Background: Research shows that transgender people are disproportionally represented in term of physical and mental illness compared to cis people. Stigmatization and discrimination in society results in transgender people having low trust in society's institutions, including health care. A good care relationship and equal care are of great importance for a patient's well-being and health. However, nurses feel that they do not have enough competence or experience in caring for transgender people. Aim: The aim of this literature study was to describe transgender people's experiences of care relationships with health care staff. Method: A qualitative literature study with an inductive approach consisting of twelve articles that were analyzed through a qualitative content analysis. Results: Three categories were identified: Lack of competence in the care meeting, Abusive care meetings and Affirmingcare meetings. Seven subcategories were also identified. These findings highlight that transgender people experience incompetence and violations in care meetings. However, positive experiences in the form of affirmative care meetings have also been described. Conclusions: The healthcare institution needs to implement education on cis-normativity and transgender people's specific care needs. Therefore, more research is needed on how transgender people believe that care can become more inclusive for this group of individuals.

Bakgrund: Majoriteten av transpersoner har upplevt kränkningar och diskriminering relaterat till deras könsidentitet. Det är särskilt viktigt att hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal besitter kunskap om patientgruppen transpersoner. Många transpersoner har däremot vittnat om negativa upplevelser i samband med hälso- och sjukvården. Rädslan för att bli diskriminerad kan resultera i att transpersoner erhåller försenad behandling eller helt uteblir från att söka sig till hälso- och sjukvården. Syfte: Att utforska sjuksköterskors kunskaper och erfarenheter av att möta transpersoner inom hälso- och sjukvården. Metod: Litteraturstudie utfördes med en kvalitativ ansats. Studien följde Polit och Becks niostegsmodell för litteraturstudier. Tolv vetenskapliga artiklar hittades genom databaserna CINAHL och PubMed vilket senare analyserades med tematisk analys. Resultat: Utifrån resultatet identifierades tre teman och fem subteman. Det första teman heter Utbildning och kompetens vars subtema är Grundutbildning och bibehållande av kunskap, Kunskapskällor och Kunskapsluckor. Det andra teman heter Barriärer i vårdmötet med subteman Allmän behandling och Diskriminering. Det sista teman heter Bemötande och kommunikation. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskor besitter inte den kompetens som behövs i vårdmötet med patientgruppen transpersoner. Det finns ett behov av forskning inom ämnesområdet för att uppmärksamma transpersoners vårdbehov och öka sjuksköterskors kompetens för att minska ojämlikheter i hälsa

Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka det vetenskapliga kunskapsläget beträffande transpersonersuts atthet för partnervåld med avseende på våldets karaktär samt för transpersoners särskilda utsatthet och tillgång till stöd. Metod: Genom utförandet av en scoping review inkluderades tretton artiklar som analyserades utifrån innehållsanalys (manifest och latent). Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre huvudteman med tillhörande underteman, (1) partnervåld i samband med transidentitet; transpecifikt partnervåld, psykiskt partnervåld, (2) särskild utsatthet i samband med partnervåld; samhällsnormer, ytterligare riskfaktorer, (3) Stöd från samhället och närstående; formellt stöd från samhället, informellt stöd från närstående, normativa roller för offer och förövare. Slutsats: Förekomsten av partnervåld bland transpersoner var omfattade och det fanns särskilda omständigheter som många gånger var kopplad till offrets transidentitet. Därmed uppstår ett behov av att transspecifika stödresurser utformas, samtidigt som professionellas kunskap och förståelse om målgruppen behöver öka. / Purpose: The aim was to explore the current state of knowledge within scientific research regarding transgender people’s exposure to intimate partner violence. Moreover to study the structure of the violence, transgender specific vulnerabilities and access to support. Method:Through scoping review, thirteen scientific articles were included and analyzed through content analysis (manifest and latent). Results: Three main themes emerged with appurtenant sub-themes, (1) intimate partner violence in relation to trans identity; transspecific intimate partner violence, psychological intimate partner violence, (2) specific vulnerabilities in relation to intimate partner violence; societal norms, additional risk factors, (3) Support from society and personal network; formal support from society, informal support from personal network, normative roles for victims and perpetrators. Conclusion: Prevalence of intimate partner violence was extensive among transgender people, specific circumstances emerged related to the victims trans identity, which calls for transspecific support services and increased knowledge of the target group amongst professionals.

Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie var att undersöka hur transpersoner upplever stödet från sjukvården angående sin sexuella hälsa. Jag ville ta reda på om individerna blev erbjuden och/eller önskade stöd från sjukvården och hur det stödet skulle kunna se ut, samt hur det skulle kunna påverka den sexuella hälsan. Med hjälp av tio informanters skrivna narrativ som jag samlade in via en webbenkät beskrivs deras upplevelser. För att tolka och förstå informanternas berättelser tog jag hjälp av tidigare forskning på ämnet samt Judith Butlers teori om kön och genus och en queerfenomenologisk teori. Resultaten visade att ett hetero- och cis-normativt bemötande präglar vården på många håll samt att det finns en mycket stor okunskap kring denna målgrupp både inom vården men även inom tidigare forskning och det sociala arbetet. Det finns även en stor rädsla bland transpersonerna, en rädsla för hut de ska bli bemötta av vårdpersonal och som får konsekvenserna att de avstår från att söka vård vilket kan leda till en försämrad sexuell- och allmän hälsa. / The aim of this study was to examine how transgender people are experiencing the support from healthcare regarding their sexual health. I wanted to find out if the individuals got offered and/or wished to get support from the healthcare, and what kind of support that could be and how other could affect their sexual health. With the help from ten informants written narratives that I collected via a web survey their experiences are described. I took help from previous research of the subject as well as Judith Butler's theory about sex and gender and a queerphenomenological theory to interpret and understand the informants stories. The results showed that a hetero- and cis-normative treatment characterizes the healthcare from many sides and there is also a lot of ignorance around this population, both in the healthcare, previous research and the practical social work. Among the transgender people there is a great fear, a fear of how they will be treated by the healthcare staff, this comes with the consequences that they refrain from seeking care which can lead to an impaired sexual- and general health.

The idea for this study was evoked from a number of observations that we did in relation to our personal interest for feminism and gender studies. We have noticed tendecies of identity politics in feminist web­based discussion forums, which have led to intermutual conflicts within the feminist movement. Discussions of great importance between the members of these discussion forums, have oftentimes ended up being matters of interpretative prerogative, and to whom it belongs, as well as questions about who holds authority to claim which opinion, and why one holds authority to claim any opinion at all. We read this phenomenon as a matter of power configuration ­ for even within these formed groups of people that are oppressed in the western majority culture, relations including roles with oppressing positions as well as roles with oppressed positions emerge. In this study we have chosen to focus on a certain type of identities that are frequently stressed when conflicts emerge in these web­based forums, namley transgender identities. The purpose of this paper is to bring forward the narratives of people with transgender identities, about their experienced possibilites to word in feminist web­based discussion forums, as well as analyze the discourses of power that figures in these forums. The material for this study was collected through qualitative interviews, which were made with four different respondents. All of which having experience of being transgender and members of different feminist web­based forums. The analysis in turn consists of essential recitals by the respondents, which are resolved from a discourse theoretical perspective. According to discourse theory, power configurations between people are made from a variation of factors that determine the directions of power, and are constantly reformed from one moment to another. From the recitals of our respondents we understand that there are several power discourses prevailing concurrently in the feminist web­based discussion forums, and that there is no binary and consistent divergence between the oppressing position and the oppressed position. A person whose identity validates its power in one discussion, can be totally powerless because of its identity in another.

There are two parallel developments in European and, particularly important for this study, Swedish policy. The trend is that the individual's self-determination of his gender identity, rather than psychological investigations, medical assessments and legal sections, should be legitimate in recognizing gender identity. Furthermore, there are intensive political debates on positive discrimination of women as a tool for achieving gender equality in response to that men and masculinity are still claiming and maintaining a leading role in society. This study takes root in these two political developments and investigates how two Swedish parliamentary parties, Vänsterpartiet and Socialdemokraterna, take position to transgender womens’ right to determine their gender identity and, at the same time, determine which women should be able to be gender quoted. The result showed that the parties, in political material regarding transgender, assume a trans-inclusionary attitude towards trans women in relation to women as a group, whereas the political material on gender equality of women has a trans-exclusionary approach. The conclusion is that there is a need for a political strategy for managing flexible identities in formal systems.

This master’s thesis considers the Official Report of the Swedish Government Transpersoner i Sverige (SOU 2017:92), and its ambitions to increase intelligibility for trans people. Using a discourse-theoretical framework, I study the report’s production of meaning regarding power, norms and knowledge. In my analysis, the constitution of meaning leads to the establishment, in the report, of a specific understanding of intelligibility and of how intelligibility for trans people can and should be increased. Further, I note that ‘knowledge’, in the report, is positioned as beyond power and mobilized to counter the defined problems of unintelligibility. In particular, the report promotes measurable knowledge as the means by which to amend problems concerning lacking descriptions of trans people’s situation. Using Spade (2015) and Butler (1997), I elaborate on the positioning of the state with respect to the report’s project of increasing intelligibility, and show that state power is naturalized. The main conclusion of the thesis is that several of the report’s suggestions serve to legitimize state regulation of gendered subjectivity, specifically with respect to legal genders and their utilization in measurement and surveillance.

Den här uppsatsen har haft som syfte att undersöka hur fem unga transsexuella upplevt sin skoltid och hur detta har påverkat deras identitetsskapande. De tre frågeställningarna har varit: Hur har intervjupersonerna skapat sin könsöverskridande identitet i en skolkontext? Vilka är de praktiker och diskurser som de format och formar sina "jag" genom? Mot vilka diskurser, om några, gör de intervjuade personerna motstånd genom sitt identitetsskapande? Uppsatsen poängterar att forskning inom utbildningsvetenskap med koppling till sexualitets- och identitetspolitik är essentiellt för lärarutbildningens och läraryrkets utveckling. Det finns redan uttryckligen formulerat i styrdokumenten men verkligheten i verksamheten tycks se annorlunda ut. Skolan har ansvar för alla barn och unga som befinner sig i verksamheten. Man kan därför inte blunda för de rapporter om ohälsa och utsatthet som redovisats av statliga institutioner såsom Folkhälsoinstitutet och Ungdomsstyrelsen. / This thesis originates from an experienced lack of knowledge within the teacher trainee program. The lack consists of a close to non-existent information of the LGBT-group as a norm breaking group of students in our schools. This essay focuses in particular on the transgender group. The essay claims that this lack of knowledge within our schools leads to discrimination against students which can cause health problems. But most importantly it complicates the identity formation process of young transgender people.

Denna uppsats behandlar porträtteringen av transmän i filmerna Pojkarna (2015) och Boys Don’t Cry (1999). Syftet är att undersöka hur karaktärernas könsidentiteter är porträtterade och även att kunna bidra med kunskap till filmskapare om hur man kan utveckla porträtteringar av transmän i film. Analysen skrivs ur ett queerteoretiskt och normkritiskt perspektiv och genomförs med hjälp av Jens Eders analysmetod Karaktärsklockan. Maskulinitetsteori används för att undersöka karaktärernas maskulina uttryckssätt. Resultatet av denna undersökning visar att karaktärerna är nyanserade men att filmskaparna berövar karaktärerna rätten till sina könsidentiteter genom att de ständigt behöver rättfärdiga sig själva och sedan avslutar de filmerna med en tragisk eftersmak. Att karaktärerna berövas ett lyckligt slut kan skapa reflektioner om att det är ouppnåeligt att leva ett bra liv som transperson. / This thesis will examine the portrayal of trans men in the films Girls Lost (2015) and Boys Don’t Cry (1999). The purpose is to analyse how the characters’ gender identities are portrayed, and be able to contribute with knowledge of how to further advance the portrayal of trans men in film. The analysis is written from a queer theoretical and norm-critical perspective, with support from Jens Eder’s method of analysis Clock of Character. Masculine theory is used in order to examine how the characters express their masculine traits. The result of this study shows that the characters are nuanced, though, the filmmakers deprive them of their right to their gender identities as they constantly need to justify themselves, as well as ending both films with a tragic aftertaste. As the characters are deprived of a happy ending, this might create reflections that a good life as a trans person is unachievable.

The aim for this study was to investigate how social workers perceive that they are responding to clients who define themselves as transgender. The study has a qualitative basis with six semistructured interviews based on an elaborated vignette method. The selection of interviewees was social workers, three in the field of public authority and three workers at various excutive agencies. The material have been analyzed based on Queer theory and Honneths Recognition Theory. The findings indicate that social work organizations are lacking in knowlege of transgender people and their experiences. There is also a lack of evidence-based procedures, action plans and policies to respond to transgender people within the organizations. The findings also implies that social workers can respond to transgender people and address them more empathically, with greater acceptance as well as recognition through a professional self-reflection and a humble attitude. / Denna studies syfte har varit att undersöka hur verksamma inom socialt arbete uppfattar att de själva tillika verksamheten i stort bemöter transpersoner. Studien har en kvalitativ grund och baserar sig på sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med vinjettmetod. Urvalet av intervjupersoner är verksamma inom socialt arbete, tre inom myndighetsutövning och tre arbetande på olika utförarinstanser. Materialet har analyserats utifrån Queerteori och Honneths erkännadeteori. Resultatet visar bland annat att verksamheter inom socialt arbete brister i sin kunskap kring transpersoner och deras upplevelser samt saknar evidensbaserade rutiner, handlingsplaner och policys för att bemöta transpersoner inom organisationen. Resultatet visar även att yrkesverksamma inom socialt arbete kan bemöta transpersoner mer inkännande, med större acceptans och med en erkännande karaktär genom en självreflekterande och ödmjuk attityd.