國內中小企業而成的融資平台是世界銀行所推崇的案例。NAFIN直接取得美歐大型通路業者的應付帳款資訊，並利用此資訊做為向國內中小企業收購應收帳款及提供貿易融資的依據。該平台是利用歐美大型通路業者的高信用，來降低小供應商的違約風險，是一個建構在大型通路業者（核心企業）和供應商之間跨國家的供應鏈金融平台。 透過供應鏈金融為基礎，整合資金需求者、資金供應者及增值服務者三大業者。近年電子商務、互聯網、區塊鏈、大數據等技術的成熟，讓金流、物流相繼與網路平台連結，供應鏈金融因此也有新的發展。2017年3月鴻海集團旗下金融服務平台子公司「富金通」攜手中國網貸（P2P）平台「點融網」共同宣布，推出「鏈結金融」（Chained Finance）平台，率先搶進此市場，透過區塊鏈、互聯網整合而成供應鏈金融平台，初期將業務鎖定於電子製造業、汽車業和服裝業等三大產業的中小企業。由此，便可看出各界對此服務發展潛能的重視。

本研究之個案公司其專業於微波通訊零組件之代理銷售，及配套完整測試方案之整合。目前公司市場範圍延伸至商用與消費性市場，且合作夥伴分佈在台灣、大陸甚至歐美各國。企業面對全球化競爭，若要在世界經濟舞台上扮演重要角色，其中關鍵成功因素之一就是供應鏈夥伴建立緊密的關係。 以本研究之個案公司而言，其專業於微波通訊零組件之代理銷售，及配套完整測試方案之整合。近年來行動世代的崛起，更加速無線射頻通訊技術的革新，目前公司市場範圍延伸至商用與消費性市場，且合作夥伴分佈在台灣、大陸甚至歐美各國，因此供應商與客戶之間的合作與公司策略有密不可分的關係。 本研究藉由個案分析方法，得到以下結論：(一)供應商攻入客戶需掌握的要點，包括己之能力與價值、客戶需求、與客戶達成之共識並發展解決方案、服務之擴大與產品之提升。（二）供應商對於穩固客戶關係需考量之因素，包括產品品質、產品價格、產品交期、服務與信賴關係、進入障礙。 透過本研究結果作為供應商訂定營業策略時的參考，藉以提升供應商能力，增加攻入客戶的機會，並加強客戶與供應商的互動，提高客戶忠誠度並維繫客戶關係，以期獲致最大利益。 / The case company specialize in sale agent in microwave communications components, and supporting complete solution. Currently, the company extend its marketing range to the commercial and consumer markets, it has partners in Taiwan, mainland China, Europe and the United States. Companies face global competition, each of them wants to play an important role on the world economic stage. The key is to establish a close relationship to supply chain partners. This study explores how the case company meets clients needs by their own ability and value on the basis of Resource-Based theory. The relationship between companies and their clients is a special “strategic partnership”. The relationship let company make good use of the core competitiveness in procurement process, maintain a dominant position, thereby affect the clients or industry. This study using case analysis has the following conclusions: (a) There are five points in establishing relationships with clients by supplier, including “our own ability and value”, “clients need”, “the consensus with clients and develop solutions with clients” and “expand the services and products”. (b) There are five points in solidifying relationships with clients by supplier, including “product quality”, “product price”, “product delivery”, “service and relationship of trust”, “barriers to entry”. Suppliers can formulate strategies through the conclusion to enhance its capability, increase the chance of establishing clients, enhance interaction between clients and suppliers, increase clients loyalty, maintain relationship with clients and earn more profit.

由於國際連鎖速食業地區經營者（Market Operator）的主要資本投入，包括：原料採購、餐飲設備投資、設計裝修、人員訓練、以及租用不動產時，都牽扯到被陷入或轉換成本偏高的問題，以致對於既有資源供應商之續約談判時處於不利的地位。 　　本研究主要從交易成本理論、陷入成本及專屬資產、買賣方之交易關係等理論解析國際連鎖速食店的地區經營者提高取得上述資源的議價能力（Bargaining Power）的管理策略，並透過業界專家實證其可行性。 　　經研究結果顯示，國際速食連鎖業地區經營者可以從「降低專屬陷入成本的投入」、「促使主要供應商投入專屬資產」、「善用其他交易影響者的力量」等三個方向來提高議價能力，並可根據資源特性的不同，而採取不同的策略行動。

本篇論文主要探討新創科技公司產品創新分工網路之現況與績效，新創科技公司之兩大核心資源為創新與技術。公司成長與獲利通常來自技術商品化之價值，一般而言公司很少可完全依賴內部資源進行獨立創新。創新社群以技術為核心，社群中的組織必須顯著地參與一項新技術的商品化工作，主要辨認指標是垂直互補性資產與資訊流通。產業分工網路是企業內部組織和企業彼此間的結合型態，用以產生附加價值，其價值鏈活動是透過良好的協調以造成差異化或成本降低。資訊科技是改變價值活動的執行方式及價值鏈活動中各種連結的性質，影響競爭範圍並塑造新產品。 本研究以國內研發新產品或技術之新創科技公司為研究對象，以個案方式運用分析模式將企業之內外在因素、SWOT及產業能力作深入分析，並訪談中小企業實證研究分工網路活動，探索新創科技公司產品創新分工網路之現況以及產業系統(研究/製造)供應鏈績效，研究結果發現： 1、台灣產業仍屬於「不完全的概念設計與試製生產分離型」分工網路。新創科技公司之產品普遍缺乏品牌形象，且因資源缺乏，無法以全球市場為行銷對象，在設備上的投資、產品與製造的選擇上沒有自主性，限制台灣人才的創新能力及新創科技公司之成功。 2、新創科技公司在產品創新上提昇產品之附加價值，製程上依賴中小企業的「專業分工」及「彈性互補」，充分利用體系資源，調整出最佳效率。但在成熟市場中，採取追隨者的競爭腳步以及成本領導策略，因此無法將產品附加價值回饋於產業分工體系。 3、台灣中小企業普遍在資訊化方面嚴重落後，無法在新的且分散化的產業分工中，以虛擬、組織模組化的分工原理運作，因此人工成本優勢喪失後，其「彈性」、「快速」的核心競爭能力亦在衰退中。 4、中小企業與新創科技公司因價值鏈之市場顧客面不完整，以供應鏈管理觀點檢討發現：管理方法、產品流程、風險與獲利架構、文化與態度觀念、變革升級等構面皆尚待加強。 / I his thesis is mainly in finding out the reality and performance on the network in division of labor for product innovation of a technology startup company. The two core resources of a technology startup company are innovation and techniques. The growth and earning of such company normally come from the value of technology commercialization. Generally, such company could hardly rely on its internal resources completely for independent innovation. Innovative community centers on techniques and the community organization must involve in the commercialization of a new technique significantly, and the main identifying indicator is the vertical complementary assets and the information flow. Industrial network in division of labor is the connecting pattern of the international organization of a business entity with other business, which is for creating added value. The value chain activities are made through sound coordination to generate differentiation and cost-down.Information technology is for changing the performing manner value activities,as well as the natures of connection among various chain activities. It serves to affect the scope of competition and to form new products. This research targeted at the technology startup companies involved in the research and development of new products or new techniques, and case study approach is employed to analyze the internal and external factors of a company,SWOT and industrial capacity with analytical modes. Face to face interview with medium and small enterprises were conducted to empirically demonstrate the activities of the network in division of labor, and to investigate the reality and industrial system (research / manufacturing) supply chain performance of new innovative network in division of labor. The findings are: 1.Industries in Taiwan are still in the stage of“Incomplete Conceptual Design and Pilot Production Separated Network in Division of Labor”level.Technology startup companies are generally lack of brand image. And, with the lack of resources, they are unable to target at the global market for marketing. There is less autonomy in the investment in equipment and options of products and manufacturing. These have limited the talents in Taiwan in their innovation capability and the success of technology startup companies. 2.The technology startup companies promote the added value of their innovative products, and in manufacturing, they rely on the specialization and flexible complement of medium and small enterprise to adjust to the best efficiency by fully utilize the system resources. However, in a matured market, they adopted the follower approach and cost-lead strategies, that they could not feed back the added value of products to the system in division of labor. 3.Generally the medium and small enterprises are having serious information gap, that they are unable to employ the diversification principle in the new and spread-over industrial diversification with virtual, organization modular.Therefore, after losing the labor cost advantage, the core competitiveness in flexibility and speed are also in their way down. 4.Medium and small enterprise, and the technology startup companies have the short of incomplete customer dimension in their value chain, it is found,in the view point of supply chain management, they need to strengthen and improve their managerial approach, product flow, risk and profit structure,culture and attitude and changes and upgrading. Subject Terms (Key Word)： - technology startup company - technology commercialization - network in division of labor - innovation community - value chain - supply chain management

本研究旨在探討老年人寂寞及其相關因素模式。主要目的為：一、編擬老年人寂寞量表，以測量老年人寂寞。二、瞭解我國老年人的寂寞現況並比較不同背景變項之老年人在寂寞上的差異情形。三、建立人格特質（神經質與外向性）、自覺健康狀況、社會關係數量、社會供應（情緒共同感、價值肯定、社會共同感）與寂寞（情緒性寂寞與社會性寂寞）之間的結構方程模式，以瞭解變項之間的路徑關係。 為逹以上目的，本研究採用問卷調查法，以702位老年人為研究對象，施以「人格特質量表」、「社會關係量表」、「自覺健康狀況量表」，修訂之「社會供應量表」、自編之「老年人寂寞量表」等量表，並以描述性統計分析、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、結構方程模式進行統計分析。研究發現：1.老年人寂寞量表經因素分析，可區分為情緒性寂寞與社會性寂寞。2.我國老年人的寂寞程度為中度偏低，社會性寂寞顯著高於情緒性寂寞。3.不同年齡、性別、婚姻狀況、參與社團與居住狀況的老年人在寂寞上有顯著差異。4.去除解釋力低的自覺健康狀況，人格特質、社會關係數量、社會供應與寂寞所建構之結構方程模式的適配度獲得支持，可以有效解釋相關變項間的關聯性。 最後本研究根據研究結果進行討論，並對諮商實務及未來研究提出建議。 / The purpose of this study was to develop a 「Loneliness Scale for the Elderly」 and to explore loneliness and related factors in the elderly. Moreover, this study created the structural equation model of personality traits（neuroticis / extraversion）、quantity of social relationship、self-perceived health status、social provision（emotional togetherness / reassurance of worth / social togetherness）and loneliness（emotional loneliness / social loneliness）in the elderly, which served the purpose of illustrating the linear structural relationships among the relevant variables. The participants in this study were 702 elderly people in Taiwan. Research instruments included Personality Traits Scale、Quantity of Social Relationship Scale、Self-perceived Health Status Scale、Social Provision Scale, and Loneliness Scale for the Elderly. The collected data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and structural equation model. The findings were as follows: 1. Two factors were extracted from the Loneliness Scale for the Elderly by factor analysis, they were emotional loneliness and social loneliness. 2. The level of loneliness among elderly was moderate and social loneliness is significantly higher than emotional loneliness. 3. There were significant differences in loneliness among different age groups, gender, marital status, group participations, and living arrangements. 4. The structural equation model of personality traits、quantity of social relationship、social provision and loneliness in the elderly could explain the relationship among main variables. Based on these findings, some suggestions were made for practice and future research.

本研究所欲探討的主題，為國內 ISP 業者降低客戶流失率所採用的做法。由於目前ISP業競爭十分激烈，各業者為了爭奪市場，常常以低價，乃至於不計成本的做法爭取客戶。然而這些虧本爭取的客戶若不能有效的留住，之前的投資可為白白浪費。因此，如何能夠有效的降低客戶流失率，是ISP業者非常重要的課題。 降低客戶流失的可行手段之一，是提高服務品質，讓客戶滿意於供應商的服務而樂於長期使用。另一種方式則是產品之鎖定機制 (Lock-in) 的運用，使客戶一旦購買某一項服務，因受到產品機制的鎖定而提高轉換成本，而不願轉換 ISP。一旦ISP能夠以適當有效的做法降低客戶流失率，就能以各種即使沒有利潤乃至於虧損的做法先吸引客戶進門，再由後續的服務回收應得的利潤。也唯有如此，ISP業者才能在嚴酷的競爭中存活。 本研究透過瞭解 ISP 產業之特性與類型；對台灣的十一家具有代表性之ISP業者，調查與整理其服務品質，以及所使用的產品鎖定機制；探討服務品質高低與市場佔有率之關係，以及不同類型之 ISP 所採用之做法的差異，並給予不同的改進建議。主要的研究結論如下： ◆ 高品質的服務有助於大型ISP業者維持市場佔有率，同時對於中小型業者的市場佔有率提昇有所助益。反之，低服務品質對於ISP維持市場佔有率有不利的影響。 ◆ 同時有助於吸引新客戶與維繫舊客戶的服務要素，以及可直接增加營收，或是減少成本的服務要素，為ISP優先重視之項目。 ◆ 服務品質領先之業者與落後者的差異，主要為交易中的服務要素。 ◆ 大型與中小型ISP在服務品質有差異之項目上，大型業者具有絕對領先優勢。兼營IDC業務之ISP與純ISP，在服務品質有差異之項目上，兼營IDC之業者具有絕對領先優勢。 ◆ 簡單之產品鎖定機制最受到ISP業者的歡迎。

在電子商務的環境中，透過資訊科技的使用與通訊網路的連結，將會有愈來愈多的產品或服務需求者透過新興的電子化媒體 (如網際網路) 來尋找可行的交易互動夥伴，進而完成交易。因此，交易結構□每一份子間的互動關係，將面臨新的衝擊與挑戰。而納入電子商務觀念的供應鏈管理，將是以資訊科技與通訊技術為基礎的新領域，在此一領域中，供應鏈可以簡單地概念化成三部份：即產品/服務的供給者 (賣方)、產品/服務的需求者或是消費者 (買方)、及提供兩者溝通服務的資訊服務提供者。而在三者間，除了存在著生產與配送過程中既有的物料流/產品流、服務流及完成交易所必須的金流之外，更重要的是還有提供控制機能的資訊流。如何有效地管理與利用資訊流便成為供應鏈管理成功與否的關鍵性因素，而企業也因此產生了對於資訊服務的需求。 因此，本論文的目的在於發展出一個完整的研究體系，以針對傳統供應鏈中之供需雙方與資訊服務業之間的關係，發展出一個供需互動模式，以使電子商務環境中資訊服務的供需雙方能夠據此制定重要的決策與策略。此一體系包含了以下三個子體系：概念體系、評估體系、以及規劃體系。在概念體系的部份，本研究將透過文獻探討，針對供應鏈中的供需者 (可被視為資訊服務的需求者) 與資訊服務提供者，發展出一個整合的概念性互動模式，此一模式將解釋各個體之目標與其行為屬性，而這些目標與屬性也將成為後續評估及規劃體系發展的基礎。而後續兩個體系的發展，將以資訊服務的供需互動為研究主體。就評估體系而言，本研究將分別使用加法型 (層級分析法) 與非加法型 (模糊積分法) 方法來發展評選資訊服務提供者的多準則決策模式。而根據上述的結果，決策者便可針對其手邊現有的可選擇方案，來進行評選。一旦評選結果確定之後，決策者便可與其進行後續的供需互動。至於規劃體系的部份，則是要分析供需雙方如何根據自身的目標與資源限制，經由資訊的分享與交換，與所選取的夥伴進行互動。根據供需關係的型態及供需互動的主導者這兩個分類的標準，本研究將供需互動分成四種不同的狀況來探討。而透過模糊二階多目標規劃模式與多階段解題流程圖的應用，我們可以分析供需單位間如何透過資訊的交換以進行互動，並解釋互動所可能出現的結果，亦即失敗或成功。最後，本研究也將使用一個簡例來說明模式的可用性。 第一章 緒論…………………………………………… 1 第一節 研究動機與背景………………………… 1 第二節 研究目的………………………………… 3 第三節 研究方法與發展流程…………………… 5 第四節 論文結構與內容………………………… 6 第二章 文獻探討……………………………………… 7 第一節 電子商務………………………………… 7 壹、電子商務之定義……………………………. 7 貳、電子市場……………………………………. 12 第二節 供應鏈管理……………………………… 15 壹、供應鏈管理之定義………………………… 15 貳、關係的管理與分析………………………...… 17 參、買賣雙方之供需關係………………………... 21 肆、資訊服務提供者之中介……………………... 24 第三節 個體之目標與行為……………………… 29 壹、供應鏈管理之整體目標……………………... 29 貳、供給者 (賣方) 之立場……………………… 32 參、需求者 (買方) 之立場……………………… 35 肆、資訊服務提供者之立場…………………… 39 第三章 研究模式與方法……………………………… 49 第一節 研究模式………………………………. 49 壹、研究定位與個體定義………………………. 49 貳、供需互動模式………………………………. 51 參、研究範圍與分類架構………………………. 52 第二節 研究類型與步驟………………………… 54 第三節 評估方法論……………………………… 58 壹、因子分析……………………………………... 58 貳、加法型多準則評估…………………………. 59 參、非加法型多準則評估………………………. 61 肆、方案績效值的取得………………………… 63 第四節 規劃方法論……………………………… 70 壹、多目標規劃法…………………………… 70 貳、二階規劃法…………………………………. 73 第四章 評估面之研究 – 資訊服務提供者之評選…… 78 第一節 樣本特徵與資訊服務之使用現況……… 78 第二節 評選資訊服務提供者之準則分析……… 81 壹、評選準則之敘述統計分析………………… 81 貳、評選準則之因子分析……………………… 82 參、後續之效度驗證程序……………………… 90 第三節 多準則評估與決策體系之建立………… 93 壹、加法型多準則評估 – 層級分析法………… 93 貳、非加法型多準則評估 – 模糊積分法……… 97 參、實例說明與比較……………………………. 99 第五章 規劃面之研究 – 供需互動模式之發展…...….. 103 第一節 各種供需互動之說明…………………. 103 第二節 供需互動模式之發展………………… 106 壹、問題特性與解題流程……………………… 106 貳、互動規劃模式之建立……………………… 107 參、不同關係型態對互動過程的影響………… 113 第三節 簡例說明……………………………… 117 壹、背景說明…………………………………… 117 貳、問題求解過程說明………………………… 118 參、討論………………………………………… 125 第六章 結論與建議…………………………………… 127 第一節 結論……………………………………… 127 第二節 研究限制與困難………………………… 129 第三節 未來發展方向…………………………… 130 參考文獻………………………………………………… 131 附錄一………………………………………………………… 141 附錄二………………………………………………………… 145 附錄三………………………………………………………… 150 附錄四………………………………………………………… 153 附錄五………………………………………………………… 155 附錄六………………………………………………………… 163 附錄七………………………………………………………… 165 博士候選人簡歷……………………………………………… 172 / In the environment of Electronic Commerce (EC), there are more and more demanders of products or services looking for available interactive partners of transaction through the burgeoned electronic media (such as the Internet), who then complete transactions with the use of information technology and the connection of communication networks. Therefore, the interactive relationship between each member in the transaction structure will face new poundings and challenges. And the supply chain (SC) management, which fits into the notion of EC, will be a new field based on information technology and communication infrastructure. Within this field, the SC can be simply conceptualized into three parts: (1) Those act as the suppliers of products and services (the sellers), (2) The demanders or consumers of products and services (the buyers) and (3) the information service provider (ISP) which provides the information service for both parties. Among these three parties, in addition to the material/product flow and service flow existed in the production and distribution processes together with the financial flow required of accomplishing transactions, what is more important is the information flow that provides control function. Thus, how to effectively manage and use information flow becomes a key factor for successful SC management. As a result, the needs from enterprises for information service arise. This dissertation aims to establish a complete research system which helps develop an interactive supply-demand model for SC in EC, especially focusing on the relationship between the demanders and suppliers of information service. The research system includes three sub-systems: system of conceptualization, system of evaluation and system of planning. The system of conceptualization develops an integrated conceptual model to depict the interactive supply-demand relationship within SC. This model explains the objectives and the behavioral attributes of every individual, which then become the foundation of follow-up development of the systems of evaluation and planning. As for system of evaluation, this paper uses both additive (Analytic Hierarchy Process) and non-additive methods (Fuzzy Integral) to develop the multiple criteria decision making model for evaluating and selecting ISPs. In accordance with the results above, decision-makers are able to evaluate and select from alternatives on hand. Once the evaluation result is confirmed, decision-makers can proceed with the follow-up supply-demand interaction. As for the planning system, analysis of how supplier and demander of information service interact with each other according to their objectives and resource constraints is carried out. This dissertation also divides the supply-demand interaction into four different situations according to the type of relationship and the dominance. Through the application of fuzzy bi-level multiple objective programming (fuzzy BLMOP) technique and the multi-stage problem solving flow chart, we can analyze how the supply and demand units interact with each other by exchanging information and the possible outcomes of interactions can be explained. Finally, this dissertation illustrates the applicability of the fuzzy BLMOP model with a simple example.