近年隨著國內外經濟發展、企業營運規模擴大下，在企業發展過程中，資金充足係其發展成敗之重要關鍵。一般而言，企業資金來源可區分為內部資金與外部資金。就外部資金部分，雖目前企業以直接金融透過發行有價證劵之方式，向一般社會大眾募集資金之風氣日增，但透過間接金融向銀行融資借貸，因較具彈性，可針對個案之不同調整融資契約之內容，仍為企業獲取外部資金之重要管道。 因科技日益創新下，許多投資案的規模及複雜性亦日漸擴大，現行傳統融資方式逐漸無法滿足企業之需求，專案融資(Project Finance)之模式逐漸受到重視。但因過去研究中多以政府BOT專案融資案件作研究，鮮少有企業個案提供參考，故本次研究目的為提供較不易得取資訊之企業專案融資個案作參照。 本次研究個案之專案融資係以客製化方式，針對個案之特殊需求(非一般營運週轉金用途)，在個案進行輔導公開發行 (Initial Public Offerings，IPO)階段中提供融資進行財務結構調整之協助。並建置監控資金用途之控管機制(Milestone)，搭配完善的還款機制以保障債權。個案藉由本專案融資之進行，財務結構調整沖銷內部股東往來、與提高流速動比及負債比，目的為讓個案財務結構更加透明，以利後續IPO階段進行。 故不論在私人企業之投資計畫或於公私部門合作(BOT)之計畫案中，專案融資皆扮演相當重要之角色。然在我國法制上，就融資案中居於關鍵地位之擔保機制，並未為特殊之規範，而僅以銀行法之擔保授信作為規範依據。然細究該規定，其僅將民法或動產擔保交易法中早已明文規範用於一般交易行為之擔保機制羅列於條文中，無法完全滿足銀行於專案融資中對擔保機制之需求。本個案企業之融資需求與金額在一般銀行往來融資條件下，並不容易成就。故本專案融資中的研究主要係在說明如何加強擔保機制並作相關之防範功能，使在債務人違約時能有效保障銀行債權。 / The scale of operations continuously extend with the development of the domestic and international economic situation in recent years, capital adequacy is no doubt a key point in the process of enterprise development . In general, the corporate-owned fund of the source can be divided into internal capital and external capital fund. The current corporation use common way raising capital fund through the issuance of Market Securities to the general public. Though indirect financial way to the bank financing is more flexible and still an important channel for gaining access to external funds, bank can customize the conditions of the financing contract case by case. The traditional financing can’t meet the needs of corporation. Project finance model has to be taken seriously during innovation in technology, scale and complexity of the many investment cases. But most researches focus on BOT project finance of government in the past years, there are few references about single company. Our research provides single company project finance that is uneasy to get to be referred. This case study of project finance based on the way of customization for the special needs of the case (a non-operating revolving function) , and bank provides financial restructuring during IPO consulting stage. The Bank structures the Milestone mechanism to monitor the use of funds, with carefully repayment mechanisms to guarantee the debt. This case can use project finance to write off the account receivable of shareholders, and to improve the financial ratio such as flow rate ratio and liabilities. It can help financial statement more clear to follow-up IPO stage. Project finance plays a very important role in any investment case whether the Public sector or private corporation. Guarantee mechanism which is key position of financing case doesn’t be special limited in our legal raw. The technical regulation just bases on the security guarantee of credit in The Banking Act of The Republic of China. The rules of Banking Act of The Republic of China record security guarantee of general trading from Civil law and Personal Property Secured Transactions Act, but it can’t meet the project financial demand. It’s not easy to meet with success under the scale of this project finance and the limitation of general finance. The most important purposes of project finance strengthen guarantee mechanism and control credit risk when debtor defaults.

銀行在面對借款人以不動產申請抵押貸款時，產生對住宅擔保品估價之需求，以為債權之確保。然銀行的估價過程與一般估價最大不同，肇因於其估價前，擔保品本身已先產生一組買賣契約價格。過去研究指出，估價會嘗試以某些較易取得的價格資訊作為定錨點(anchor)，藉以調整並成為最後的價格。而我國不動產交易價格資訊不透明，契約價格往往由借款人提供的情況下，銀行內部估價人員可能因資訊不易取得、定錨效果，在擔保品的鑑估結果上受到契約價格影響，倘有心人士欲藉此獲得高額貸款、牟取不法利益，將損及銀行債權，即使採用自動估價系統降低人為影響因素，因資料來源不佳，只會產生所謂「garbage in garbage out」的結果。據此，如何分辨契約價格是否具有參考力變成為關鍵，亦為本文欲補足的研究缺口。 本文採用國內某銀行臺北市不動產擔保品8,348筆估價資料為樣本，建立以挑選契約價格是否具有參考力的機率預測模型，尋求影響能判定契約價格是否具有參考力的主要因素，並研究在最適的機率界限下，篩選出具有參考力的契約價格樣本。而研究結果所建立的模型，其預測並篩選出的契約價格樣本均較未經模型篩選者，對擔保品價格之估計有顯著提升。因此本研究所建立的契約價格篩選模型確能提升銀行估價準確性，使不動產擔保品鑑估價格的形成過程中，獲得更多可靠的參考資訊，降低人為操縱的空間，並在成交價格資訊不足的情況下，提升估價人員對契約價格的辨識能力。 / In the face of the borrower to apply for a mortgage of real estate, financial institutions have estimated the price of the collateral requirements to protect the debt claim. However, the biggest difference with the general valuation and that of financial institutions, valuation of its causes before the collateral itself has produced a first sale contract price. In the past research that one attempts to estimate the price of some greater access to information act to anchor in order to adjust and become the final price. Because financial institutions are not easy to obtain price information on real estate transactions in Taiwan, price information is often provided by the borrower. A small number of loans borrower deliberate fraud to forgery or false irrigation Contract price sale and purchase agreement in order to obtain high credit. Even with the automatic valuation system to reduce the human impact factor, due to poor data sources, it will only produce so-called "garbage in garbage out" of the results. Accordingly, how to tell whether the contract price to a reference force becomes critical, and also in this article want to complement the research gap. We adopt 8,348 estate collateral valuation data in Taipei City of a domestic bank for the sample to establish a binary logistic regression model. And we try to seek the main factors that determine whether the contract price of the reference force, and find out the optimal cutoff point, filter out of a sample of the contract price of the reference force. The results confirm the model in this paper. The selected samples of the contract price is estimated that the price of collateral significantly improved compared with those without filtering. Therefore, the model established in this study can really improve the accuracy of bank valuation. Enhance the recognition ability of the bank's internal appraisers on the contract price in the lack of transaction price information.

隨著科技的進步、無形資產佔公司企業比重日益漸增，逐漸取代傳統有形資產主導地位，並成為企業最具競爭力及影響力的資產。從總體角度來看，越來越多的國家將無形資產視為衡量國際競爭力的重要指標，但由於無形資產的特殊性，從開發到經營保護皆須有技術與財務審查且離不開大量的資金投入，但在傳統融資方式加上無形資產交易成本高、價值不易評估等特性下，較不易通過銀行業融資渠道獲取足夠資金。因此本研究探討無形資產在具備哪些條件下，有可能借鏡有形資產典當之模式獲取資金，並解決中小企業以及新興產業的融資問題。 本研究藉由對當鋪、上海擔保公司、上海個案企業這三方面的訪談與分析，一方面使本研究在無形資產質押典當模式上更加透析，另一方面也提供給相關研究領域文獻資料，同時也了解大陸在無形資產融資質押過程中會考慮哪些因素，又如何採取適當的管道方式妥善解決。 / With the progress of science and technology, intangible assets have been playing a more important role in business sector, competing the significance with tangible assets and becoming one of the most powerful assets of companies. From a macro perspective, more and more countries have referred intangible assets to an index of evaluating global competitiveness. However, it takes huge investment from developing to managing intangible assets. Since their high transaction costs as well as difficulties of evaluation, it is not easy to get enough capital through current banking system. Therefore, this thesis is discussing about under what conditions companies could finance for intangible assets via similar pathways as pawning tangible assets. The study has conducted interviews and analysis of pawnshops, two case companies and one guarantee company in Shanghai. On one hand, this study gives a clearer picture on the model of intangible asset pledge; on the other hand, it provides a better understanding about the required factors, process, and solutions of intangible asset pledge in China for further related studying.

清代的法令，無論是律、條例或是定例，均是瞭解清代田產買賣法規範的必經之路。雖然，與今日的買賣法體系相較，這些清代的田產買賣法規尚未建構出一套在形式上全面而完整的田產買賣法體系，以致於在實際運作上不乏以慣例予以補充，從而近年來學界多從契字與訴訟檔案所揭示的民間慣例出發，並試圖以更貼近民間實況的觀點描繪清代的田產買賣圖像。這種描繪方式在比對民間法與官方法的差異、衝突，以及研究兩者間的互動問題方面已然取得不少成果，可是過於強調民間法的結果，極易把官府制定法簡化為民間買賣田產慣例的對照組，不啻使官府制定法呈現出一種相對扁平的形象。事實上，儘管清代田產買賣的法令不若當今民法典的規範整全，但透過律學著作的闡釋、中央與地方官員對於律例意旨的討論，以及官員於裁判中所表達的法律見解，也隱然形成一套官方觀點的田產買賣結構與運作邏輯，因此本論文嘗試重新檢視清代官方或史家已先行整理的各類法令彙編、法律註釋等刊物，以釐清清代官方所制定之田產買賣法的意義，以及其所呈現出的買賣法律結構。 本文分為六章，第一章為緒論，第二章至第五章為本論，第六章為結論。為了論述方便，也為了使讀者初步瞭解清代買賣田產的輪廓，本文在第二章先從清代田產買賣所應循的步驟入手。在買賣田產的過程中，隱約分成兩個階段，第一個階段只存在於買賣當事人之間，大致上從立契開始，到成交為止；第二個階段與賦稅制度有密切的關係，因此法律要求買賣當事人須赴官進行稅契與推收等手手續。當第一階段契、價成交時，田產買賣即已完成，但清代官方始終認為田產買賣須經稅契與推收，該筆買賣方為完整。事實上，從買賣形態的角度觀察，清代官方基本上認為田產買賣與現金交易無異，因此嚴格說來，只有成交時，買賣才會發生並已完成，此時田宅的管業狀態亦同時移轉於買主，至於成交前後，買賣雙方均不負擔任何債務。上述這個見解，將成為本文的主軸。基於這個理由，也基於其它事實上的證明或詮釋上的見解，本文推論出立契、稅契與推收均非清代買賣田產的成立要件。 在解明清代官方眼中的買賣形態後，本文試圖從清代田產買賣的法律規定，進一步解析田產買賣更為細緻的結構，而這就是第三章與第四章所進行的工作。在第三章中，本文以清律中的盜賣田宅律、任所置買田宅律、典買田宅律（重複典賣律）以及給沒贓物律為買賣瑕疵的四大類型，並儘量藉由清代律學註釋者的觀點進行法律文義的釋義，澄清諸如盜賣、盜換易、虛錢實契、重賣、取與不和等概念，其後，並以比較的方法論證這四種瑕疵類型所顯示的法律意義。在此，清律原則上把這些有瑕疵的買賣當作應予制裁的犯罪，而田宅的原業主就成為被害人，因此，官方若非以田產及田價俱還原主的方式，使買賣雙方回復未買賣前的狀態，就是將田產還原業主而田價入官的方式，使出價的買主受到財產上的責罰。這種法律效果，也顯示官方在現金買賣的思維底下，並未要求賣方對於買方再負另一種特別的債務，即瑕疵擔保責任。 至於第四章，則特別探討活賣的問題。本文對於活賣是否為典與賣之外的另一交易類型，以及清代如何判定何種契字屬於活賣，均作出回應。在此，本文仍然無法徹底釐清某些記載不明之契的屬性是活是絕，可是筆者相信清代官方基本上希望田產買賣儘量以賣斷為原則，並有意使活賣的範圍更為明確，只是由於活賣係介於典與賣之間，使得在立法上不免顧此失彼，捉襟見肘。 第五章則不從法律規定的層面討探田產買賣，而是從官府裁判的角度，來看官方是如何處理田產買賣糾紛的案件。在此，筆者依照所接觸的文獻史料，整理出九種紛爭類型。由於這九種紛爭類型頗為雜沓，因此尚難再進而論證其間共同的法律意義，但讀者可與前三章的內容相互參照比較，藉以體會官府在實際斷案時所著重的考量因素。由於案件的複雜程度常為法律規定的意料之外，因此並不令人意外地，在許多種田產買賣糾紛案件中，裁判所昭示的處置與律例規定的法律效果會有相當的落差。但是這些偏離法律規定的處置通常也有某種程度的一致性，這也可說明官方對於某些特別情事的處置已達成共識。例如在決定可否找贖的案件，賣價是否充分反映真實地價就成為官方考量的重點。 最後，從上述的研究，獲得下列結論：首先在清代官府對於田產買賣的認知方面，清代法律所呈現的田產買賣，是一種基於現金買賣思維下的田產買賣形態，且賣主可以不向買主負擔類似今日的瑕疵擔保責任。此外，官方也承認有一種介於絕賣與典之間的活賣。而對於失調的買賣關係，清代的法律基於平息爭端的立場，採取刑罰制裁的方式以禁止可能產生糾紛的買賣關係，這種態度自然難以藉由體系化的立法，以確定買賣雙方間的權利義務關係。而在對清代官方法規進行一系列的探討後，將會發現，法律所呈現出不利於買主的田產買賣結構，一方面體現出原業主對於田產有著深刻的影響力，另一方面也突顯「中人」在民間買賣的重要性。最後，清代律例規定所呈現出來田產買賣結構，除了極少數的情況下，基本上並沒有因官方的裁判而受到根本上的動搖。

台灣科技業代工廠常面臨購買合法來源零組件，仍無法擺脫專利侵權控訴之命運，亦或常居於談判地位劣勢之被授權方角色，只能接受授權方完全排除自身擔保責任之契約條款，導致國內廠商始終擺脫不了高額權利金及侵權損害賠償金之累。本論文之核心研究問題，即在於探討如何在專利授權之架構下，降低未來潛在之第三人侵權責任風險？並區分法律制度層面、契約設計層面、管理制度層面，三個面向進行探討，嘗試提出可行之風險管控策略。個案研究方面，選擇美國最高法院Quanta v. LG專利侵權訴訟案，此案受各界宣稱為近期美國司法界對於專利制度最具指標性之判決，本論文透過判決評析探求美國法院見解真意，並在此架構下，提出個人意見及看法，進而對於專利權人未來之策略轉變，以及台灣代工業者應之因應方式提出建議。 1、法律制度面管控： 被控侵權者可運用專利制度下賦予專利權本質上限制之「專利權耗盡原則」，衡平原則發展下之「默示授權原則」，以及「再授權理論」對於專利權人之權利主張限制，以達降低侵權責任成立之風險。美國法下針對專利權耗盡原則及默示授權原則發展出多種態樣，惟其是否於個案中有所適用空間，往往仍取決於授權契約條款之解釋，此即彰顯出事先明確定義授權條款之重要性。 2、契約設計面管控： 由於我國法與美國法下對於專利授權契約定性上之差異，進而推衍出我國法下相較於美國法較加重授權人責任之結果，是以我國學說有主張當被授權人因運用授權標的遭受第三人主張侵權時，應準用民法瑕疵擔保規定使授權人承負一定責任者；反之，美國學說則普遍否認授權人存在有此等法定契約責任，此亦和雙方政策選擇保護立場互異之結果不謀而合。惟在現階段實務及學說對於授權人是否承擔被授權人之侵權瑕疵擔保責任尚無定見之下，以契約條款預先分配侵權風險最可達成管控風險之目的。美國企業之授權契約發展已十分成熟，與侵權責任分配相關之典型條款，如：授權條款、聲明擔保條款、補償條款，均存有許多附隨之細節需於契約設計談判時預先留意。惟若於契約條款中無法獲得有利於己之責任分配模式，即應評估風險性高低，決定是否採行其他之風險管控方式，如：專利侵權責任保險、企業自行提撥風險準備金、進行專利侵權訴訟評估與管理等。 3、管理制度面管控： 授權做為專利眾多換價模式之一，其背後最終之目的即在於具體落實為企業利潤收益，自然無法背離商業策略思維而獨立運作。國內現階段之專利授權實務發展成效不彰，其原因即在於國內普遍認為授權是單純法律之範疇，而未於企業內建立一套完備之授權管理制度。事實上，授權契約設計亦應與智財行銷要素、商業模式建構要素，以及企業營運流程相互配套，藉由平時有效之管理制度，方能確實將侵權風險防患於未然。 4、個案判決評析結論： 國內代工業者Quanta雖於本案中獲得最終勝訴判決，可說是貫徹了美國最高法院近年來持續傾向限縮專利權人權能之見解。然其是否代表台灣代工業者獲得了完全的勝利？往後不需再為合法採購之零件是否侵權一事苦惱？本論文採取保留之態度。因本案判決事實上僅圍繞在判斷LG與Intel授權範圍之解釋，並未對於能否以契約條款限制專利權耗盡原則表示見解。且本案判決出爐後，專利權人未來勢必轉變其授權策略，亦可預見其授權條款將更趨嚴苛，以規避判決中劃定之界限。台灣代工廠商實應謹慎集思因應策略以對。 / Taiwan OEMs are often situated in the role as licensees with inferior bargaining power when negotiated license agreements with foreign companies, and usually had no choice but to accept unfair contract terms. Therefore, Taiwan companies cannot get ride of high royalties and infringement penalty for all these years. This paper aims to discuss how to reduce potential patent infringement risk under the license system. The discussion will be elaborated from three aspects: Legal, Contract, and Management, and it will also try to propose some feasible risk management strategies. Furthermore, the paper will include a case study on Quanta v. LG, which is believed to be the most significant patent infringement case in United States Supreme Court in 2008.Through the analysis of Court opinions, the thesis then proposes some different suggestions about conversion of the patentee’ license strategies and how Taiwan OEMs should cope with the change in the future. 1.Legal Aspect: The defendant of a infringement case can apply for the doctrine of patent exhaustion, implied license, and sublicense. These doctrines are derived from patent right essential limitation. The U.S. law develops a lot of different models of patent exhaustion and implied license. It often depends on the interpretation of the terms of license agreement whether theses doctrines should be applied to individual case. This demonstrates the importance of precise definition and arrangement of contracts in advance. 2.Contract Aspect: The contract qualification of patent license agreement are different in Taiwan Law and the U.S. Law. Taiwan law intensifies licensor’s liability than American Law. Some Taiwan theories consider that when the licensee is accused of infringement because of the use of licensed articles, the licensor should have liability corresponding to the liability of warranty against defects in Civil Law. On the contrary, the majority of American theories deny such contract liability from law of licensor. Such difference corresponds to the different policies adopted in both countries. Since the defect warranty liability of the licensors are still in dispute, it will be the best way for risk management to distribute the infringement liability of both parties in contract explicitly. License agreement research has been fully developed in the U.S.. Grant Clause, Representations & Warranties and Indemnifications are all accompanied with details to be concerned. If the corporation unfortunately cannot obtain favorable clauses for its own side, it should evaluate risk to decide should it adopt another way for risk control, such as insurance, setting up risk reserves or litigation management. 3.Management Aspect: License is one of business models for corporation to make profit from patent. Its main purpose is to realize intangible patents into tangible profit. Accordingly, licensing strategy cannot be apart from commercial strategies. Patent license practice is still immature in Taiwan. Domestic corporations generally consider license as only a legal issue and do not properly construct a management system. In fact, license agreement design is a multidisciplinary subject and should coordinate with IP marketing strategies, business model, and enterprise operation procedure. Effective management system can establish necessary precautions against infringement liabilities. 4.Case Study: United States Supreme Court finally decided in favor of Quanta, Taiwan OEM, in Quanta v. LG case. The judgment does not mean a complete victory for Taiwan OEMs and neither did it indicate that the manufacturers do not need to bother for patent infringement by combining licensed components. Because the Court opinion only focuses within the scope of the license agreement by LG to Intel, without mentioning about if license conditions could break free of the doctrine of patent exhaustion. Furthermore, the stricter license conditions from the licensor is expectable after this case. Taiwan OEMs should make their best to find a solution.

本文的主旨在評價二次擔保債權憑證。在條件獨立機率的假設下，我們使用factor copula的方法去刻劃違約事件間的相關係數，並提供了一個有效率的迴圈演算法去建構損失分配。本方法同時考慮違約數目及違約位置，同時亦可解決重疊性的問題。本文所建構的是Hull and White(2004)的延申模型。我們也對各參數作敏感度分析，以求得其對分券價差的影響。文中亦主張一些風險衝量指標，以量化重疊性的程度等風險議題。 / In this paper we address the pricing issues of CDO of CDOs. Underlying the conditional indepdence assumption we use the factor copula approach to characterize the correlation of defaults events. We provide an efficient recursive algorithm that constructs the loss distribution. Our algorithm accounts for the number of defaults, the location of defaults among inner CDOs, and in addition the degree of overlapping between inner CDOs. Our algorithm is a natural extension of the probability bucketing method of Hull and White (2004). We analyze the sensitivity of different parameters on the tranche spreads of a CDO-squared, and in order to characterize the risk-reward profiles of CDO-squared tranches, we introduces appropriate risk measures that quantify the degree of overlapping among the inner CDOs. Hull and White (2004) presents a recursive scheme known as probability bucketing approach to construct conditional loss distribution of CDO. However, this approach is insufficient to capture the complexities of CDO². In the case of the modeling of CDO, we are concerned for the probabilities of different number of defaults upon a time horizon t, e.g., the probabilities of 3 defaults happened within a year. With the mentioned probabilities, we can then calculate the expected loss within the time horizon, which enables us to figure out the spreads of CDO. However, in the modeling of CDO², an appropriate valuation should be able to overcome two more difficulties: (1) the overlapping structure of the underlying CDOs, and (2) the location where defaults happened, in order to get the fair spreads of CDO².

由於過度粗糙立法、缺乏相關深入研究暨流於形式之契約解釋取向，臺灣保險契約法第二章第三節特約條款制度實沈苛已深而積重難返，亟待立法者、司法者及主管機關進行大幅度改造。本文研究聚焦於探討該制度－相當於英美保險契約法之明示擔保條款－起源、本質暨新近發展，並研擬相關修法提案俾供後續立法者與研究者參酌。基此，本文擬採用法律經濟分析、實證分析與比較法等研究方式加以進行。從英美法系各國之立法潮流可發現，契約基礎條款因違反合理期待原則而遭多數國家揚棄。此從英格蘭暨蘇格蘭法律委員會目前保險契約法修法暫時提案，以及澳洲1984年保險契約法第24條規定即可窺見一斑。再者，鑑於肯定擔保條款當初建制基礎已消失殆盡，包含英國、澳洲及紐西蘭皆採取以不實陳述制度取代肯定擔保條款之立法，俾以達成較為公平之規範結果。至於允諾擔保條款部分，增加損失與違反行為間因果關係要件實已蔚為潮流，包含英國、美國數州、澳洲及紐西蘭相關立法皆為適例。此外，相較於無效、得撤銷抑或自動向後免責，賦予保險人契約終止權誠屬較佳之法律效果，已獲各國之共識。職是之故，本文主張應修改特約條款有關肯定特約部分相關文字，使同法第64條據實說明制度可取代之，俾產生較有效率之核保資訊提供制度。另一方面，允諾擔保條款內容應限縮於與危險有關之重要性事項。此外，應考慮增加損失與違反行為間因果關係要件，並使保險人於無因果關係之情形得以主張就系爭損失免責。鑑於解除權易使法律關係趨於複雜，本文建議應以契約終止權取代現行契約解除權較佳。又在前述修法前，法院得透過契約解釋方式緩和現行法弊端，而行政院金融監督管理委員會亦得透過保險商品審查機制過濾不妥之約款加以因應。 / Express warranties of insurance law in Taiwan provoke a great number of dilemmas in both theory and practice due to oversimplified legislation, a paucity of related studies and formalism of contract construction. This study aims not only at exploring the origin, nature and development of the institution for the purpose of elucidating pros and cons of express warranties, but also at providing an amendment to express warranties of insurance law in Taiwan. The dissertation achieves the dual goals by way of comparative study and economic analysis of law. Obviously, abolition of “basis of the contract clause”－an obsolete and bitterly-criticized contract term－ has been an uncontroversial trend around the world on the grounds of reasonable expectations. English and Scottish Law Commissions’ tentative proposals, as well as Section 24 of Australian Insurance Contracts Act 1984, sets an excellent example. Also, with an eye to the collapse of affirmative warranties’ keystones, several countries, including the U.K., Australia, and New Zealand, substitute misrepresentation for affirmative warranties for the purpose of leveling the playing field. As for promissory warranties, requirement of causal link between losses and breach of promissory warranties has gained a dominant position in the U.K., the U.S., Australia, and New Zealand on the grounds that considerable unfairness to policyholders would arise in the absence of it. In addition, the insurers’ right to terminate contracts has been generally regarded as a more superior legal effect than III rendering contracts void or avoid, even the insurer automatically discharged from liability. Based upon these foreign legislation and other considerations, the dissertation proposes the third section “express warranties” of insurance law in Taiwan should be amended thoroughly. Affirmative warranties in the section should be substantially supersede by misrepresentation set forth in article 64, since the latter is capable of inducing the insured to provide necessary information for the insurer in a more efficient way than is the former. On the other hand, promissory warranties of insurance law in Taiwan should be reconstructed by adding the requirement of causal connection to the insurer’s right not liable for specific losses. Furthermore, this dissertation also advocates that legislators replace the insurer’s right to avoid with the right to terminate on the basis of evading complicated legal relationship. Besides, in advance of amending aforementioned articles, the dissertation suggests that courts in Taiwan mitigate harsh effects via contract construction, and regulators should filter inappropriate or nominal warranties from insurance policies by means of administrative screening mechanism.

近年來，我國平均國民所得已達六仟餘美元，貧富差距亦僅在四點餘倍，社會大眾已 不能滿足於保守的理財方式，而紛紛謀求投資報酬率較高的投資途徑。但一般大眾知 識匱乏，國內市場投資工具有限，在資金汜濫下，遂造成股市及房地產狂飆不已，大 家樂、六合彩充斥市井等，種種不理性的投機行為頻頻發生。待政府整頓與健全股市 ，以及掃蕩地下投資公司之後，國人才對分散投資的理財觀念有所注視。 目前，政府為加速健全我國資本市場與配合六年國家建設計畫，將陸續發行大量公債 此對債券市場之擴大與發展確有實質助益。然而，公債只是債券市場眾多投資工具之 一，吾人不能以發行公債為滿足，必須使投資工具更多樣化，並教導國人瞭解債券之 好處，才能滿足國民需要，進而活絡市場。因此，本論文選擇「資產證券化」為研究 主題，希望將此觀念呈獻國人，盼能有助我國資本市場健全於萬一。 本論文章節概要如下：第一章：研究動機、何謂資產證券化、資產證券化的好處。第 二章：不動產抵押擔保債券簡介，以及國外發行的種類與概況。第三章：文獻回顧。 第四章：理論模型。第五章：台灣可行性研究。第六章：結論與建議。

「重要性」是會計資訊提供的門檻，審計人員執行查核工作的目的在確保會計資訊的 品質，在查核過程中對事件重要性皂評估若有一致的判斷，則能提高會計資訊的可靠 性及比較性，進而提昇會計資訊的品質。 本論文係以透視模型的觀念性架構，探討審計人員對重要性判斷的政策及品質，並以 De Angelo 的擔保品效果理論為基礎，分析會計師事務所規模及審計人員職位對判斷 品質的影響。 研究個案為判斷存貨沖銷事件的重要程度以決定在損益表中單獨揭露。相關的線索為 沖銷金額對（１）淨利的比例，（２）存貨餘額的比例，及（３）資產總額的比例， 做３＊２＊２完全因子設計，以隨機方式選取不同規模事務所中不同職位的審計人員 六十人，進行當面的訪視及作答。 判斷模型的建立是採用變異數分析法，計算ω□值衡量各線索解釋差異的能力，研究 結果顯示： （１）淨利因素是多數受試者最重視的線索，但是各項線索所能解釋差異的能力較國 外研究結果為低。 （２）判斷品質衡量標準，判斷的共同一致性、穩定性及自我洞察力三者均較國外研 究結果為低，其中以自我洞察力與國外研究結果差距最大。 （３）事務所規模及審計人員職位僅對判斷的共同一致性有顯著的影響。

行政契約，係指以設定、變更或消滅行政法上法律關係為目的，由二個以上意思表示相互合致，所成立之雙方法律行為。租稅行政契約，則指人民與稽徵機關，就租稅法律關係相互表示意思一致，所成立之行政契約。租稅法雖多為強行法規，惟此一特徵與行政契約並不衝突。除契約標的之法律關係，依其性質不得締結行政契約，或法律明文禁止締約外，人民與稽徵機關在法律積極授權或消極默許時，仍得合法締結租稅行政契約；此即行政契約具備「形式許可性」。契約標的之法律關係，須符合法律之要求，始有拘束各該當事人之效力，此即行政契約之「內容合法性」。行政契約須兼具「契約形式之許可性」與「契約內容之合法性」，始符合依法行政原則之要求，租稅行政契約亦不例外。 我國學界對租稅行政契約之形式，多採肯定見解，認為人民與稽徵機關得依行政程序法之規定，就租稅法律關係締結行政契約。我國實定法，並未明文禁止稽徵機關締結行政契約，惟藉由法律之文義及精神，仍可推論出契約形式，在個別情況下被禁止。現行稅法，針對租稅請求權，多使用「申報」、「核定」、「發單課徵」或「填發繳款書」等用語。法律雖未明確要求稽徵機關應以行政處分確定租稅，惟基於上述用語之文義及法律精神，應認「行政處分」係唯一可能之形式，稽徵機關不得締結行政契約替代之。法律要求稽徵機關作成行政處分，即寓有禁止行政契約之意旨。契約形式具備許可性後，契約內容亦須具備合法性，行政契約始生拘束當事人之法律效力。契約內容除不得違背法律及一般法律原則外，涉及稽徵機關之裁量權限時，亦不得存有裁量瑕疵。 租稅行政契約之爭訟，須視訴訟標的之法律關係，分別適用不同之程序。針對行政契約是否無效或處分契約之爭議，應依行政訴訟法第六條，提起確認訴訟。契約債權人請求債務人為一定財產上給付，或請求作成行政處分以外之其他非財產上給付時，應依行政訴訟法第八條第一項後段，提起一般給付訴訟，並無爭議。至於人民與行政機關締結行政契約，約定行政機關應作成行政處分，若行政機關未依約履行時，人民應提起何種訴訟，主張其權利？本文認為，在我國現制之下，針對此類事件，不論提起課予義務訴訟或一般給付訴訟，均非毫無疑義，惟人民依行政訴訟法第八條第一項後段，提起「一般給付訴訟」之見解，應較為妥適。一般給付訴訟之判決，並無形成效力，故行政機關作成不符契約本旨之處分時，人民須另提起撤銷訴願及撤銷訴訟，始得排除該違法處分之效力。 關於行政契約之強制執行，若契約當事人依行政程序法第一四八條，訂有「自願接受執行條款」時，債務人若未依契約本旨履行債務，債權人即得直接以行政契約為執行名義，請求行政法院強制執行。若當事人未訂有自願接受執行之條款，則債權人須取得執行名義，始得請求行政法院對債務人強制執行。雖國內有部分學者，認為課予義務訴訟之判決，不能強制執行。本文則認為，課予義務訴訟之判決，即為行政訴訟法第三○五條第一項所稱「命債務人為一定給付之裁判」，人民於取得執行名義後，得據此請求行政法院強制執行。