Pour une valorisation durable des espaces patrimoniaux de CorseLa valorisation du patrimoine peut-elle constituer un axe fort d’une politique de développement durable pour la Corse de demain ?Un Plan d’Aménagement et de Développement DUrable de la Corse, le PADDUC, a été adopté par l’assemblée de Corse en 2015, préconisant un rééquilibrage entre le littoral et l’intérieur, mettant fin à la spéculation immobilière. La collectivité unique en préparation et devant voir le jour en 2018, représente l’aboutissement d’un processus de décentralisation rapprochant le pouvoir décisionnaire des territoires. C’est aussi un pas vers une plus large autonomie de gestion de la Corse ainsi qu’une plus grande reconnaissance de son identité. Ce contexte est propice à la mise en œuvre d’une démarche ambitieuse et volontariste de valorisation durable du patrimoine matériel et immatériel de la Corse. Afin de dépasser les postures symboliques et les intentions, la création d’une Agence de valorisation du patrimoine de la Corse permettrait au patrimoine de rester vivant et authentique, afin de trouver le chemin de la ressource à la richesse. / Fostering a sustainable enhancement of Corsican heritage sitesCan heritage enhancement be the pillar of a sustainable enhancement policy for tomorrow’s Corsica ?A Land Management and Sustainable Development Plan for Corsica (Padduc) was adopted by the Corsican assembly in 2015, therefore encouraging more balance between the coastal and inland areas, by trying to put an end to real estate speculation. A single local authority, planned for 2018 and currently in a gestation period, represents the outcome of a decentralisation process which would bring the decision-making power closer to the areas in question. It is also a step towards greater autonomy regarding the management of Corsica, as well as larger recognition of its identity.This context is conducive to implementing an ambitious and pro-active process of sustainable enhancement of both the tangible and intangible heritages of Corsica. Going beyond symbolic postures and mere intentions, the creation of an Enhancement of Corsican Heritage Agency would permit the heritage of Corsica to remain alive and authentic, and find a path from resources to wealth.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser les relations entre périurbanisation et territorialisation autour d’une question principale, la gouvernance des espaces périurbains métropolitains. Dans les grandes villes ouest-africaines, ces espaces sont affectés par de rapides et multiples mutations dans un contexte de décentralisation accélérée. Pour analyser ces mutations et les dynamiques de régulation qu’elles suscitent, nous privilégions une approche territoriale comparative. Á l’échelle micro, il s’agit d’appréhender les dynamiques de la périurbanisation en s’interrogeant sur le poids des contextes locaux. Á l’échelle des collectivités locales et du périurbain, le développement économique et résidentiel est mis en relation avec des logiques d’acteurs et des pratiques gestionnaires pour questionner les mécanismes d’évolution de l’espace et leurs effets sur la gestion et le développement des territoires. Enfin, à l’échelle macro, les observations et les analyses sont replacées dans la métropolisation dakaroise. Nous partons des usages non agricoles de l’espace dans trois collectivités locales, Diamniadio, Sangalkam et Yene, pour y étudier l’évolution du périurbain, ses mécanismes, les logiques et les pratiques des acteurs. Leur positionnement dans l’axe majeur Ouest-Est de l’étalement métropolitain pèse sur leur évolution et d’importantes différenciations sont observées aux échelles intra- et interterritoriale, témoignant d’une rupture avec le modèle centre-périphérie, au profit d’une dynamique multifonctionnelle et polycentrique à l’Est de la capitale sénégalaise. / This thesis aims to analyze the relationships between urban sprawl and territorialisation, focusing on the crucial issue of metropolitan suburbs governance. In Western Africa large cities, suburbs are involved in complex spatial, socioeconomic, political and managerial transformations, in a context of decentralization. To analyze these transformations as well as the new dynamics of regulation they entail, we have adopted a territorial approach. At the micro scale, we try to understand the dynamics of urban sprawl through the weight of local contexts. At the meso scale of the whole set of suburbs, residential and economic developments are linked to the logics of actors and managerial practices. We try to understand the mechanisms of spatial transformations and their consequences on urban management. At the macro level, we are focusing on Dakar metropolisation. Field surveys have been conducted within three local authorities, Diamniadio, Sangalkam and Yene, in order to study mechanisms, practices and logics of actors. Diamniadio, Sangalkam and Yene have specific local characteristics and, taking into account the major urban sprawl axis, they are located differently. In these three local authorities, processes of differentiation have been observed both at intra and inter territorial scales, which breaks with the former model center-periphery and reflects a new polycentric and multifunctional evolution in the Eastern suburbs.

Cette thèse porte sur la place nouvellement attribuée aux énergies renouvelables dans un département français encore largement rural, la Charente-Maritime, alors que commence à se poser, ici comme ailleurs, la question du changement climatique et celle de l’épuisement des énergies fossiles dans un contexte privilégiant de plus en plus la mise en place de mesures de protection de l’environnement. La thèse passe en revue les différentes énergies renouvelables d’ores et déjà produites et utilisées en Charente-Maritime ou dont la mise en œuvre est envisagée (hydroélectricité, solaire, éolien, énergie issue de la biomasse). Plusieurs exemples précis d’exploitations agricoles impliquées dans la production et la consommation de ces nouvelles énergies sont longuement présentés. La thèse s’intéresse également au potentiel de développement de ces énergies, à leurs retombées sur l’environnement et à la façon dont elles sont perçues, tant par les agriculteurs que les élus locaux, les responsables d’associations ou les habitants en général. Il apparaît clairement que la politique de développement des énergies renouvelables actuellement menée en Charente-Maritime est incitative, tout particulièrement en ce qui concerne l’énergie solaire et la biomasse énergie au profit desquelles les aides régionales et départementales sont importantes (mise en œuvre d’une filière locale bois – énergie dans le pays Saintonge Romane). Par contre, l’édification de parcs éoliens est freinée par les pouvoirs publics en raison de leur trop fort impact paysager dans un département à vocation touristique affirmée. La thèse montre, en fin de compte, que le bilan environnemental que l’on peut tirer de toutes ces innovations apparaît mitigé : le recours aux énergies renouvelables réduit un peu la dépendance des campagnes charentaises à l’égard des énergies fossiles, mais l’impact environnemental direct de ces nouvelles sources d’énergie apparaît ambigu et pour le moins contrasté. L’étude, quoique conduite dans un cadre territorial relativement restreint, est néanmoins largement représentative des transformations en cours dans les campagnes françaises, voire européennes, les particularités locales et nationales ayant été clairement soulignées. / This thesis deals with the newly role given to the renewable energies in a still rural French area, The Charente Maritime, while here and there, two issues are at stake : the question of climate change as well as the dramatic decrease of fossil energy stocks, in a period more and more turning towards the implementation of environment protection measures.Our research makes a review of the different renewable energies. Firstly the ones already produced and used in Charente Maritime, secondly the ones whose implementation is planned and eventually those which are in a state of project. (hydroelectric, solar, wind and biomass energies). The thesis is also about the potential of these energies expansion, about their consequences on environment, and in the way farmers, local representatives, association leaders and inhabitants view them.As a conclusion the thesis shows that environment results that we can draw from all these innovations is mixed : while the use of renewable energies reduce a little the dependence of Charentaises countries from fossil energies, the direct environment impact of these new energy sources appears ambiguous and especially contrasted. The study has been made in a quite little geographical area. It is all the same representative of the current changes in the French as well as the European countryside, the local and national specificities having been clearly underlined.

[ES] La presente investigación es un aporte a la comprensión del abordaje del cambio climático local en Costa Rica, desde un posicionamiento que da un rol fundamental a la participación ciudadana y a la gobernanza climática. El estudio se justifica en la medida que el país definió una Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático para el año 2020, en la cual los municipios en análisis han sido parte de la primera experiencia que ha tenido el país de trabajar el tema de cambio climático a nivel local y además con enfoque participativo, implicando a gobiernos locales y diferentes actores sociales (sociedad civil). En este contexto, resultaba de interés analizar si han existido políticas y mecanismos de incentivos para los gobiernos locales y sociedad civil, así como, cuáles son los factores determinantes para fortalecer capacidades locales en el tema de cambio climático y, finalmente, si este tipo de iniciativas contribuyen al desarrollo sostenible local. Este estudio busca, por tanto, contribuir a la sistematización de experiencias de desarrollo local, en particular las relacionadas con procesos de planificación y gestión participativa, en la temática de cambio climático en el nivel local. Para ello se ha llevado a cabo el análisis de tres estudios de caso de municipios de Costa Rica que han emprendido el reto de incorporar en sus agendas locales el tema de cambio climático, con un enfoque participativo, integrando las dimensiones socioambientales, culturales, políticas y económicas. La investigación y análisis de las dimensiones relevantes en los estudios de caso, ha generado un modelo metodológico para iniciativas locales de cambio climático, que integra la perspectiva técnica y la participativa en la construcción de un sistema de indicadores locales que aporten nuevos conocimientos a los procesos de desarrollo local, y contribuyan con un marco de referencia para otras experiencias en el ámbito nacional o internacional. / [CA] La present investigació és una aportació a la comprensió de l'abordatge del canvi climàtic local a Costa Rica, des d'un posicionament que dona un rol fonamental a la participació ciutadana i a la governança climàtica. L'estudi es justifica en la mesura que el país va definir una Estratègia Nacional de Canvi Climàtic per a l'any 2020, en la qual els municipis d'anàlisi han sigut part de la primera experiència que ha tingut el país de treballar el tema de canvi climàtic a nivell local i a més amb enfocament participatiu, implicant governs locals i diferents actors socials (societat civil). En aquest context, resultava d'interés analitzar si han existit polítiques i mecanismes d'incentius per als governs locals i societat civil, així com, quins són els factors determinants per a enfortir capacitats locals en el tema de canvi climàtic, i, finalment, si aquest tipus d'iniciatives contribueixen al desenvolupament sostenible local. Aquest estudi busca, per tant, contribuir a la sistematització d'experiències de desenvolupament local, en particular les relacionades amb processos de planificació i gestió participativa, en la temàtica de canvi climàtic en el nivell local. Per a això s'han dut a terme l'anàlisi de tres estudis de cas de municipis de Costa Rica que han emprés el repte d'incorporar en les seues agendes locals el tema de canvi climàtic, amb un enfocament participatiu, integrant les dimensions socioambientales, culturals, polítiques i econòmiques. La investigació i anàlisi de les dimensions rellevants en els estudis de cas, ha generat un model metodològic per a iniciatives locals de canvi climàtic, que integra la perspectiva tècnica i la participativa en la construcció d'un sistema d'indicadors locals que aporten nous coneixements als processos de desenvolupament local, i contribuïsquen amb un marc de referència per a altres experiències en l'àmbit nacional o internacional. / [EN] This research is a contribution to understanding the approach to local climate change in Costa Rica, from a positioning that gives a fundamental role to citizen participation and climate governance. The study is justified to the extent that the country defined a National Climate Change Strategy for 2020, in which the municipalities under analysis have been part of the country's first experience of working on climate change at the local level and also with a participatory approach, involving local governments and different social actors (civil society). In this context, it is of interest to examine whether there have been policies and incentive mechanisms for local governments and civil society, as well as what are the determining factors for strengthening local capacities in the issue of climate change, and, finally, if such initiatives contribute to local sustainable development. This study therefore seeks to contribute to the systematization of local development experiences, in particular those related to participatory planning and management processes, in the theme of climate change at the local level. To this end, the analysis of three case studies of municipalities in Costa Rica that have undertaken the challenge of incorporating the issue of climate change into their local agendas, with a participatory approach, integrating the socio-environmental, cultural, political and economic dimensions. The research and analysis of the relevant dimensions in these case studies have generated a methodological model for local climate change initiatives, which integrates the technical and participatory perspective in the construction of a system of indicators to provide new knowledge to local development processes, and contribute to a framework of reference for other experiences at the national or international level. / Valerio Hernández, V. (2020). Estrategias locales de lucha contra el cambio climático con enfoque participativo: estudio de casos de la experiencia en Costa Rica, 2011-2018 [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/160886 / TESIS

Developmental local government is regarded as a remedy for the deep-rooted structural socio-economic challenges in South Africa. Many of these challenges are a legacy of apartheid and colonialism, so the ascent to power of a democratic government after the 1994 democratic elections was seen as a watershed for the development of policies and programmes to ameliorate poverty, unemployment and gross inequality. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act, 108 of 1996, positions South Africa as a developmental state (defining developmentalism as a capable state with strong economic growth and professionalized public institutions). The White Paper on Local Government, 1998, was also introduced to mitigate poverty and unemployment. The adoption of a democratic developmental state model that empowers local government, as the coalface of service delivery, was seen as the solution. The developmental trajectory posited by the national government was thus predicated on the efficacy of municipalities. This study therefore explores the success and failure of developmentalism in South Africa, using the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality as a case study. Analysis and comparison regarding the best model for South Africa was done on the basis of a literature review of international and local studies and official documents and legislation. The review shows that the now defunct developmentalist Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) was adopted in 1994 to address the socio-economic ills associated with colonialism and apartheid, but it was replaced by the neoliberal Growth Employment and Redistribution policy. Most developing countries use East Asia as a template to replicate developmental models. Developmentalism thrived in Asia because these countries are not democratic. However, South Africa is a constitutional democracy, which means that the public and public participation must be taken into consideration in policy-making and decision-making, especially for local government to address local socio-economic problems, particularly those affecting the poor. This was not found to be the case in the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, where developmentalism is overshadowed by endemic problems around leadership, patronage and a lack of consultation with the people, leaving their needs largely unmet. Neo-liberal policies, clearly not aligned with developmentalism, have been espoused, so a developmental local government model has not been implemented systematically in the Metro. Recommendations to prioritize truly developmental local economic growth and socio-economic development include extensive training and higher appointment criteria. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

This master's thesis explores the potential for collaboration among diverse actors on the island of Gotland to achieve environmental sustainability. The study employs the concept of biomimicry, utilising selected natural phenomena as a source of inspiration. A theoretical framework and qualitative research methodology are employed to guide the process, with the aim of developing a strategy to enhance the collaborative state for environmental sustainability on Gotland. Drawing on principles derived from nature, the study investigates how biomimicry can provide solutions and inspire collaborative efforts for environmental sustainability. Central to the research is the exploration of trust-building mechanisms among diverse actors. Recognising that trust is a fundamental ingredient for effective collaboration, the study examines strategies that can foster trust within the context of environmental sustainability. By identifying barriers and enablers of trust, the thesis proposes actionable recommendations to enhance the trust-building process on Gotland, thereby fostering a conducive environment for collaboration. The proposed strategy aims to create a collaborative framework that fosters long-term partnerships, harnessing the diverse expertise and resources of each actor to address the multifaceted challenges of environmental sustainability on Gotland. In conclusion, this master's thesis underscores the value of applying biomimicry principles to foster collaboration for environmental sustainability on Gotland.

<p>Our world is becoming increasingly complex, and is rapidly changingwith distances being reduced. Societies today are also in atransition from traditional production industries to increasingreliance on communication, consumption, services and experience. Asone of these emerging ‘new industries’, tourism is part of thismovement. Globalisation also makes further development of tourismpossible through, amongst other things, the spreading of languages;the development of low-cost carriers; international monetary systems;telecommunications and other technological innovations. Tourismcontributes to the globalisation of society and at the same time is aproduct of it. This is confirmed by complexity theories that stressthe systematic and dynamic nature of globalisation and theinterdependence of the global and the local. Hence, in this thesis,it is argued that acknowledging the complexity of tourism isnecessary for understanding tourism development, and more knowledgeabout tourism also leads to greater knowledge of our society.</p><p>The main aim of this thesis is to understand the complexity of localand regional tourist destination development, by exploring social andcultural factors that influence this development. In order to fulfilthis aim, analysis has been conducted at three different levels:places, projects and people. More specifically, by examining placesand how they develop as destinations; investigating the structure of,and processes within, groups and networks important for destinationdevelopment and by exploring the roles, resources and attitudes ofenterprising people who are seen as key for development. The thesisis based on a research project including three studies of tourismdestinations and projects in Northern Sweden and Scotland.</p><p>The social and cultural factors connected to tourism development arein turn part of learning processes, which in this thesis are seen asfundamental mechanisms for processes of development. A frameworkcalled ‘Learning Destinations’ is introduced that demonstrates howimportant social and cultural factors manifest themselves at each ofthe three levels: places, projects and people. History and heritageand rationales are the main cultural factors discussed, whilstinteraction and boundaries are prominent social factors found toinfluence tourism development. It is suggested that the framework of‘Learning Destinations’ may serve as a tool for understanding thecomplexity of local and regional tourism development.</p>

Our world is becoming increasingly complex, and is rapidly changingwith distances being reduced. Societies today are also in atransition from traditional production industries to increasingreliance on communication, consumption, services and experience. Asone of these emerging ‘new industries’, tourism is part of thismovement. Globalisation also makes further development of tourismpossible through, amongst other things, the spreading of languages;the development of low-cost carriers; international monetary systems;telecommunications and other technological innovations. Tourismcontributes to the globalisation of society and at the same time is aproduct of it. This is confirmed by complexity theories that stressthe systematic and dynamic nature of globalisation and theinterdependence of the global and the local. Hence, in this thesis,it is argued that acknowledging the complexity of tourism isnecessary for understanding tourism development, and more knowledgeabout tourism also leads to greater knowledge of our society. The main aim of this thesis is to understand the complexity of localand regional tourist destination development, by exploring social andcultural factors that influence this development. In order to fulfilthis aim, analysis has been conducted at three different levels:places, projects and people. More specifically, by examining placesand how they develop as destinations; investigating the structure of,and processes within, groups and networks important for destinationdevelopment and by exploring the roles, resources and attitudes ofenterprising people who are seen as key for development. The thesisis based on a research project including three studies of tourismdestinations and projects in Northern Sweden and Scotland. The social and cultural factors connected to tourism development arein turn part of learning processes, which in this thesis are seen asfundamental mechanisms for processes of development. A frameworkcalled ‘Learning Destinations’ is introduced that demonstrates howimportant social and cultural factors manifest themselves at each ofthe three levels: places, projects and people. History and heritageand rationales are the main cultural factors discussed, whilstinteraction and boundaries are prominent social factors found toinfluence tourism development. It is suggested that the framework of‘Learning Destinations’ may serve as a tool for understanding thecomplexity of local and regional tourism development.

La ricerca analizza l’evoluzione della vitivinicoltura nell’Oltrepò Pavese quale elemento caratterizzante il paesaggio di questo territorio. Tale settore produttivo risulta essere una delle principali attività svolte nell’area in esame e ne caratterizza l’economia, il paesaggio collinare, le tradizioni e le forme identitarie, specialmente nellla zona centro-orientale, ossia nei territori che gravitano sui centri urbani di Casteggio, Broni e Stradella. Il lavoro si propone di approfondire anzitutto la valorizzazione della tipicità e del locale, riassunti e rappresentati nel termine terroir, che indica l’insieme degli elementi geomorfologici, climatici, antropici e culturali che rendono unico un prodotto (in questo caso il vino), mettendo così il locale al centro di un’analisi che si può estendere poi a riflessioni di ordine generale. L’indagine geografica ha studiato gli aspetti ambientali e quelli antropici, nonché le loro relazioni. Si è fatto riferimento ai fattori geologici, pedologici e climatici, che altresì sono gli elementi imprescindibili degli studi di «zonazione» che si occupano proprio dell’interazione tra viticoltura e ambiente. L’indagine geostorica-territoriale si è rivolta soprattutto ai seguenti temi: il paesaggio vitivinicolo; i tipi di vitigni impiantati e i relativi sistemi di coltivazione; le produzioni e la commercializzazione del prodotto; la rappresentazione delle proprietà e del territorio attraverso i catasti. Inoltre si approfondiscono i temi geoeconomici sia a scala globale sia a scala locale, grazie alla rielaborazione delle informazioni relative al settore produttivo. Il contesto locale pertanto è confrontato con quello regionale, nazionale e globale, al fine di comprenderne i legami, soprattutto in relazione alle attuali sfide geoeconomiche. / In this thesis we analyse the evolution of grape growing and wine making as two of the elements which have contributed to the shaping of the landscape in the Oltrepò Pavese and represent two of the main economic activities of this geographic area, with is often identified with them – particularly in the mid-western part, i.e., the areas around the towns of Casteggio, Broni and Stradella. My main goal is to investigate the ways in which the values of locality and typicity – represented by the term terroir – are promoted. “Terroir” stands for, and comprises, a number of elements such as geo-morphological and climatic features, as well as human and cultural factors, all of which contribute to the uniqueness of a product like wine. My research thus starts from, and gives prominence to, the local level, in order to formulate a set of observations from which more general conclusions may then be drawn. The geographical investigation focusses on the environmental and human factors as well as their interrelationships. In its course, we refer to factors such as geology, pedology and climate, the crucial elements of all studies of «zoning», which describe precisely the complex interaction between grape growing and the environment. The geo-historical analysis concentrates especially on thematic areas such as the landscape; the varieties of grape that are planted and the respective growing techniques; the production and marketing of the produce; the ways in which property boundaries and the territory have been represented in land registries. The geo-economic factors, at both the local and global levels, are investigated through the analysis of the data from the production sector. The local context is thus compared to the regional, national and global ones in order to better understand the nature of their interactions and provide useful insights in relation to the challenges posed by the current geo-economic scenarios.

Adopté par l’article 2 de la loi n°2016-1087 de reconquête de la biodiversité, de la nature et des paysages du 8 aout 2016, le principe de solidarité écologique appelle « à prendre en compte, dans toute prise de décision publique ayant une incidence notable sur l’environnement des territoires concernés, les interactions des écosystèmes, des êtres vivants et des milieux naturels ou aménagés ». Ce principe général du droit de l’environnement inscrit à l’article L110-1 du code de l’environnement est destiné à conserver les interactions écosystémiques et les processus écologiques ainsi qu’à améliorer la gestion environnementale des territoires. La dualité de son objet en fait un principe d’une grande richesse, qui devrait concerner de nombreuses décisions. Divers fondements supranationaux, au sein de la jurisprudence et dans les textes internationaux et européens peuvent ainsi lui être attribués. Dans un contexte d’interdépendance écologique, l’évolution de la dimension internationale et européenne du principe reste essentielle pour juger de ses effets au regard de la conservation de la biodiversité. Au niveau du droit interne, son ancrage au cœur de l’équilibre de l’environnement lui apporte un rayonnement particulier. Il conforte le droit à un environnement équilibré et prolonge les principes constitutionnels de prévention et de développement durable. Face à la crise d’extinction mondiale de la biodiversité menaçant notre survie, le principe de solidarité écologique se présente comme cette ultime chance de la conserver. Deux grands ensembles de dispositifs permettent de mesurer la dynamique du principe de solidarité écologique : la trame verte et bleue et la gestion intégrée de la mer et du littoral. Ils constituent une base pour concevoir la solidarité écologique et représentent ainsi le commencement d’un droit nouveau. Le principe de solidarité écologique appelle à les renforcer et, de manière plus générale, à faire évoluer l’ensemble des décisions concernées par le principe. / Adopted by article 2 from act nr 2016-1087 concerning the reconquest of biodiversity, nature and landscape of August 8th 2016, the principle of ecological solidarity calls “for taking into consideration the interactions of ecosystems, living creatures and natural or developed environments in all public decisions having a notable impact on the environment of the territories concerned”.This general principle of environmental law inscribed in article L110 1 of the environmental code is designed to preserve the interactions of ecosystems and ecological processes as well as to improve the environmental management of the territories. The duality of its objective renders it a highly valuable principle which should be applied to numerous decisions. Various supranational foundations, within jurisprudence and in international and European laws, can thus be assigned to it. In the context of ecological interdependence the evolution of the international and European dimension of the principle remains essential in order to see the benefits concerning the safeguarding of biodiversity. It is greatly enhanced, as regards internal law, by the fact that it is at the very center of the environment's equilibrium. It justifies the right to a balanced environment and extends the constitutional principles of prevention and sustainable development. Confronted with the crisis of world-wide biodiversity extinction that threatens our survival, the principle of ecological solidarity emerges as the last chance to preserve it. Two major groups of systems allow us to measure the dynamics of the principle of ecological solidarity: the green and the blue line belt network and the Ocean and coastline Governance Framework. They constitute a basis on which to develop ecological solidarity and represent the beginnings of new legislation. The principle of ecological solidarity requires them to be reinforced and more generally to advance all decisions concerned by the principle.