In the dissertation research questions of perfection of the mechanism of pricing on civil products of enterprises of military-industrial complex are considered. The work analyzes the existing economic-theoretical pricing models, identifies the factors that determine the choice of a particular model, considers the mechanisms and methods of pricing. Based on the results of the analysis, key problems that hamper effective pricing have been identified, and proposals have been developed to improve the efficiency of the pricing system for civilian products by the example of FSUE UEMZ. The mechanism of pricing for competitive purchasing methods is proposed, which is characterized by the adjustment of the applied methodological approaches, and the use of a currency settlement forward for hedging currency risks, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of pricing for civilian products through more flexible price formation directly in the bidding process. / В диссертационном исследовании рассмотрены вопросы совершенствования механизма ценообразования на гражданскую продукцию предприятий ВПК. В работе проведен анализ существующих экономико-теоретические моделей ценообразования, выявлены факторы, обуславливающие выбор той или иной модели, рассмотрены механизмы и методы ценообразования. По результатам проведенного анализа выявлены ключевые проблемы, препятствующие эффективному ценообразованию, а так же разработаны предложения по повышению эффективности системы ценообразования на продукцию гражданского назначения на примере ФГУП УЭМЗ. Предложен механизм ценообразования для конкурентных способов закупки, отличающийся корректировкой применяемых методических подходов, и использованием валютного расчетного форварда для хеджирования валютных рисков, позволяющий повысить эффективность ценообразования на продукцию гражданского назначения за счет более гибкого формирования цен непосредственно в процессе торгов.

The article analyzes the state of the administrative law institute of public procurement at the present stage, reflects the main problems, focuses on the need to introduce complex contract schemes, presents modern theories and approaches to the modernization of public procurement mechanisms on electronic platforms. In order to improve the institutional and legal regulation in the field of public procurement, new formal institutions are constantly being introduced. Some violation of the legal framework and unstable and chaotic legal framework create the ground for corruption and “control for the sake of control”. The main theory in the field of public procurement is the theory of efficiency which is a political and managerial task for practitioners in the field of public procurement. The legal and regulatory framework governing public procurement should be clear and understandable, promote fairness and eliminate all forms of discrimination and favouritism.The use of an integrated information system to centralize information on public procurement should be recognized as objectively correct and the only correct one. The main problems of electronic trading platforms are: the unclear rental business model; the emergence in procurement of financial relations that are outside the credit and banking regulation; a negative impact on the development of the contract system and corporate procurement, procedural control; etc. Failures of institutional regulation of procurement procedures significantly affect their effectiveness and form a negative public opinion in relation to public procurement. Thus, an effective institutional structure in the field of public procurement on electronic platforms is formed quite slowly, due to the lack of legal entities and government agencies associated with public procurement, appropriate incentives. Fundamental changes in the sphere of public procurement should also contribute to the creation of positive motivation for state and municipal customers. Such promotions should provide the material interest of state customers in budget. / Выпускная квалификационная работа на тему «Административно-правовой институт государственных закупок на электронных площадках: проблемы функционирования и развития» содержит введение, 3 главы, 6 параграфов, включающие 5 рисунков, 2 таблицы, заключение и библиографический список. Научная работа содержит 66 листов машинописного текста, 72 литературных источников. В первой главе «Теоретические основы и исторические предпосылки формирования административно-правового института государственных закупок на электронных площадках» представлена теоретическая база, содержащая понятия и характеристики развития сферы государственных закупок. Во второй главе «Правовое обеспечение административно-правового института государственных закупок на электронных площадках» представлена законодательная основа формирования сферы государственных закупок на электронных площадках, как особенная обеспечивающая деятельность органов государственного управления. В третьей главе «Исследование процесса государственных закупок на электронных площадках» показаны проблемы функционирования административно-правового института государственных закупок. Проведен экспертный опрос как инструмент, позволяющий выявить проблемы в сфере реализации государственных закупок на электронных площадках.

Фокусом научного исследования, проведенного в рамках настоящей магистерской диссертации, является механизм осуществления закупок товаров, работ, услуг для государственных нужд в условиях его реформирования. Цель исследования: анализ механизмов осуществления закупок товаров, работ, услуг для государственных нужд в субъекте Российской Федерации и формирование рекомендаций для совершенствования их работы. Основными методами проведения исследования стали качественный и количественный анализ, а именно экспертное интервью, контент-анализ. В процессе исследования были изучены теоретические основы контрактной системе в сфере закупок товаров, работ, услуг в Российской Федерации; рассмотрена нормативно-правовая база закупочной деятельности на международном, федеральном и региональном уровнях; предложено новое определение механизма закупочной деятельности; сформированы модели организации закупочной деятельности в регионах Российской Федерации; подготовлены практические материалы, которые могут быть использованы специалистами по закупкам в их профессиональной деятельности. Предложенные автором рекомендации по совершенствованию механизма государственных закупок региона Российской Федерации внесут уточнения в действующее законодательство, а также упростят и ускорят работу специалистов по закупкам. / The focus of the research conducted within the framework of this master's thesis is the mechanism of procurement of goods, works, and services for state needs in the context of its reform. The purpose of the study: to analyze the mechanisms of procurement of goods, works, and services for state needs in the subject of the Russian Federation and to form recommendations for improving their work. The main methods of conducting the research were qualitative and quantitative analysis, namely expert interviews, content analysis. In the course of the research, the theoretical foundations of the contract system in the field of procurement of goods, works, and services in the Russian Federation were studied; the regulatory and legal framework of procurement activities at the international, federal, and regional levels was considered; a new definition of the procurement mechanism was proposed; models of the organization of procurement activities in the regions of the Russian Federation were formed; practical materials were prepared that can be used by procurement specialists in their professional activities. The recommendations proposed by the author on improving the mechanism of public procurement in the region of the Russian Federation will clarify the current legislation, as well as simplify and speed up the work of procurement specialists.

Givet det ohållbara resursuttag som idag krävs för att tillgodose samhällets konsumtion, föreligger ett stort behov att övergå till en mer cirkulär ekonomi. En nyckelkomponent i denna övergång är att utifrån avfallshierarkin förbättra vår avfallshantering, exempelvis genom att se till att öka andelen som går till materialåtervinning och minska den som går till energiåtervinning. En strategi som föreslagits för detta är Product Service Systems (PSS), som till stor del går ut på att övergå till affärsmodeller med en högre grad av tjänstefiering, vilket innebär att en större del av värdeskapandet utgår från tjänster iställer för produkter.  Med hänseende på behovet av cirkularitet är detta synnerligen aktuellt för textilier. Till skillnad från många andra material som glas och papper, återvinns textilier nästan inte alls i Sverige. Däremot har vissa pilotprojekt etablerats på senare år, framförallt för att ta hand om svenska regioners sjukvårdstextilier då dessa flöden har en högre grad av homogenitet än konsumenttextilier. Med offentliga upphandlingsprocessens potential till förändring som utgångspunkt, genomfördes intervjuer med relevanta aktörer inom värdekedjan för textilåtervinning i tre regioner. Dessa intervjuer utgjorde ett underlag för att utreda huruvida en högre grad av tjänstefiering bör influera regionerna i deras upphandlingsprocess samt vilken roll övriga aktörer kan spela i skiftet mot en högre grad av textilåtervinning.  Trots en varierande grad av tjänstefiering i de tre regionerna fanns ett stort överlapp i vilka hinder och möjligheter till en ökad grad av textilåtervinning som identifierades, inte bara av representanterna för regionen utan även övriga aktörer. Ett brett konsensus fanns om att en informationsasymmetri mellan region och leverantör existerade, även om de föreslagna lösningarna på detta varierade. Många av de lösningar som föreslogs som svar på de identifierade hindren hade kommunikation som ett centralt tema. Trots att PSS ofta lyfts som ett sätt att facilitera kommunikation mellan aktörerna, tycks de varierande graderna av tjänstefiering i fallstudierna inte vara den avgörande faktorn för huruvida värdekedjan präglas av bättre förutsättningar för ökad textilåtervinning. Den kommunikation som värdekedjans aktörer efterfrågar, föreslås istället faciliteras av horisontell kommunikation mellan regionerna, där erfarenheter och insikter från innovativa upphandlingsprocesser kan dissemineras till andra regioner, samt genom vertikala kommunikationsplattformar där värdekedjans aktörer kan erbjudas insikt i varandras problemformuleringar och behov.  Vidare valde många aktörer att belysa värdet av långsiktighet i relationerna, något som Lagen om Offentlig Upphandling (LOU) i viss mån tycks utgöra ett hinder för, delvis på grund av de tidsmässiga avtalsbegränsningar som finns idag. Relaterat till detta ansågs även avfallstaxonomin utgöra ett hinder för etablerandet av cirkulära textillösningar. Dessa slutsatser påkallar behovet av att se över dessa lagar, framförallt utifrån ett cirkulärt perspektiv, till skillnad från det linjära perspektiv som präglade tiden då dessa utformades. / Given the unsustainable extraction of resources required today to meet society's current  levels of consumption, the urgency to move towards a more circular economy is acute. A key component in this transition is to improve our waste management in accordance with the waste hierarchy, for example by ensuring an increase in the share of material recycling. One strategy that has been proposed for this is Product Service Systems (PSS), which largely involves moving to business models with a higher degree of servicification, meaning that a larger part of the value creation is based on services instead of products.  With regards to this need for circularity, textiles are a particularly relevant topic. As opposed to other materials such as glass and paper, textile recycling is practically non-existent in Sweden today. However, some pilot projects have been established in recent years, primarily to handle the waste streams of healthcare textiles stemming from Swedish regions, as these flows have a higher degree of homogeneity than consumer textiles. With the capacity for change inherent in the public procurement framework used as a starting point, interviews were conducted with relevant actors in the textile recycling value chain for three regions. These interviews formed a basis for investigating whether a higher degree of servicification should influence the regions in their procurement process and what role other actors can play in the transition towards a value chain with a higher degree of textile recycling.  Despite a varying degree of servicification in the three regions, there was a considerable overlap in the obstacles and opportunities identified by the actors as important in the work towards an increased degree of textile recycling, not only by representatives of the regions themselves but also by other actors. There was a broad consensus that an information asymmetry between region and supplier existed, although the solutions proposed to this end varied. Many of the solutions that surfaced in response to the identified obstacles had communication as a central theme. Although PSS is often highlighted as a way of facilitating communication between actors, the varying degree of servicification in the case studies do not seem to be the decisive factor as to whether the value chain is conducive to an increased textile recycling or not. Rather, the type of communication that the actors in the value chain favored, were suggested to be facilitated by both horizontal communication between regions, where insights gained through the deployment of innovative procurement processes could be disseminated to other regions, as well as through vertical communication platforms where the actors in the value chain can acquire insight into each other's respective view of what difficulties and needs exist in the value chain.  Furthermore, many actors chose to highlight the value of long-term relationships in the value chain, which the Public Procurement Act (LOU) to a certain extent seems to discourage today, partly because of the constraints on the duration of the contracts between the supplier and the region. Additionally, the waste taxonomy was also considered to be an obstacle to the establishment of circular textile solutions. These conclusions call for a review of these laws, primarily from a circular perspective, as opposed to the linear perspective that characterized the time when they were drafted.

As the world becomes increasingly digitalized, new technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI) are now more than ever before an important tool for organizations to meet future challenges. This is true for the private as well as the public sector, however, certain organizational functions are falling behind on AI-adoption, with public procurement being a standout example. This study examines the feasibility of integrating AI-solutions in public procurement. Using the theoretical lens of technology adoption and the AI-adapted Technology Organization Environment (TOE)-framework, a series of interviews were conducted with procurement practitioners, experts and solutions providers, identifying what factors drive or inhibit AI-adoption. The results confirmed that the previously identified TOE-factors relative advantage, management support, and external pressure are drivers of AI-adoption in public procurement, while competence, resources and procurement regulation are inhibitors. Additionally, three new factors were identified in the interviews; available solutions, resistance to change and public policy. The findings of the study contributed to the proposal of an updated TOE-framework for AI-adoption in public procurement. They further confirm the findings of previous studies utilizing the TOE-framework to investigate public organizations. / I takt med att världen blir alltmer digitaliserad är nya teknologier som artificiell intelligens (AI) nu viktigare verktyg än någonsin för organisationers förmåga att bemöta framtida utmaningar. Detta gäller både den privata och den offentliga sektorn, men vissa organisatoriska funktioner ligger efter när det gäller AI-implementation, där den offentliga upphandlingsfunktionen är ett tydligt exempel. Denna studie undersöker möjligheterna att integrera AI-lösningar inom offentlig upphandling. Genom att använda organisationell teori om teknologiadoption som teoretisk lins och mer specifikt det AI-anpassade (TOE)-ramverket genomfördes en serie intervjuer med upphandlingspraktiker, experter och produktägare för att identifiera vilka faktorer som driver eller hämmar AI-implementation. Resultaten bekräftade att de tidigare identifierade TOE-faktorerna relativ fördel, ledningsstöd och extern press är drivkrafter för AI-implementation inom offentlig upphandling, medan kompetens, resurser och upphandlingsregler är hinder. Dessutom identifierades tre nya faktorer i intervjuerna; tillgängliga lösningar, motstånd mot förändring och offentlig styrning. Studiens resultat bidrog vidare till att föreslå ett uppdaterat TOE-ramverk för AI-implementation inom offentlig upphandling. Den bekräftar vidare resultaten från tidigare studier som använder TOE-ramverket för att undersöka teknikinförande inom offentliga organisationer.

政府採購向來金額龐大，以民國 103 年為例，該年度機關辦理逾 10 萬元之採購決標總金額為 1 兆 1367 億餘元，同年度中央政府總預算歲出合計為 1 兆 9162 億餘元，政府採購金額約為總預算歲出的 60%，故就政府採購所制定之法規範具有實務上之重要性。復因政府之採購金額龐大，政府之採購偏好足以影響經濟運作與競爭秩序，因此各國政府經常藉以達成特定政策目標。 　　我國政府採購法第 96 條訂有採購環境保護產品之特別規定，環境保護在國家政策中、甚至國際社會中向來為重要議題，民國 90 年起，行政院核定實施之「機關綠色採購推動方案」、國家永續發展委員會提出之「台灣二十一世紀議程國家永續發展願景與策略綱領」和「永續發展政策綱領」等政策方案，都希望藉由政府採購達成環境保護的目標，我國簽屬之「政府採購協定」（Agreement on Government Procurement）亦於 2012 年修訂環境保護相關條款，然而我國政府採購「環保」之成效卻十分有限，同樣以民國 103 年為例，該年政府採購納入環境考量之比例，約僅為政府採購總金額的 0.5%、總預算歲出的 0.3%。因此，本論文嘗試探討我國政府採購納入環境考量之現行法規，是否符合憲法誡命、或是否存有更佳的立法方式，以回應國內政策的需求、並善盡國際義務。 　　本論文以憲法就環境保護和經濟秩序之規定探討為始，界定立法者具體化相關法令規定之立法形成界限，復以此為前理解，檢視現行規範是否妥適，初步認為政府採購法第 96 條之相關子法，有不當限縮環境保護範圍之嫌，因而手段不足以落實國家對環境的保護義務，可能係實務上納入環境考量比例不足的原因之一；因此以綠色政府採購（Green Public Procurement）成效顯著、且為「政府採購協定」修訂環境保護相關條款之原始提案國──即歐洲聯盟為研究對象，探討其政府採購法制設計，作為我國法制修正之參考。 　　本論文參酌歐洲聯盟採購法制，認為我國應放寬政府採購納入環境考量的範圍、增加可資運用之手段、於採購時計算產品生命週期費用並妥適運用環境標誌與宣告，進而提出初步修法解決之框架建議，以期環境保護能夠確切、妥適地於政府採購中落實。 / Government procurement has been constantly adopted as a policy tool in many countries for its profound effect on a nation’s economic performance and market competition. Legislation concerning government procurement becomes therefore important. According to Article 96 of Taiwan’s Government Procurement Act and other related regulations, procuring entities subjected to those provisions may provide preference to environmentally friendly products. Furthermore, as the Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) was revised and come into force in 2014, it suggested that environment protection can be promoted via government procurement. As a consequence, the Executive Yuan formulated several policies to enhance environmentally friendly procurement. Nevertheless, such policies were not as effective as expected. Official statistics show that as government procurement value accounted for 60% of annual expenditures in 2014, the adoption and promotion of environment protection in that value merely accounted for 0.5%. Recognizing the problem, the thesis raises two questions: Is current legislation concerning environment protection in government procurement in accordance with the Constitution? Is there any better way to legislate? To begin with, the thesis first discusses the Constitution’s stipulation of environment protection and economic system to figure out the limit of legislative discretion. Secondly, by reviewing current legislation based on such limit, the thesis finds that neither the definition of “environment protection” nor the methods of priority procurement are appropriate. The thesis hence concludes that such inappropriateness of current legislation may be one of the reasons why those policies did not work out. Last but not least, the thesis has done a comparative study on government procurement legislation of the European Union (EU) to see how legislation in Taiwan may improve. While it is the first party to propose to amend the GPA by adding environment protection into the provisions, EU has also achieved remarkably in “Green Public Procurement” (GPP). In conclusion, the thesis has the following legislative suggestions: First, redefine “environment protection” in the Government Procurement Act and other related regulations. Second, add additional ways in current legislation for procuring entities to better adopt and promote of environment protection in government procurement, including using life-cycle costing and eco-labels.

L’existence d’une multiplicité de figures juridiques de la concurrence pourrait conduire à un manque de cohérence et d’intelligibilité du régime européen de la concurrence. Ce dernier canalise d’ailleurs une partie des critiques relative au déclin du droit. Toutefois, l’étude de ses multiples traductions juridiques aboutit à un constat bien différent. Derrière un apparent désordre, l’approche européenne de la concurrence fait preuve d’une profonde cohérence. Dans chacune des figures juridiques de la concurrence, un même objectif officie au titre de standard. Il s’agit de la loyauté de la concurrence. Cette dernière intervient dans l’ensemble des régimes européens de la concurrence comme une notion autour de laquelle gravite un ensemble de solutions cohérentes par leur finalité et leur contenu. Cohérentes par leur finalité, tout d’abord, car les multiples traductions de l’ordre concurrentiel européen abordent la loyauté de la concurrence comme un moyen de protéger le bon fonctionnement du marché concurrentiel. Cohérentes par leur contenu, ensuite, car chacune des figures juridiques de la concurrence vise à assurer la loyauté de la concurrence en préservant l’égalité des chances entre les opérateurs économiques. De fait, le constat de la transversalité et de l’homogénéité de traitement de la loyauté de la concurrence révèle que l’objectif a, jusqu’alors, été largement sous-estimé. Cette mise à l’écart est regrettable car, en raison de sa neutralité axiologique, l’introduire dans les différents débats relatifs à l’approche européenne de la concurrence offre de véritables solutions en termes d’homogénéisation de la notion de concurrence et de meilleure intégration des figures juridiques de la concurrence. / The existence of various rules regarding competition could lead to a lack of coherence andintelligibility of the European system of competition. As a matter of fact, the latter channels a part of the criticisms relating to the decline of law. However, the study of its numerous legal translations results in a very different conclusion. Behind an apparent disorder, the European approach to competition shows profound coherence. In each legal aspects of competition, a common objective officiates as a standard. It is the fair competition. The latter intervenes in all European competition regulations as a notion around which revolve a set of solutions coherent by their finality and content.Coherent by their finality, firstly, because all the legal translations of the competitive order address fair competition as a way to protect competition and, more generally, public interest.Coherent by their content, secondly, because each legal aspects of competition ensures faircompetition by preserving the equality of opportunity between competitors.De facto, the observation of the transversality and homogeneity of the treatment of fair competition reveals that the objective has been, until now, widely underestimated. This sidelining is regrettable because, on the grounds of its axiological neutrality, introducing it into the different debates relating to the European approach to competition offers real solutions in terms of the homogenization of the notion of competition and better integration of the legal aspects of competition.

Cette thèse a un objet théorique et un objet pratique. L'objet théorique est double. Il s'agit de démontrer la possibilité d'une réception juridique de l'analyse économique du droit. Cela nécessite de se placer dans les postulats de la postmodernité tant dans l'approche du concept d'Etat que dans celle de la règle juridique. La recherche se place alors résolument dans la doctrine théorique de l'approche de la règle juridique à travers le paradigme du réseau. Dans cette perspective théorique, le droit des marchés publics n'est que le support de cette démonstration. Mais il en devient aussi l'objet pratique. Le marché public est ainsi un acte dans l'économique et un acte économique. En tant que contrat de l'achat public, le marché public place la personne publique ou assimilée dans une relation d'échange économique. La notion générale de contrat permet de percevoir le marché public comme le support juridique d'un échange économique. Mais le recours aux marchés publics est aussi un choix de gestion. Il est est alors l'une des options possibles dans la gestion administrative contemporaine axée sur la recherche de la rationalisation de l'action administrative. Le marché public est alors perçu comme un acte juridique ayant aussi une source économique. En tant qu'acte économique, le marché public entretient alors des rapports d'interaction avec les règles de droit de la concurrence. Or le droit des marchés publics est lui-même le droit d'une concurrence spécifique. Cette mutation de la réception de l'économique dans les marchés publics et les règles les encadrant permet l'avènement d'un juge administratif du contrat économiste. / This research deals with how the French and the European public procurement laws integrate the economic analysis of contract. The theoretical approach is based on Law taken under the network theory. In a first point, the public contract is taken under the relation between the general definition of contract and the economic notion of exchange. The second point deals with the new public management theories and the public procurement contracts. In this point, It is examined how the choice of buying influences the organization of public agencies. The third and the fourth points deal with consequences of taking the public procurement contract as an economic action. It is discussed the relation between the public procurement law and the competition law; especially how the public procurement law is, in itself, a specialized competition law. This new evolution offers to French administrative judge, taken as the judge of all the administrative contracts, a way to become an economic judge.

Produktion och drift av byggnader står för en stor del av de globalakoldioxidutsläppen och därför är det viktigt att utreda vilken betydelse valet avbyggnaders stomsystem har avseende energiförbrukning och klimatpåverkan underen livscykel. Syfte med denna studie är dels att visa hur olika delar av ett stomsystemi en offentlig lokal kan utvärderas och väljas med hänsyn till miljöpåverkan och delsatt utreda hur entreprenad-/samarbetsformen partnering fungerar vid utvecklingen aven offentlig lokal. En fallstudie på en nyligen uppförd psykiatrilokal genomfördes och studien somomfattade genomgång av projekthandlingar, intervjuer med aktörer i projektet ochberäkningar visade att byggnaden till stor del kunde har byggts med trästommeistället för med betongstomme. Detta hade kunnat leda till såväl minskadetransmissioner som minskade koldioxidutsläpp från tillverkningen av material.Orsaker till att man i partneringprojektet valde prefabricerade betongytterväggar,snarare än en lösning med trästomme, var framför allt byggentreprenörens störrevana vid att arbeta med betong, i kombination med att beställaren inte ville riskera enlång produktionstid eller oväntade kostnader. Mer tid för dialog, analys och störreöppenhet för att arbeta med nya lösningar hade kunnat leda till en mer miljövänligstomlösning. / Production and operation of buildings accounts for a large part of global carbondioxide emissions, and it is therefore important to investigate the importance of thechoice of buildings' frame systems in terms of energy consumption and climateimpact over a lifecycle. The purpose of this study is partly to show how differentparts of a frame system in a public premise can be evaluated and chosen on the basisof environmental impact and partly to investigate how the contractual-/collaborativepartnership work in the development of a public premise. A case study of a newly established psychiatric clinic was conducted, and the studyincluded review of project documents, interviews with project participants andcalculations. The results showed that the building could, to a large extent, beconstructed with wood rather than with concrete. This would have resulted in bothreduced transmissions of heat and reduced carbon dioxide emissions from theproduction of materials. The reasons for choosing the prefabricated concrete slabs inprefabricated concrete walls, rather than a wood-based solution, were above all thecontractor's greater experience of working with concrete, coupled with the fact thatthe client would not risk a long production time or unexpected costs. More time fordialogue, analysis and greater openness for working with new solutions could haveled to a more environmentally friendly solution.

The overall purpose of this thesis is to gain further knowledge of how the Swedish local government level is affected by requirements to use public procurement through competitive tendering and, more specifically, understand the actions taken by included actors when public procurement is required in implementation of public transport goals. Through case study method, an in specific process tracing, various implementation processes have been examined. One studied process complied with the procurement regulations, while the others included elements that circumvented them. In each process, the actions taken by involved actors have been the focus. The findings are presented in four papers. An overall conclusion is that, when public procurement is required in implementation at the local government level, several actors need to interact. These actors may use procurement to expand, maintain, or restrain their discretion towards others actors. In addition, various control mechanisms, such as e.g. monitoring, are used to restrain an actor’s discretion when the actor is circumventing procurement legislation. / Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling är att öka kunskapen om hur den lokala nivån i Sverige är påverkad av kravet på att använda offentlig upphandling, och mer specifikt att förstå de handlingar som olika aktörer vidtar vid implementering av kollektivtrafik mål, då konkurrensutsatt upphandling är ett krav. Genom fallstudie metod har olika implementeringsprocesser undersökts. I en process har upphandlingsreglerna följts, medan i de andra har upphandlingslagen kringgåtts. Resultaten har analyserats utifrån principal-agent teori och presenteras i form av fyra artiklar. I studien konstateras det att flera aktörer är beroende av varandra i implementeringen. Aktörerna kan använda upphandling för att både behålla och expandera sitt handlingsutrymme gentemot andra aktörer, men upphandling kan även vara begränsande. I studien diskuteras även olika kontrollmekanismer som användas då aktörer kringgår upphandlingslagstiftningen.