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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
91

政策網絡中弱勢團體的地位和影響--以原住民參與能丹國家公園設置之規劃過程為例 / The position and influence of miniority--In case of aborginal participated the formulation of Nan-Dan National Park

黃仁俊, Huang Chen Chung Unknown Date (has links)
本研究嘗試結合政策網絡與新制度論的分析,描述與解釋民主國家中弱勢團體在政策網絡的地位與影響。 透過對政策網絡的文獻檢閱,本研究提出結合政策網絡與新制度論的分析架構,將弱勢團體在政策網絡中的地位與影響分為正式網絡關係與非正式網絡關係,以及網絡形成與網絡互動兩部分以進行分析。 除基礎理論辯證外,本文以原住民參與能丹國家公園設置的規劃過程為個案,分析原住民團體在先天上不對等的資源與地位下,如何透過制度設計以及相關的社會建構,影響網絡中的互動過程以及政策產出。 在個案研究中,將分析與「設置能丹國家公園」相關的正式規則,包括憲法、原住民委員會、國家公園法,以及相關社會建構的非正式規則,如何對政策網絡的形成以及規劃過程造成影響。 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究動機 第二節 研究問題 第三節 研究目的 第四節 研究範圍 第二章 文獻檢閱 第一節 決策過程中弱勢團體地位的理論回顧 第二節 政策網絡理論(Policy Network Theory)的概念 第三節 政策網絡研究的發展 第四節 政策網絡與政策結果 第三章 建立政策網絡之決策模型 第一節 連結政策網絡與政策產出的分析架構 第二節 結合新制度論與政策網絡之理論辯證 第三節 政策網絡形成---正式與非正式網絡關係 第四節 政策網絡中政策過程 第四章 個案分析-以能丹國家公園設置問題為個案 第一節 研究設計 第二節 國家公園與原住民關係之文獻檢閱 第三節 能丹國家公園設置之政策網絡形成 第四節 能丹國家公園設置之政策網絡互動過程 第五章 結論 第一節 研究發現 第二節 研究建議 / The research attempt to describe and explain the position and influence of minority in policy network of democratic state by combined the Policy network theory and New institutionalism. The research bring the framework of linking the Policy network theory and New institutionalism to divide the position and influence of minority into formal network relations and informal relations, network shaping and network interaction. Except discussing the foundational theory, the research cites the aboriginal participated the formulation of Nen-Dan National Park for case study. To analysis how can aboriginal effected the policy output though they are the minority.
92

同性戀者權利平等保障之憲法基礎 / On Equal Protection for Lesbian and Gay Men

張宏誠, Maurice Hong-cheng Zhang Unknown Date (has links)
本文旨在探討於我國憲法架構下,同性戀者的權利保障議題。期以引介國外相關學說與法制,解決我國日漸浮現的相關爭議。 第一章,緒論。說明研究動機與研究範圍,並揭櫫科際整合的研究方法,兼採社會學等其他學門對於同性戀議題的既有研究成果,作為法學研究的背景。 第二章以憲法平等權保障為核心,從美國聯邦最高法院所建立的三重審查基準,討論其於「性傾向歧視」案件的適用。研究發現,對於同性戀者所為的差別待遇,基於「代表強化論」等政治程序參與保障、構成違憲「可疑分類」與根據從社會學等理論,同性戀者與異性戀者並無不同,應享有同等基本權利的憲法保障,除非政府所為分類具有一「優位」政府利益,且手段與目的緊密關連,否則應屬違憲。值得注意的是,美國聯邦最高法院於Romer v. Evans一案中揭示「本質原則」(per se rule),於立法者「惡意」對「孤立的弱勢族群」,根據偏見予以全面性不利的差別待遇,法院即得直接認定違憲。本文認為此項平等權審查途徑的突破,仍有其適用上的爭議與缺陷,其影響有待進一步觀察。 其後,針對「同性性行為」的除罪化,與「同性婚姻」的合法化等兩個當前最具爭議性,與同性戀者生活關係密切的問題,本文嘗試以第二章所建立的理論基礎,檢視其正當性。第三章討論同性性行為的除罪化。首先以社會生物學反駁同性性行為的「不自然論據」。其次,基於「自由主義」的「傷害原則」,除非對第三人造成傷害,否則對性行為均不應加以管制。再者,針對管制同性性行為的「雞姦法」,論者雖謂該法並非僅就同性戀者加以處罰,然,實際上處罰者確均為同性戀者,況立法本意往往隱涵對同性戀者的偏見等,此即與憲法平等權保障相悖,應屬違憲。惟,美國聯邦最高法院於Bowers v. Hardwick一案中則肯定該法的合憲性,本文亦就該項判決予以批判。最後則就台灣同性性行為管制或相關立法與行政措施之現狀,提出修法建議。 第四章討論最具爭議的「同性婚姻」合法化問題。研究發現,同性婚姻於本文第二章所提出自由主義傷害原則,以及平等權理論之下應予合法。首先,駁斥反對者所提出的「滑坡理論」等諸項疑懼。其次,剖析美國司法實務就同性婚姻所提出的若干論據,發現,其於同性戀者的刻板印象,深受「同性戀恐懼症」所影響,均屬情緒性反應與理所當然的偏見,是項見解,亦於夏威夷州最高法院所為指標性判決得到回應。此外,比較全球各國對同性婚姻保障的制度,「準婚姻」及「登記伴侶」等制度雖然給予同性戀者若干保障,本文認為,此項制度仍凸顯同性戀者有異於異性戀者,婚姻的形式意義與實質保障均應爭取之。基於平等權理論,國家應該提供人民相同的法律保障,既然並無禁止異性戀者合法結婚,亦不應該禁止同性戀者結婚。 第五章則總結研究發現:一、從美國聯邦最高法院、歐洲人權法院、加拿大最高法院,乃至於聯合國人權委員會對於同性戀者權利保障議題的關注,而於「亞洲人權憲章」草案中,亦明白規定對於同性戀者的平等保障,對同性戀者的人權保障,已為全球逐漸形成的共識。以比較法的觀點而言,不同法律制度所形成的理論,亦在同性戀人權保障議題上,獲得相互引證與批判,有助於理論的成熟發展。二、本文提出同性戀者權利保障的理論基礎,雖然從不同學門理論、自由主義、政治哲學等出發,然而最終關注的焦點仍在於憲法平等權保障的理念。而相關理論於晚進各國司法實務上已見採納與實踐。三、雖然台灣社會目前對同性戀者權利保障議題,其問題意識形成與公眾討論仍未熱烈,關注議題與焦點亦較未全面性深入。本文認為,法律於社會改革具有其功能,從法律與平權運動的互動,呼籲有識者重視司法途徑以解決法律限制,並提出修法建議與審查基準,作為立法機關制訂法律與法院(包括大法官)審查相關議題的參考。 關鍵詞:同性戀、隱私權、平等權、審查基準、同性婚姻、自由主義、社會建構論、法律經濟學、同性性行為、防衛婚姻法。 目次 中文摘要 英文摘要 表次 第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………………………1 第二章 同性戀者權利保障的理論基礎…………………………………………27 第三章 同性性行為的除罪化……………………………………………………115 第四章 同性婚姻的合法化………………………………………………………164 第五章 結論:同性戀與憲法-兼論台灣同性戀者權利保障的未來…………240 參考書目……………………………………………………………………………247 附錄……………………………………………………………………………………I 詳目 第一章 緒論 1.1 研究動機………………………………………………………………………………………1 1.2 問題意識:同性戀議題的法學發問基礎……………………………………………………9 1.2.1 同性戀者在憲法基本權利主體的定位…………………………………………………14 1.2.2 同性戀者權利保障的議題取向與理論基礎……………………………………………15 1.2.3 憲法平等權審查基準的建立……………………………………………………………16 1.2.4 同性戀者權利保障的終極關懷:後續法律關係的確定與爭端解決…………………17 1.3 研究方法………………………………………………………………………………………18 1.3.1 科際整合的研究途徑……………………………………………………………………19 1.3.2 比較法的研究方法………………………………………………………………………21 1.4 本文架構:從理論到實用,從私領域到公領域……………………………………………24 第二章 同性戀者權利保障的理論基礎 2.1 理論前提:社會建構論的觀察………………………………………………………………27 2.1.1 同性戀:一個歷史的偶然?……………………………………………………………28 2.1.1.1 古代西方文化中的同性戀………………………………………………………28 2.1.1.2 古代西方文化以外的同性戀……………………………………………………30 2.1.1.3 近代文化中的同性戀……………………………………………………………32 2.1.1.4 中國傳統文化中的同性戀………………………………………………………33 2.1.1.5 同性戀醫學定義的歷史演變……………………………………………………36 2.1.2 同性戀的釋疑:同性戀(者)的刻板印象及現代科學的解釋………………………37 2.1.2.1 對同性戀(者)的刻板印象……………………………………………………38 2.1.2.1.1 同性戀危害社會………………………………………………………38 2.1.2.1.2 同性戀者無法生殖,對人類繁衍構成威脅…………………………39 2.1.2.1.3 同性戀者對兒童與青少年構成威脅…………………………………40 2.1.2.1.4 同性戀者的生活方式並不幸福………………………………………41 2.1.2.1.5 同性戀者性關係複雜…………………………………………………42 2.1.2.1.6 同性戀等同愛滋病……………………………………………………43 2.1.2.1.7 同性戀破壞宗教道德,影響社會安定………………………………44 2.1.2.1.8 同性戀者要求特殊權利………………………………………………44 2.1.2.1.9 同性戀對家庭構成威脅………………………………………………45 2.1.2.1.10 小結…………………………………………………………………46 2.1.2.2 現代科學的正面回應……………………………………………………………46 2.1.2.2.1 同性戀並非病態………………………………………………………46 2.1.2.2.2 同性戀作為一種精神疾病﹕從歷史的角度來看……………………48 2.1.2.2.3 同性戀從精神疾病除名………………………………………………50 2.1.2.2.4 同性戀的成因…………………………………………………………53 2.1.2.2.4.1 x染色體上的發現………………………………………55 2.1.2.2.4.2 生物醫學的研究:荷爾蒙與腦部構造變異……………56 2.1.2.2.4.3 後天環境論………………………………………………56 2.1.3 社會建構論對於同性戀的意義…………………………………………………………57 2.1.3.1 異性戀主義:同性戀刻板印象的形成與同性戀恐懼症………………………57 2.1.3.2 Foucault的社會建構理論………………………………………………………58 2.1.3.2.1 現代概念下的同性戀:一個性文化的興起…………………………58 2.1.3.2.2 Foucault的性理論……………………………………………………59 2.1.3.2.2.1 坦白是性之根本…………………………………………59 2.1.3.2.2.2 性科學……………………………………………………60 2.1.3.2.2.3 權力關係…………………………………………………61 2.1.3.2.2.4 建構主義…………………………………………………62 2.1.3.2.3 Foucault對性概念的重建……………………………………………62 2.1.3.2.3.1 性是否已成為一個不夠用的概念﹖……………………62 2.1.3.2.3.2 快感與慾望………………………………………………63 2.1.3.2.4 Foucault的性與同性戀政治觀………………………………………63 2.1.3.2.5 Foucault對同性戀關係的詮釋:友誼…………………………………64 2.2 自由主義的哲學基礎與隱私權保障…………………………………………………………65 2.2.1 同性戀者自由的界限:「俄芬登報告」的論爭………………………………………66 2.2.2 白紙上的墨漬:傷害與容忍的法的詮釋………………………………………………68 2.2.2.1 憲法上保障基本權利的性質及其界限…………………………………………69 2.2.2.2 傷害原則的具體化:憲法第二十三條的適用…………………………………69 2.2.2.3 基本權利的「容忍」義務?……………………………………………………70 2.2.2.4 同性戀的傷害性?………………………………………………………………70 2.2.2.4.1 破壞社會?回應社會解構論…………………………………………70 2.2.2.4.2 破壞家庭生活幸福……………………………………………………71 2.2.2.4.3 同性性行為容易傳染疾病……………………………………………72 2.2.2.4.4 小結……………………………………………………………………73 2.2.3 當代自由主義者的理論對於同性戀議題的實用………………………………………73 2.2.3.1 John Rawls的「政治自由主義」:權利的道德基礎與優先性…………………73 2.2.3.2 Ronald Dworkin的「倫理的自由平等」…………………………………………75 2.2.3.3 Joseph Raz的「至善論者自由主義」……………………………………………76 2.2.3.4 法律道德主義的「圍城」:德國戰後「新自然法」浪潮……………………77 2.2.3.5 自由主義法典範下對於同性戀者權利保障的危機……………………………79 2.2.4 理性與自治:自由主義下隱私權的保障目的…………………………………………80 2.2.4.1 理性的人:一個古老的哲學問題………………………………………………80 2.2.4.2 同性戀者是否為理性的人?……………………………………………………82 2.2.5. Richard Posner的「法律經濟分析」……………………………………………………84 2.2.5.1 功效主義與同性戀………………………………………………………………84 2.2.5.2 Posner的法律經濟分析與同性戀者權利保障…………………………………87 2.2.5.2.1 Posner的性理論與同性戀……………………………………………87 2.2.5.2.2 Posner理論的適用……………………………………………………89 2.2.6 小結………………………………………………………………………………………90 2.3 平等權保障……………………………………………………………………………………90 2.3.1 一個新歷史的開始:Romer v. Evans……………………………………………………91 2.3.1.1 背景事實與纏訟經過……………………………………………………………91 2.3.1.2 多數意見…………………………………………………………………………94 2.3.1.3 不同意見…………………………………………………………………………95 2.3.1.4 Romer案的評析及其影響………………………………………………………97 2.3.1.4.1 本質原則對於平等權審查基準的定位………………………………98 2.3.1.4.2 同性戀者在憲法上的定位不明………………………………………98 2.3.1.4.3 Hardwick案於Romer案的關係懸而未決……………………………99 2.3.1.4.4 民主價值與憲法基本權利保障……………………………………100 2.3.2 同性戀者平等權審查基準的選擇……………………………………………………101 2.3.2.1 平等權審查基準的概說………………………………………………………101 2.3.2.2 從「性別歧視」主張同性戀者平等權:中度審查基準的適用………………102 2.3.2.2.1 性別歧視審查基準的早期見解……………………………………102 2.3.2.2.2 性別歧視的新視點…………………………………………………103 2.3.2.2.3 中度審查基準的形成………………………………………………104 2.3.2.2.4 「性傾向歧視」是「性別歧視」?性別角色的迷思………………106 2.3.2.3 同性戀作為「可疑分類」︰適用「嚴格審查基準」的坦途?………………108 2.3.2.3.1 缺乏政治力量………………………………………………………110 2.3.2.3.2 「隔離但平等」與「不同但平等」…………………………………111 2.3.2.3.3 與生俱來、不可改變的特徵…………………………………………112 2.3.2.3.4 小結…………………………………………………………………113 第三章 同性性行為的除罪化 3.1 從社會生物學看同性戀與同性性行為……………………………………………………115 3.1.1 社會生物學概說………………………………………………………………………115 3.1.2 社會生物學與同性戀…………………………………………………………………117 3.1.3 同性性行為是「不自然」?……………………………………………………………121 3.1.3.1 描述性的自然法則……………………………………………………………121 3.1.3.2 「人為的」就是不自然…………………………………………………………122 3.1.3.3 凡是不常見或不正常的東西不自然…………………………………………123 3.1.3.4 與一個器官或工具的主要目的或功能相反的使用方式不自然……………124 3.1.3.5 凡是不自然的就是不好的……………………………………………………125 3.2 各國管制現況與除罪化趨勢………………………………………………………………126 3.2.1 美國雞姦法在憲法上的爭議…………………………………………………………126 3.2.1.1 性行為管制的憲法爭議:隱私權的保障範圍…………………………………127 3.2.1.2 隱私權保障的負面教材:Bowers v. Hardwick…………………………………129 3.2.1.2.1 一個不存在的事實:事實與判決經過………………………………129 3.2.1.2.2 多數意見……………………………………………………………131 3.2.1.2.3 協同意見……………………………………………………………133 3.2.1.2.4 不同意見……………………………………………………………134 3.2.1.3 Hardwick案的評析及其對同性戀者平權運動的影響………………………138 3.2.1.3.1 本案應不應該受理?………………………………………………138 3.2.1.3.2 隱私權保障的目的…………………………………………………140 3.2.1.3.3 性行為受隱私權保障的範圍:滑坡論證的疑慮……………………141 3.2.1.3.4 創設基本權利類型的理由:歷史傳統?……………………………142 3.2.1.3.5 法律與道德的界限…………………………………………………142 3.2.1.3.6 Hardwick案對同性戀者權利保障的影響…………………………142 3.2.1.3.6.1 行為與地位的混淆……………………………………142 3.2.1.3.6.2 公領域與私領域的切割………………………………143 3.2.2 美國經驗的對照:歐洲國家與全球同性性行為除罪化的努力………………………143 3.2.2.1 歐洲同性性行為的管制歷史…………………………………………………144 3.2.2.2 歐洲人權法院的判決分析……………………………………………………144 3.2.2.2.1 保障範圍……………………………………………………………145 3.2.2.2.2 侵害類型與干涉程度………………………………………………146 3.2.2.2.3 比例原則……………………………………………………………149 3.2.2.2.4 「歐洲共識」…………………………………………………………151 3.2.2.3 同性性行為作為一種普遍人權………………………………………………152 3.3 我國關於同性性行為與刑法管制的可能議題……………………………………………154 3.3.1 刑法「性別意識」與「姦淫」、「猥褻」的定義……………………………………154 3.3.1.1 同性戀及其性行為的刑法評價………………………………………………154 3.3.1.2 刑法的性別意識………………………………………………………………155 3.3.2 合法性行為同意年齡…………………………………………………………………160 3.3.3 後天免疫症候群防治條例與性行為告知義務………………………………………162 第四章 同性婚姻的合法化 4.1 同性婚姻的歷史與正反意見的陳述………………………………………………………166 4.1.1 婚姻的意義及其對同性戀者的重要性………………………………………………166 4.1.1.1 不只是「婚姻」…………………………………………………………………166 4.1.1.2 同性戀社群內部對婚姻的爭論………………………………………………168 4.1.2 同性婚姻的歷史………………………………………………………………………170 4.1.3 反對同性婚姻的主要理由及其反駁…………………………………………………171 4.2 同性婚姻在各國的憲法爭議與法律實踐…………………………………………………173 4.2.1 美國同性婚姻的憲法爭議……………………………………………………………173 4.2.1.1 同性婚姻的爭訟………………………………………………………………173 4.2.1.1.1 Baker v. Nelson………………………………………………………173 4.2.1.1.2 Jones v. Hallahan……………………………………………………175 4.2.1.1.3 Singer v. Hara………………………………………………………176 4.2.1.1.4 Adams v. Howerton…………………………………………………179 4.2.1.1.5 Dean v.District of Columbia(Barry)…………………………………181 4.2.1.1.6 小結:結婚權的憲法意義……………………………………………182 4.2.1.1.6.1 隱私權與結婚權………………………………………182 4.2.1.1.6.2 結婚權與婚姻的社會意義……………………………183 4.2.1.2 Baehr v. Lewin(Baehr I)…………………………………………………………185 4.2.1.2.1 事實及爭訟經過……………………………………………………185 4.2.1.2.2 多數意見……………………………………………………………185 4.2.1.2.3 協同意見……………………………………………………………187 4.2.1.2.4 不同意見……………………………………………………………187 4.2.1.3 Baehr v. Miike(Baehr II)………………………………………………………190 4.2.1.3.1 事實及爭訟經過……………………………………………………190 4.2.1.3.2 法院意見……………………………………………………………191 4.2.1.4 Baehr二案的評析及其影響……………………………………………………193 4.2.1.5 「防衛婚姻法」的合憲性………………………………………………………194 4.2.1.5.1 「防衛婚姻法」的制定與其內容……………………………………195 4.2.1.5.2 「防衛婚姻法」的合憲性:Romer一案的適用……………………196 4.2.1.6 平等的極致:「滑坡論證」的失序挑戰………………………………………199 4.2.1.6.1 禁止童婚與同性婚姻………………………………………………200 4.2.1.6.2 禁止一夫多妻與同性婚姻…………………………………………201 4.2.1.6.3 禁止亂倫與同性婚姻………………………………………………202 4.2.1.6.4 小結…………………………………………………………………204 4.2.2 歐洲人權公約對於同性婚姻的保障…………………………………………………204 4.2.2.1 家庭關係的隱私權保障………………………………………………………205 4.2.2.2 婚姻權的保障…………………………………………………………………206 4.2.2.3 「禁止歧視」條款與同性婚姻…………………………………………………208 4.2.2.3.1 適用範圍及其限制…………………………………………………208 4.2.2.3.2 合理審查基準………………………………………………………209 4.2.2.3.3 「比例原則」審查基準………………………………………………211 4.2.3 「婚姻」定義的突破:加拿大最高法院M v. H判決…………………………………212 4.2.3.1 背景事實………………………………………………………………………212 4.2.3.2 多數意見………………………………………………………………………213 4.2.3.3 不同意見………………………………………………………………………214 4.2.3.4 本案評析及其影響……………………………………………………………214 4.2.4 同性婚姻在全球各國的制度實現……………………………………………………215 4.2.4.1 實質法律保障:伴侶登記或認可法……………………………………………216 4.2.4.1.1 從契約到身分………………………………………………………216 4.2.4.1.2 從身分到契約………………………………………………………218 4.2.4.2 現行制度的適用與評估………………………………………………………219 4.2.4.2.1 北歐國家對於同性婚姻態度開放的原因…………………………219 4.2.4.2.2 異性戀婚姻適用於同性戀者的評估………………………………220 4.3 我國同性婚姻合法性的憲法挑戰…………………………………………………………220 4.3.1 中國傳統下對婚姻的看法……………………………………………………………221 4.3.2 現行民法下同性婚姻的合法性及其衍生議題………………………………………221 4.3.3 同性婚姻合法化在我國的可能性:大法官解釋的評估………………………………224 4.3.3.1 性別歧視下的平等:我國大法官對於「男女平等」的解釋…………………224 4.3.3.1.1 釋字第三六五號解釋/男女「合理」差別待遇︰多合理?…………224 4.3.3.1.2 釋字第二四二號解釋/「婚姻」作為「制度性保障」………………229 4.3.3.1.3 小結…………………………………………………………………235 4.3.3.2 我國憲法第七條「男女平等」與同性戀平等權保障…………………………235 4.3.3.2.1 憲法文本的詮釋……………………………………………………235 4.3.3.2.2 性解放下的男女平等………………………………………………237 4.3.3.3 小結……………………………………………………………………………239 第五章 結論:同性戀與憲法-兼論台灣同性戀者權利保障的未來 5.1 平權運動策略建言…………………………………………………………………………240 5.1.1 建立共識,尋求認同…………………………………………………………………240 5.1.2 具體可行的目標………………………………………………………………………241 5.1.2.1 組織化…………………………………………………………………………241 5.1.2.2 持續化…………………………………………………………………………242 5.1.2.3 議題化…………………………………………………………………………242 5.1.2.4 司法化…………………………………………………………………………243 5.2 法律修正方向與司法審查基準……………………………………………………………243 5.2.1 國際人權公約與內國法律……………………………………………………………243 5.2.2 制定反歧視法?………………………………………………………………………244 5.2.3 司法審查基準…………………………………………………………………………245 表次 表1-1:同性戀者權利保障議題一覽表 ………………………………………………………………11 表2-1:Romer v. Evans案判決意見一覽表……………………………………………………………96 表2-2:美國最高法院三重審查基準一覽表…………………………………………………………106 表3-1:Bowers v. Hardwick案判決意見一覽表………………………………………………………136 表4-1:Baehr v. Lewin案判決意見一覽表……………………………………………………………189 表4-2:Baehr v. Miike案判決意見一覽表……………………………………………………………193 表4-3:種族、性別與性傾向歧視之類推過程一覽表………………………………………………194 表4-4:司法院大法官有關性別平等解釋案要旨……………………………………………………232 / "Lesbian and gay rights are human rights!" Is this just a political slogan to be chanted outsides legislatures? Is this just a fairytale, or are there legal arguments to support the claim that the right to be free from sexual orientation discrimination is a human right? In particular, can national constitutions and international human right treaties be interpreted as prohibiting discrimination against same-sex sexual activity ("sodomy"), gay, lesbian, bisexual and transsexual individuals, and same-sex couples? In this thesis, the author attempts to answer these questions by examining of these most commonly used arguments in favour of such an interpretation: sexual orientation is an "immutable status", sexual orientation is a "fundamental choice" or part of "privacy", sexual orientation discrimination is sex discrimination and "sexual orientation discrimination". However, the core argument is always "Equal Protection". Chapter I explains the motives of research, the goals to be achieved, the methods to be used, and the structure of this thesis. Chapter II investigates what and how to build the basic theories to justify the claim that lesbians and gay men, as well as heterosexuals, shall be equally protected under the constitution. Because this issue is largely invisible or marginalised in academic debate, the author first provides an invaluable exploration of sociology, sociobiology, and sexual science, in order to break up the stereotypes of lesbians and gay men. According to the theory of Equal Protection, the author concluded that "sexual orientation discrimination" deserved the strict or heightened scrutiny, i.e., either the discrimination achieves the compelling or overriding governmental interest, necessarily and narrowly tailored, or it should be hold unconstitutional. Applying the basic theories, then the author devoted two chapters to specific issues, particularly, and focused on sodomy law and same-sex marriage. Chapter III examines the constitutionality of sodomy law. According to the "Harm Principle", the author doesn't think that sexual activities between consenting adults should be criminalized. Although sodomy law is plainly neutral, i.e., applicable for men and women, homosexual and heterosexual individuals, the author found that, in practice, sodomy law always criminalize lesbian and gay men. The author also discussed relevant articles of Taiwan's Penal Code, especially the newly revised articles of sex crime-crime of "disturbing sexual autonomy". Chapter IV scrutinizes the constitutionality of same-sex marriage. The author first analyzed why people are always reluctant to recognize the same-sex marriage, and reiterate the so-called "slippery slope" arguments. The judiciary around the world never decided clearly that lesbians and gay men could legally wed, until the Hawaii Supreme Court held the Hawaii Revised Statutes §572-1 unconstitutional. Inspiringly by a recent development that the Canada Supreme Court declared positively the word "spouse" does not exclusively mean the combination of a man and a woman. This is , in indeed, a milestone in rhetoric. According to the "per se rule", the author also strongly criticized the "Defense of Marriage Act"(DOMA), and claimed that DOMA should be held unconstitutional. After comparing the institutions substantially protected same-sex couples, i.e., "registered partnership" or "domestic partnership", the author concluded such institutions as phase work. However, the final task is to make lesbians and gay men legally wed, just like "human being in love". Chapter V summarized the findings and suggested measures for further improvement. The author hopes to remind domestic gay organizations of the importance to use judicial approach solving the issue of equal protection for lesbian and gay men. After bloody wars and tragic disasters, why people can not learn to treat "others" as "selves"? Some day, lesbians and gay men can walk hand in hand with one's love in bright sunshine. Wish is not a dream. Keywords: Gay; Lesbian; Homosexuality; Queer; Equal Protection; Review Standards; Same-Sex Marriage; Sodomy; Privacy; Liberalism; Economic Analysis of Law; Social Constructionalism; Defense of Marriage Act.
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專家決策支援系統建構器之物件模式建立的研究 / The Study of Developing An Object Model forthe Expert Decision Support System Generator

廖本洋, Liao, Peng Yang Unknown Date (has links)
專家決策支援系統(Expert Decision Support System)是一種結合專家 系統與決策支援系統功能於一體的電腦化資訊系統;它同時具備有處理定 性資料與定量資料的能力,可以進行各種知識法則的推論及數量模式的執 行與分析,以完整的支援問題之求解過程。 / The expert decision support system(EDSS) is a computer-based nformation system which integrates functions of the expert systemnd the decision support system. EDSS, which is capable ofrocessing symbolic and numerical data, provides the
94

賀爾的主控意識型態理論與電視媒介分析 : 以犯罪新聞的報導為例

王寓中, Wang John Unknown Date (has links)
這篇論文的研究目的是,以「犯罪新聞」的研究為例,探討英國文化研究 代表人物Stuard Hall 的「主控意識型態理論」理論的詳細淵源與脈絡, 並根據Stuard Hall 的理論架構,針對國內電視日常性的犯罪報導作實例 的分析研究。在理論部份,本研究檢視二個典範觀點下三個研究取向的理 論,分別是多元主義觀點下的客觀性研究傳統與媒介現實建構理論,以及 承襲馬克斯主義架構下英國文化研究學者Hall的主控意識型態理論。除了 探討犯罪新聞的相關文獻以外,也對理論的基本假設和觀念架構作深入的 分析與評論。在研究方法上,本研究以符號學分析法表意三個層次的分析 為架構,分別是文本外延意義的分析、文本內涵意義的分析及意識型態的 解讀。分析的樣本是三家電視台八十二年三月十二日至廿五日晚間新聞的 日常性犯罪新聞報導,包括影部的畫面分析及音部語言的敘事分析。分析 的結果顯示﹕在文本外延意義上,犯罪新聞的敘事結構是以社會平衡遭受 破壞開始,而終於犯罪者被逮捕,社會恢復平衡,中心情節則是歹徒的行 動及警方的補救反應﹔而在影部的呈現,犯罪新聞的畫面是在有限的組合 要素中,作檢選與組合的工作,並依語言的規則排列敘事。在內涵意義的 分析上,犯罪新聞所隱涵的社會文化意義是透過警方╱犯罪者兩元對立的 關係,構連出社會之內╱社會之外、正╱邪、及道德╱罪惡的文化迷思, 以譴責非法,同時認可社會集體的道德與秩序的完整。然而,這樣的文本 論述是意識型態權力表意的結果,因為文本最後強調的是法律與秩序的不 可侵犯性,以及社會控制機構與社會權威的合理性和合法性,以維繫社會 的基本權力結構和規則,至於犯罪者所處社會結構的位置及權力壓制的歷 史結構因素則被加以隱藏或排除,以系統性的傾向複製社會中既有的意識 型態,同時也複製了既有的主控結構。
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中國大陸推動深化依法治國下之司法改革運作取向- 以法院去地方化、去行政化為中心的分析 / The Orientation of Judicial System Reform under China’s Deepening the Rule of Law:Centered on the Court Independence from Localized Political Authority and Bureaucratized

董柏毅, Tung, Po Yi Unknown Date (has links)
中共於2013年11月召開十八屆三中全會,並發佈《中共中央關於全面深化改革若干重大問題的決定》這份16個改革方向和60個改革要點的決議中,有關司法改革部分以「法院去地方化、去行政化」受到高度關注。2014年10月中共的十八屆四中全會以依法治國作為主軸,並具體化「法院去地方化、去行政化」的改革路徑,提出「推動省以下地方法院人財物統一管理;探索建立與行政區劃適當分離的司法管轄制度。」此次司法改革議題是針對中國法院體制提出結構性的變革,改變了以往程序技術性的改革。目前,綜觀臺灣學界,以「現行中國法院體制之沿革與弊端;中國歷次司法改革之改革核心要點」兩大互動關係作為分析,較為罕見。本研究旨在廓清「中國推動依法治國下之法院體制改革核心」,內容以「憲法-法律-司法政策」作為分析架構,研究中國法院的人事與財政制度,透過法條解析與最高人民法院歷屆的《五年改革綱要》,了解中國法院的結構性弊端成因與進入高度成熟市場經濟的司法改革關注重點。以透析中國司法制度在現行法律規範的框架下,法院人財物與法官管理體制所呈現出嚴格屬地化原則的運行模式,進一步檢視中共十八大三中與四中全會所提出的法院去地方化、去行政化之改革路徑與核心。主要研究成果,發現以下訊息:以省級高等法院作為跨行政區劃管轄制度的基礎才是法院去地方化的改革關鍵。然而,中國所選擇的北京市與上海市的跨行政區劃的法院管轄之試點改革,仍然局限在一個省級框架內部,新設置在直轄市的中級法院仍舊是「同級黨政機關決定法院的財政人事」制度模式。若能作到省級高等法院切斷與省級人大人財物的供給,將觸及到中共十八大三中與四中全會所提出結構性司法改革之真正核心。 / The Third and Fourth Plenum of 18th CPC Central Committee passed the Decision on Major Issues of comprehensively Deepening Reform and Decision on Major Issues of comprehensively promoting the Rule of Law. The most important proposals concerning China’s judicial system reform is centered on the Court independence from localized political authority and bureaucratized. The current situations that Court’s independence and judge’s independence seem difficult in China is partly due to administration and localization. Up to now, it’s one very pressing issue in judicial reform is to properly deal with the multiple relations related with judicial system, under the Constitution of PROC. The relations include the external relations with CPC , power authority , administrative authority and citizen. The internal relations contain power allocation , supervision and restriction and personnel administration with the Court. This study aims to clarify the orientation of judicial system reform under China’s deepening the Rule of Law and it will focus on how the China’s Court to be apart from localized political authority and bureaucratized.
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台灣人怎麼看非洲? 台灣大學生的刻板印象認可程度之探索式研究 / Taiwan’s Eye on Africa: An Exploratory Study of Stereotype Endorsement Among Taiwanese University Students

慕以萱, Moi, Barbara Unknown Date (has links)
大學生是一群熱切使用媒體和科技的世界公民,他們特別會透過新媒體接觸來自整個地球村的大量資訊。大學生可以透過學校課程與活動、與國際學生社群互動以及到國外旅行都是其中的管道。本研究援引社會建構理論與涵化理論,以質性研究探討台灣大學生的人口變項、與非洲接觸行為、西方媒體使用、世界主義意識以及媒體呈現偏誤之察覺與台灣大學生對非洲刻板印象建構之間的關係。 線上問卷收集共215位台灣大學生有效樣本。研究顯示非洲接觸行為與媒體呈現偏誤之察覺,皆與刻板印象認同呈現正相關。 / University students are some of the more cosmopolitan groups in society, as voracious consumers of media and technology, especially new media, and exposed to a plethora of information about the global community. University courses, interaction with the international student communities, events on-campus and opportunities to travel abroad are some of the avenues available to them. Using quantitative analysis, this study examined the relationships between demographic and contact variables, Western media exposure, cosmopolitanism and perceived bias of media portrayals and its effect on Taiwanese university students’ endorsement of stereotypes of Africa. The research framework is informed by the theory of social construction of reality and the cultivation theory. Using an online survey, data was collected and analyzed from a sample of 215 Taiwanese university students. The analysis reveals that contact with Africa and perceived bias of media portrayals have the most significant influence on stereotype endorsement.
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國家認同與兩岸關係:經濟自由化vs.政治民主化 / NATIONAL IDENTITIES AND CROSS-STRAIT RELATIONS: ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION vs. POLITICAL DEMOCRATIZATION

狄雷克, Uygül, Dilek Unknown Date (has links)
本研究的目的在於分析國家認同(身分),對於中國和臺灣之間所謂「國與國」關係的影響。兩岸關係的和暖始於1970及1980年代末期開始的「自由化」與「民主化」過程,這提供了雙方交流的機會,特別是在1987年中華民國政府開放經貿和民間交流,如一般民眾赴大陸探親。更重要的是,當臺灣的一黨專政消逝後,臺灣人民以民主改革重塑了政治環境,而這種民主改革也使臺灣政治產生了新的變化。 本研究認為,就「自由化」與「民主化」的過程而言,不僅是甚於政權的移轉,而且也包括某些政治之外的因素改變了意識形態,最明顯的因素即是經濟。自從1979年兩岸的軍事衝突結束後,雖然雙方並未建立有效且特久的和平機制,但在此時期,兩岸都經歷了一些社會自由化及著重經濟發展的政策變化。本文將透過三個焦點問題以理解「自由化」、「民主化」與兩岸之間的關係: i.兩岸於1970年代後期及1980年代,在個別強人領導之下,國家認同(身分)的影響為何? ii.這些發展在兩個中國實體的內部如何影響兩岸關係? iii.未來兩岸如何調整政策以促進和暖的局勢? 本文將採用溫特的社會建構論做為研究的理論框架,亦即建構主義中的三個I:認同(身分)、利益和制度。以社會建構論應用在兩岸關係上是有其意義的,同時也顧及了國際關係理論做為一種積累式學科的特殊性。根據社會建構論指出,國家認同(身分)是透過文化規則以塑造,如1980年代臺灣人民對於民主的認知,及1970年代之後中國自由化的過程,都是其政治文化的一部分。因此,國家認同(身分)在以利益為驅動的國際關係下,必須以「國與國」的關係所取代。本文將以1970-80年代兩岸關係做為案列,解釋國家認同(身分)在「國與國」的關係中的使用。 / The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the state identity in the state-to-state relations of mainland China and Taiwan. Following the ‘liberalization’ process on the mainland in the late 1970s and Taiwan’s ‘democratization’ of the 1980s, a thawing of relations between the PRC and the ROC was effected. The subsequent exchange between both sides of the Taiwan Strait has included such important changes as the ROC government’s lifting of travel and trade-related restrictions to mainland China in 1987. More importantly, when one-party rule was lifted the people of Taiwan were given the chance to shape the political landscape with the help of democratic reforms which gave a new substance to the political nature of the exchange. The focal point of this study will be the argument that the ‘democratization’ and the ‘liberalization’ processes on both sides is not only because of the regime change but also the ideological shift caused by a number of extra-political factors, most notably economic factors. Although no effective mechanism for long-lasting peace has been established in Cross-Strait Relations since the end of the militarized disputes between the PRC and the ROC in 1979, this period also witnessed a shift in policy towards social liberalization along with an increased emphasis on economic development on both sides of the Taiwan Strait. I will approach the relationship between ‘democratization’ or ‘liberalization’ and Cross-Strait Relations through three focal questions: i.How has it been the effect of state identity in the late 1970s and 1980s in China and in Taiwan under their respective leaderships? ii.How did these developments within the two Chinese entities affect relations across the Taiwan Strait? iii.How will both sides modify their policies in the future to create circumstances more conducive to reconciliation with the other side? I intend to use Wendt's Social Constructivist theory as the theoretical framework of the research on the basis of “3 I’s of Social Constructivism”, namely ‘Identity, Interest and Institution’. The application of Social Constructivism as an International Relations theory to Cross-Strait Relations aims to be relevant and persuasive considering the ad hoc –event driven– characteristic of International Relations as a discipline being accumulative. In Social Constructivism, state identities shape through the cultural norms, such as the Taiwanese perception of democracy as part of its own political culture in the early 1980s and the liberalization process of China from the late 1970s onwards. The state identity, therefore, makes room for the state-to-state relations under the International Relations driven by the national interest. The effect of the state identity in the state-to-state relations in the case study of Cross-Strait Relations, in the late 1970s and in the late 1980s respectively, will be comprehensively subjected to examination in my research.
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電腦輔助合作學習與知識翻新對大學生科學本質觀之影響 / Effects of computer-supported collaborative learning and knowledge building on college students’ view of nature of science

林靜宜 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究的主要目的在幫助學生發展更主動與建構取向的科學本質觀。以42位修習「自然科學概論」通識課程的大學生為對象,採用「知識論壇」(Knowledge Forum, KF)的線上學習帄台,透過集體共構與分享知識讓學生學習自然科學,並在線上進行知識翻新(knowledge-building)。 研究資料主要來自(1)帄台上的貼文--以此分析學生知識建構與合作分享的情形;(2)「科學本質問卷」--以此分析學生在期初與期末對自然科學本質概念的轉變;(3)科學理論開放問卷--以此探討學生在期初與期末對科學理論概念的差異;以及(4)學生自我反思--藉此了解學生科學觀點轉變的過程。資料分析主要為推論統計之單因子變異數分析及質性的內容分析法。根據分析結果,本研究提出以下四點結論: 一、相較於傳統課堂,學生表現出比較多的同儕互動,特別是在知識論壇帄台中的活動。透過分享與想法的連結(每人帄均貼文14.5篇,貼文連結度達26.9%),帄台中呈現出密切的知識建構與互動學習。而隨著時間的增長,同儕之間的互動密集度亦呈現逐步增加的趨勢(期初10.1%,期末16.6%)。此外,除了互動學習,學生也在課室中扮演科學史的探索者,透過自身與同儕資訊分享的力量,建構對科學理論發展的認知。根據研究結果,在知識論壇中的活動顯示出學生合作學習與互動頻繁,並能透過多元的學習模式進行知識翻新。 二、學生的科學本質觀產生轉變。在科學本質中的「暫時性」、「理論蘊涵」、「多元化」、「發明觀」、「想像力使用」、「科學知識檢證」與「主觀性」等陎向,期末呈現顯著的轉變,從比較實證的觀點轉變為比較建構的取向。此結果顯示出學生對於科學本質逐漸具備較多元的 看法,認為科學是多元發展的。 三、學生對科學理論的認識也漸趨「建構取向」。針對科學理論在「科學理論知識」、「科學理論探究方法」、「科學理論來源」、「科學理論與科學事業發展」以及「科學理論價值性」等五個陎向,期末時學生對於科學理論的認識逐漸呈現多元與建構的觀點。研究結果顯示,學生認為科學理論是可以從不同角度去進行探究,藉由不同觀點的研究方法或程序,它是可以被不斷翻新與修正的;每個人也都可以透過集體合作、討論、發想來形成新的科學理論概念。 四、從期末反思中發現學生的科學態度亦產生變化。學生了解到理論與想法的進步是需要經過不斷的修改與翻新。再者,學生也認知到理論與理論之間關係緊密,科學家、科學理論之間的不斷互動是促進科學理論演化的動力;最後,學生也瞭解到科學學習應秉持質疑、創新的態度,適時批判權威理論而不照單全收,並且應培養主動學習、勇敢懷疑的態度,以及應能提出自己的想法與他人激盪等,如此方能真正認識科學理論的本質,並有助於推動科學的進步。 本研究根據研究結果及發現,在科學教學與學習方陎提出下列六點建議:(1)擺脫記憶、背誦的科學學習方式;(2)儘量不給標準答案,強調學習者間腦力激盪;(3)建構式科學學習,融入科學史,讓學習者自我建構並認知科學知識;(4)創造互動與合作的知識建構環境;(5)教師應多引導想法的討論與激盪,刺激學生以多元觀點進行對話與知識翻新;(6)脫離制式、標準的教學程序,營建開放的學習環境並促進多元想法。 / The purpose of this study was to help college students develop more informed and sophisticated scientific epistemological beliefs. Forty-two undergraduates who took a college course titled ―Introduction to Natural Sciences‖ participated in the study. An online collaborative knowledge building environment, enabled by a software program called Knowledge Forum, was provided for students’ knowledge work. Data primarily came from (1) Students’ online discourse: which was posted in the form of notes, recorded in a Knowledge Forum database, and was used to analyze students’ collaborative learning and knowledge building. (2) A questionnaire—View on Science and Education Questionnaire (VOSE): which was originally designed and validated by Chen (2006) and it was used to analyze the differences of students’ view of nature of science between the beginning and the end of the course. (3) A open-ended survey with regard to the nature of scientific theory: which was employed to triangulate the findings derived from the VOSE and was administered in the beginning and at the end of the course. (4) Students’ self-reflection on what they learned from this course. To analyze, quantitative statistics (e.g., ANOVA) was employed to explore students’ online activities. Additionally, an open-coding procedure was adapted to content-analyze students’ notes. There were four main findings as follows: (1) Students shared ideas constantly, developed connections among ideas, and worked collaboratively and closely with knowledge in Knowledge Forum (with mean number of notes posted being 14.5 and percentage of notes linked being 26.9%). Furthermore, there was an gradual increase in students’ online discourse as reflected by the density of network interaction (10.1 % in the beginning of the course vs. 16.6% at the end of the course). In addition, students served as explorers by reconstructing stories of natural science history in Knowledge Forum, in order to develop a deeper understanding of the process of scientific theory development. The findings suggest that students worked closely together in collaborative learning and interaction, and were able to build knowledge using multiple methods in Knowledge Forum. (2) Students also changed their view of nature of science. It was found that there were significant pre-post change between their view in the beginning and that at the end of the course, in terms of the following seven dimensions: ―tentativeness‖, ―nature of observations‖, ―scientific methods‖, ―theories and laws‖, ―use of imagination‖, ―validation of scientific knowledge‖, and ―subjectivity and objectivity‖. Overall, students’ view shifted from more positivism-oriented to more constructivism-oriented. It was found that towards the end of the course, students started to possess more multiplistic view of nature of science. Students thought that science is advanced by means of multiplistic ways with no standardized methods. (3) In terms of students’ view of scientific theory, it became more ―constructivism-oriented‖ and more multiplistic towards the end of semester, in terms of the following five dimensions: ―knowledge about scientific theory-building‖, ―method of scientific theory-building‖, ―source of scientific theory‖, ―scientific theory and science as an enterprise‖ and ―value of scientific theory‖. It was found that student thought that scientific theory is developed through inquisition from many perspectives. Scientific theory is falsifiable, rather than fixed knowledge entity, and it should not be associated with pre-determined research procedure and standardized answers. Scientific theory can be improved by collaboration discussion and use of imagination. (4) In terms of students’ self-reflection on what they learned from this course, it was found that students demonstrated better understanding that theories are improvable, and that it is important to relate one theory to another for the purpose of creating new knowledge. Moreover, students also realized that it is important to possess critical and creative attitude towards studying science. Building on the above results, this study made the following six suggestions: (1) science learning must go beyond memorization and rote learning; (2) science learning should avoid the pursuit of standardized answers and encourage idea brainstorming; (3) science teachers should promote more constructive way of science learning, try to integrate history of science into science teaching, and help learners construct their own understanding of science; (4) it is important to cultivate a more creative and collaborative learning environment; (5) science teachers should also help students learn how to work with ideas, discuss together, and solve conflicting views; and (6) science teachers should help create an open environment to promote multiple scientific views.
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模糊時間數列的階次認定、模式建構及預測 / The Order Identification of Fuzzy Time Series, Models Construction and Forecasting

廖敏治 Unknown Date (has links)
本文將模糊理論的觀念,應用到時間數列分析上。研究重點包括模糊自相似度的定義與度量,模糊自迴歸係數的分析,模糊相似度辨識與自迴歸階次認定、模糊時間數列模式建構與預測等。我們首先給定模糊時間數列模式的概念與一些重要性質。接著提出模糊相似度的定義與度量,以及模式建構的流程。經由系統性的模擬與分析,我們建立階次認定的演算法則與認定程序。藉著詳細的演算比較這些類型的模糊時間數列。並以模糊關係方程式推導,提出合適的模糊時間數列模式建構方法。並利用提出的方法對台灣的景氣對策信號,及台灣結婚率建立模糊時間數列模式。最後,使用所建構的模糊時間數列模式對未來進行預測,以驗證所建構模糊時間數列模式的效率性與實用性。 / In modeling a time series the accuracy of various model constructions and forecasting techniques, certain rules and models are adhered to. Traditional methods on the model construction for a time series are based on the researchers' experience by choosing a "good" model, which will satisfactorily explain its dynamic behavior, from a model-base. But a fundamental question that often arises is: does the data exhibit the real case honestly? In this research we show how fuzzy time series construction be applied for this purpose. An order detection process for fuzzy time series is presented. Simulation has been used extensively to explore general properties of statistical procedures, and the approach is particularly useful in fuzzy time series construction. Statistical strategies typically consist of sequences of rules used repeatedly on the same data set. This paper is organized as follows: In Chapter 2 we will discuss about the definition of fuzzy time series as well as certain important properties. In Chapter 3, We use the similarity comparison process to decide the order of a fuzzy time series. Simulations and analysis with the results about various types of autocorrelation are experienced in Chapter 4. Finally, we apply our methods to three empirical examples, Taiwan business cycle index, marriage rate and numbers of students enrollment in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 is the conclusion and the discussion of future researches.
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過錯的界線:戰後初期臺灣與韓國的轉型正義比較分析(1945-1950) / The boundaries of wrongdoing: a comparative analysis of transitional justice in early postwar Taiwan and Korea, 1945-1950

吳宗達 Unknown Date (has links)
隨著世界各國在民主化後對重新審視、扭轉過去壓迫性政權作為的嘗試,近年來以臺灣史料為題材的研究中,以轉型正義為主題的論文也有逐漸增加的趨勢。不過多數研究習慣將視野集中於國民黨來臺後的族群歧視、整個國家退守臺灣後基於反共/防共的白色恐怖對人權的侵害、或是臺灣政治民主化後的補償與歷史正義,相對少有探討臺灣戰後初期對日本統治的反省內容,同時也缺乏比較性地跨越不同政權統治時期,嘗試從外來政權如何統治社會與汲取資源方式的角度,研究國家建構如何影響轉型正義主張與行動的作品。   相較先行研究,本論文以從日本殖民時期以至戰後初期的臺灣與朝鮮為研究對象,指出日本對新領土的國家建構工程使兩地在戰後初期都出現了轉型正義的行動與主張,而兩地在遭受殖民前與殖民期間發展出的共同體意識、社會成員處境、和殖民者建構國家的手段與過程均影響了兩地轉型正義的內容與強度;而兩地在戰後分別受到外來政權統治,再次出現國家意圖控制社會的國家建構行為,使兩地原有的轉型正義主張遭到壓抑-在臺灣,新統治者與臺灣社會認定的犯過錯者結合,以自己的轉型正義標準壓制臺灣人的權利和對政權的批判,臺灣人因此重新審視共同體界線;朝鮮/韓國對民族獨立與犯過錯者的究責要求則一直未滅,然而新統治者與其後繼者為了穩定政權,出現了無視社會要求,以新標準區別敵人並阻礙轉型正義的情形,最後,戰後初期統治兩地的新政權皆為其國家建構目的犧牲了社會的轉型正義要求,同時製造了新的不正義。 / With countries of the world tried to review and redress doings oppressive regimes did in the past after democratization, the number of theses topic on transitional justice by studying Taiwan historical resources increases recently. However, most of the researches focus on ethnic discriminations after Kuomintang seized Taiwan, human right violation and persecution in white terror era, and redress or historical justice after political democratization. There come relatively fewer discussions on reflections on Japanese rule in early post war Taiwan, and lack of comparative, cross-regime works try to explain how state-building influenced transitional justice ideas and actions, by applying viewpoint that different alien regimes carry out ruling and extraction resources from society.  Compared with former researches, I adopt the era Taiwan and Korea under Japanese colonization to early post war period as research subjects. I first point out Japanese state-building crafts brought out transitional justice ideas and actions in early post war Taiwan and Korea, different development degrees of community imagines, situation of society members, means and process colonizers took to build state before and in the colonial period made postwar transitional justice different in the two places. Next I point out new alien regimes befell post war Taiwan and Korea, new state-building process came out once again, and transitional justice was repressed. In Taiwan, new rulers built a patron-client relationship with local wrongdoers, they put Hanjian accusation standard on Taiwanese, suppress their political right and critique, and therefore Taiwanese started to review the boundary of community. In Korea, desires to nation independence and punish wrongdoers never faded, however, post war rulers ignored society requests and used new standard to mark new enemy within, blocked transitional justice for stable regime. At last, regimes ruled Taiwan and Korea in early post war days sacrificed society requests for transitional justice, instead by pursuit of state-building goals, and brought out new injustice.

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