This thesis examines the formative years of the Swedish tenants´ associations in Gothenburg and Stockholm and the strategies used by these organizations to alter the housing market, both on a local and on a national level. It is both a transfer analysis, examining how strategies from the labor market came to be applied to the rental market and a comparative study, comparing tenants´ associations in two Swedish cities. Hyresgästernas Centralförsamling (HCF) in Gothenburg had a more conflict-oriented approach toward both individual and collectively organized landlords. The organizational structure of HCF was similar to that of a trade union federation. This differed from Stockholms Hyresgästförening (SHG). Resembling more a political association than a militant union, SHG adopted strategies more focused on gaining legislative protection for tenants and increasing the supply of available housing. This was partly achieved through the co-operative housing society Hyresgästernas Sparkasse- och Byggnadsförening (HSB). This thesis argues that the common denominator for all these strategies was to reduce the internal competition between tenants and thus strengthening them as a collective force on the rental market. The main conclusion of the thesis is that the tenants´ associations cannot be easily categorized by standard organizational models. Shaped by local, organizational and ideological factors the tenants´ associations were hybrid organizations resembling both trade unions, cooperative societies

Syftet med denna uppsats var att besvara följande frågeställning: 1) Hur gestaltas den polska självständighetsmarschen och dess deltagare? Går det genom öppen kodning att hitta återkommande frames? Går det att se nationella skillnader? 2) Hur förhåller sig gestaltningen till tidigare journalistisk forskning om hur demonstrationer gestaltas? Kännetecknas gestaltningar av de frames som i hög utsträckning används? Går det att se nationella skillnader? 3) Hur återspeglar framställningar av självständighetsmarschen hur journalister i de olika undersökta länderna förhåller sig till objektivitetsideal enligt en liberal modell? Frågeställningen besvarades genom en tvådelad kvantitativ objektivitetsanalys samt en tvådelad kvalitativ gestaltningsanalys. Resultatet av den första delen av den kvantitativa undersökningen visade att objektivitetsideal förknippade med hur informationskällor används var relativt lika; objektivitetsideal återspeglas inom detta område på ett relativt likartat sätt länder emellan. Resultatet av den andra delen av den kvantitativa undersökningen visade relativt stora skillnader mellan hur inrikes (polska) medier samt utrikesmedier beskriver marschen. Tydligast i detta sammanhang var att 46% av de utländska nyhetstexterna kallade marschen helt högerextrem, medan endast 7% av de polska nyhetstexterna kallade den i helhet som högerextrem. Liknande siffror kunde ses om man bytte ut begreppet ”högerextrem” mot ”nationalistisk”. I gestaltningsanalysens första del, kunde fem olika mindre ramar som beskrev marschens deltagare (”stöttade av regeringen”, ”representanter av allmän opinion”, ”vandaler/huliganer”, ”extremister” och ”harmlösa”) identifieras, och dessa bildade tillsammans en övergripande gestaltningsram. Den övergripande ramen gick att tillämpa på de flesta texter som analyserades. Resultatet av den andra delen visade att Dardis (2006) kartlagda marginaliseringsfigurer (som forskning visat frekvent använts i tidigare journalistisk forskning om demonstrationer) användes i liten utsträckning. Gestaltningsanalysen visade, tillskillnad från objektivitetsanalysen, relativt lika beskrivningar i samtliga länders medier, även om det gick att se nationella skillnader.När det gäller objektivitetsideal så indikerar resultatet generellt att journalister i Polen inom detta sammanhang förhåller sig annorlunda till västerländska objektivitetsideal, alternativt att journalister förhåller sig annorlunda till objektivitetsideal när det gäller utrikes- jämfört med inrikesrapportering.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att identifiera möjliga utfallspåverkande faktorer som möjliggör ett framgångsrikt implementerat utfall avseende social hänsyn i offentlig upphandling i en svensk kontext. Analysen och slutsatserna bygger på en jämförelse mellan två fall där utfallet utgör den gemensamma nämnaren. Underlaget till uppsatsen bygger primärt på intervjuer med tjänstemän och politiker i Sigtuna och i Örebro. De teoretiska analysverktygen som används i denna uppsats är hämtade från Rational choice- och Normativ institutionalism. Tre temafaktorer har använts för att kategorisera likheter och skillnader mellan fallen. Dessa är spelregler, preferenser och resurser. Resultatet visar på att fallen har fler möjliga utfallspåverkande faktorer gemensamma än de har utfallspåverkande faktorer som skiljer dem åt. En troligt viktig möjlig förklarande faktor ligger i att frågan om sociala krav har hanterats på ledningsnivå som en strategisk fråga, snarare än som en juridisk eller teknisk fråga. Fallen kan även förstås som att behovet av upphandling och behovet av sociala åtgärder har växt fram oberoende av varandra innan själva upphandlingsprocesserna och att det är genom aktörernas aktioner som upphandlingsfrågan och den sociala frågan har kombinerats. Dock rör det sig inte om en institutionell förändring som katalysator för implementeringen, utan snarare om inkrementell förändring i synen på offentlig upphandling som ett verktyg för social förändring. / The purpose of this thesis is to identify probable outcome influencing factors that enable a successful implemented outcome of social considerations in public procurement in a Swedish context. The analysis and conclusions are based on a comparison between two cases where the outcome is the common denominator. The empirical material for the thesis is primarily gathered from interviews with officials and politicians in Sigtuna and in Örebro municipalities. The theoretical tools used for analysis in this thesis are taken from Rational choice and Normative institutionalism. Three thematic factors have been used to categorize the similarities and differences between the cases: these are the rules of the game, preferences and resources. The result shows that the cases have more probable outcome influencing factors in common than they exhibit outcome influencing factors that set them apart. A likely important probable explanatory factor is to be found in the fact that the subject of social considerations was handled at a management / political level as a strategic issue, rather than as a legal or technical issue. The cases can also be understood in a manner which informs us that the need for procurement and the need for social action have evolved independently of each other and before the actual procurement processes. It is through the actors’ actions that the procurement issues and the social considerations have been combined into a common issue. However, the result does not indicate an institutional change as a catalyst for the implementation, but rather that the change in the perception of public procurement as a tool with social policy implication represents an incremental change within the existing institutions.

This study is about trust for public institutions and what the foundation is that builds this confidence. For this study I have used three dependent variables to define different aspects of public institutions. These are trust in the legal system, trust in political parties and state of health services nowadays.  The method that is used in the study is based on a comparative study between two countries, Sweden and Portugal.  The actual result is made up by comparing means and regressions by using 13 independent variables. Many of the independent variables that has been used is deriving from institutional theories of Putnam and Rothstein These theories points out the importance of strong traditions of civic engagement and that the success of the trust of the institutions depends in large part on the horizontal bonds that make up social capital. Other theories describe the malicious venom that is the outcome of corruption and the importance of happiness. The cultural dimensions by Hofstede are also included in the list of theories, especially those dealing with the freedom and free from collectivism and caring for others well-being. With help from these theories thirteen independent variables were emerged. The result that comes from the study is that the trust is first of all the obvious Sweden has a higher level of trust in all the different aspects than Portugal. Although the regressions shows that only 4,8 -11,2% can be explained, there is still possible to make clear conclusions. The clearest conclusion we can draw is that state of happiness makes a difference regarding trust for the institutions. Other things that influence the trust are civic engagement by working in another organization and believing in equality seems to correlate with higher trust. Caring for others seems to have a slightly negative effect on the trust. With this we can conclude that altruists do not have a higher trust on public institutions than others. A clearer tendency is that the sense of feeling free is negative on the trust for the public institutions.

Studiens syfte är att urskilja teman i böckerna om Musse och Helium genom en litteraturanalys, samt vilka teman som framkommer genom elevers (åk 1–2) tolkning av ett utdrag ur böckerna. Studien fokuserar även på befintliga och framtolkade teman från böckernas tillhörande lärarhandledning. Studiens tre resultat jämförs i en komparativ analys. De teman som tolkades fram i litteraturanalysen var; det goda och det onda, dörren till ett magiskt land, att ta lärdom av livets utmaningar, samt det kompetenta barnet. De teman som eleverna tolkade fram i textsamtalen var; det goda och det onda, den hemliga fantasivärlden och allt hänger på dom!. I analysen av lärarhandledningen tolkades en mängd olika teman fram, några var redan vedertagna i instruktionen, vår tolkning av lärarhandledningen landade i att det går att urskilja flera teman beroende på vilken avsikt som finns. I den komparativa analysen så synliggjordes likheter och skillnader mellan de olika teman som tolkats fram i samtligt resultat. Analysen synliggjorde också möjligheter och svårigheter mellan olika arbetssätt. Vår huvudsakliga slutsats är att vi ser goda möjligheter med att arbeta med detta material med tillhörande lärarhandledning i undervisning. Materialet bör däremot inte ses som fullständigt, då vi ser fler möjligheter att använda det skönlitterära verket än vad lärarhandledningen innefattar.

The purpose of this essay is to examine how and what two Swedish newspapers wrote about the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact and the initial invasion of Poland during the Second World War. Additionally this works also seeks to find any major differences between the two newspaper coverage of the events studied. To achieve this goal a qualitative and comparative method was applied to the source material, which consist of the newspapers Nya WermlandsTidningen (NWT) and Dagens Nyheter (DN) during the period from August 23 to the eight of September. The theory which was applied is a variant of critical discourse analysis. The results of the essay can be summarized as follows: Both NWT and DN provided and adequate coverage of the events, although they often reported on the same events and with the same sources they used different headlines and sometimes reached different conclusions. In regards to the comparative study this reveals that largely they reported on minor differences and that most of the major stories are similar.

The aim of this essay is to analyse the progression between textbooks written for lower secondary school and upper secondary school that help students to evolve their history consciousness. The study examined how two textbooks each from three different history courses presented the Industrial Revolution and if there is a progression in content between the textbooks. To examine this, texts, study questions and illustrations were examined with a comparative analysis. The results showed that progression occurs between textbooks written for lower secondary school and upper secondary school. This is foremost seen quantitatively, in an increasing amount of facts. However, this increase is not great and can mainly be seen as an increase of facts in combination of the portraiture of new perspectives e.g. the industrialisations impact on society and democracy.

Synen på sex kan se väldigt olika ut beroende på dess kontext, och för att kunna förstå sex och sexualitet i sin helhet krävs det att det ses ur sitt sociala, historiska, kulturella och politiska sammanhang. Studien utgår från en komparativ ansats, då den avser att identifiera eventuella samband och skillnader mellan Sverige och Nederländerna kring synen på sex, samt vad som kan vara orsaken till dessa. Som jämförande länder valdes Sverige och Nederländerna då de kan ses som varandras motpoler när det kommer till konservativa och liberala värderingar. Studien undersöker sex utifrån unga kvinnors perspektiv, och material har samlats in med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer i respektive land. Således är syftet med studien att undersöka unga kvinnors syn på sex i Sverige samt Nederländerna. Resultaten visade att trots olika värderingar och politiska åsikter i länderna så har unga kvinnor liknande tankar och upplevelser när det kommer till synen på sex. Den främsta förklaringen till de liknande åsikterna kopplas till feminismens utveckling samt internet som informationskälla. Den största skillnaden i åsikter hos kvinnorna var kring sexuellt arbete såsom prostitution, där kvinnorna i Sverige var negativa medan kvinnorna i Nederländerna var positiva, men med en viss skepticism. En möjlig förklaring till att kvinnorna i Nederländerna var mer positiva till prostitution var på grund av normaliseringen som skett genom inflytande från politiken.

This thesis examines the correlation between the Swedish National Library Strategy and the Swedish National Security Strategy. These strategies originates from two different political fields that seemingly has nothing to do with each other. However, in the Swedish National Library Strategy, it states that public libraries in Sweden should be a part of the nation’s civil defense, and therefore be a part of Sweden’s total defense system. In the National Library Strategy, libraries are considered vital in order to sustain a strong democracy, this is described through the libraries focus on educating citizens in media and information literacy (MIL), as well as the librarians role as an independent and neutral information intermediary. Libraries would therefore enrich the civil defense through a crisis, or a wartime situation. However, in the National Security Strategy the vital role of public libraries within the defense system is not being discussed. The statement from the National Library Strategy has been met with a lot of questions and dispute. The reactions of the statement is in fact the premise of this thesis. The subsequent ignorance of the statement requires further knowledge, which this thesis establish. A comparative qualitative content analysis is applied to find similarities and differences between the two political fields, in order to understand the statement made in the Swedish National Library Strategy. The source material of this thesis consists of these two strategies, as well as further selected reports and research papers that is linked to the two strategies. The results of this thesis show that there is a communal discussion about threat scenarios, and that there are a mutual goal of a strong upheld democracy in both of the policies. However, the results show that there are differences in how to encounter and overcome the threats. This is a two years master’s thesis in Library and Information Science.

This thesis concerns the issue of injunctive relief and specific performance in arbitration. The availability of such relief varies significantly between different jurisdictions and the issue is further complicated when parties opt out of litigation in favor of arbitration, not the least in terms of enforcement. In light of this, the thesis aims to determine the consequences for parties opting for arbitration instead of litigation with regard to the availability and enforceability of specific performance and injunctive relief. This overall research question has been answered under the laws of Sweden and the United States of America. First, this thesis has concluded that there are considerable differences between the jurisdictions in the availability of specific performance and injunctive relief in litigation. In Sweden, remedies are issues of substantive law and for many kinds of contracts, the primary remedy for breach. Consequently, courts do not differentiate claims for specific performance or injunctive relief, and routinely grant such claims in no different way than granting monetary relief. Conversely, in the United States, remedies are viewed as procedural issues, not substantive. There, specific performance and injunctive relief are discretionary matters of equity and not rights at law. Hence, the availability of specific performance and injunctive relief is limited as compared to damages. Further, this thesis has concluded that the categorization of reliefs and remedies as substantive and procedural, respectively, is mirrored also in arbitration. While in Sweden, the choice of arbitration as proper contract forum does not affect the availability of the reliefs now in question, it does so in the United States. There, courts have held that the division of remedies into legal and equitable is not applicable in arbitration. Thus, parties have the freedom to by contract control which reliefs an arbitrator may grant. In absence of such agreements, courts have presumed arbitrators to have been given a broad grant of authority, allowing otherwise unavailable reliefs.Third, this thesis has concluded that, inter alia, because of the inherent contempt powers of courts in the United States, the means of enforcing arbitral awards providing specific performance and injunctive relief are more extensive in the United States than in Sweden, where comparable powers do not exist. Further, parties may by means of contract, grant arbitrators the authority to supervise such reliefs and enforce previously granted specific performance and injunctions by contractual fines and sanctions. Again, in absence of explicit contract language such authority is presumed in the United States, but not in Sweden. Overall, the choice of arbitration has consequences in both jurisdictions. In the United States, mostly for the availability of the reliefs in question and in Sweden, mostly for the enforcement.