The aim of the study is to investigate the use of linguistic strategies by Swedish high school students in how they use them to identify the meanings of words. The study also aims to discuss a didactic implementation and the potential of discussing words and their meaning. The empirical data consists of two parts: a survey centred around words which encourages the students to show their linguistic strategical solutions, and also a student discussion where they in groups discuss words and their meaning by applying linguistic strategies. The study shows that there exist strategies that are more commonly used, such as a morphological strategy which had different results. There were times during the discussion where the strategy was being used efficiently to solve the meaning of a word, while in other scenarios it would instead misguide the students. In other words: students generally showed a wide linguistic knowledge and could apply different strategies to solve the meaning of words, but the problem was that they in several cases did not know how to use their linguistic knowledge correctly. To have a wide linguistic knowledge and knowing how to use it correctly are two separate things. The result proves that no matter which linguistic knowledge level they master, the students require assistance in order to make use of their knowledge. A discussion about complex words and their meaning could therefore be a useful resource for teachers to identify what each student needs to improve, while also being an effective teaching method where students can discuss and share their knowledge between each other, thus allowing their personal vocabulary to expand. It is however uncertain how efficient the teaching method is practice. Further research and testing is required to prove that students actually learn and improve from it.

Studiens syfte är att bidra till att beskriva hur tidningarna The New York Times, The New York Post och The Hollywood Reporter har rapporterar om manusförfattarstrejken i Hollywood som var 2007–2008 och den som var 2023, kontra hur de tidningarna har förändrats i deras rapportering. Uppsatsen utgår från Norman Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys som både teori och metod, samt användning av komparativ metod. Studien empiriska material är artiklar från när de båda strejkerna precis innan och efter de började 2007 och 2023. Resultatet visar att alla tre tidningar har ändrat deras sätt på hur de rapporterar sina nyheter från 2007 till 2023. The New York Post har blivit mer konservativ genom åren och tenderade att skriva mer negativt om Writers Guild of America (WGA) 2023 än vad de gjorde 2007. The New York Times har gått från att vara en relativt neutral tidning 2007 till att öppna sin tidning för WGA-medlemmar och låta dem skriva debatterande artiklar på deras hemsida. The Hollywood Reporter har gått från att vara positiva för WGA tills att vara helt öppet på deras sida och även de har öppnat sin tidning för WGA-medlemmar att skriva anonyma artiklar om vadsomhelst under och efter strejken.

Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra C.S. Lewis bok Kung Caspian och skeppet Gryningen och filmen med samma namn för att se vilka skillnader och likheter som finns mellan båda medierna. En narrativ analys och en komparativ analys har genomförts. Fyra frågeställningar har varit underlag för analysen, vilka är:• Vad har förändrats, lagts till eller tagits bort vid filmatiseringen av boken som är mest uppenbart?• Vilka skillnader och likheter finns mellan karaktärerna i bok och film?• Vilka skillnader och likheter finns mellan tre utvalda scener i bok och film?• Hur påverkar förändringarna berättelsens tematik?Resultaten visar att den mest uppenbara skillnaden mellan de olika medierna är att bokens huvudsyfte är att finna de sju försvunna riddarna medan filmen har vinklat det till att finna de sju svärden som tillhört riddarna. Karaktärernas framställning liknar varandra med en liten avvikelse på Lucy och Ripipip och att de tre scenerna utspelar sig i olika ordning jämfört med boken. Berättelsens tema är dock detsamma i både boken och filmatiseringen. I undervisningssyfte är både boken och filmen användbara i undervisningen för årskurs 4-6 i det svenska språket. / The aim of this study is to compare C.S. Lewis's book Voyage of the Dark treader and the movie with the same name to see what differences and similarities there is between both medias. A narrative analysis and a comparative analysis have been implemented. Four issues have been the basis for the analysis, which are:• What has been the most obvious change when filming the book?• What are the differences and similarities between the characters in the book and the movie?• What differences and similarities exist between three selected scenes in the book and in the movie?• How do the changes affect the story's theme?The results show that the most obvious difference between the various media is that the main purpose of the book is to find the seven lost knights while the movie has angled it to find the seven swords that belonged to the knights. The characters' portrayal is similar to each other with a slight divergency from Lucy and Ripipip and the three scenes take place in different order compared to the book. However, the theme of the story is the same in both the book and the movie. For educational purposes, both the book and the movie are useful in teaching in the school subject Swedish for grades 4-6.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att göra en komparativ karaktärsanalys med fokus på genus, genom en närläsning av romanerna The Hunger Games och The Maze Runner. De frågor som ställs fokuserar på vilken syn det finns på könsroller i romanerna, hur protagonisterna Katniss och Thomas framställs ur ett genusperspektiv samt hur tillfällena de axlar sin hjälteroll samt de uppoffringar som görs beskrivs. Den teoretiska grunden fokuserar på genusbegreppet, könstillhörighet hos unga samt maskulinitet och femininitet. Genom att göra en närläsning av romanerna undersöker uppsatsen komparativa anslag, gör en karaktärsanalys med fokus på genusforskning och utgångspunkt i genusteori. Analysen visar att Katniss och Thomas är mångfacetterade karaktärer som naturligt placerar sig i ledarroller samt visar stort mod under pressade och farliga situationer. Genom att fokusera på sina styrkor, snarare än samhällets förväntningar, utmanar protagonisterna de stereotyper som finns inom genusteori. / The purpose of this essay is to conduct a comparative character analysis on the protagonists in the novels The Hunger Games and The Maze Runner, through a close reading and with a focus on gender theory. The questions posed is focused on how gender role is viewed in the novels, how the protagonists Katniss and Thomas are portrayed from a gender perspective, how the situations they become heroes in the story and sacrifices they make are described. The theoretical foundation focuses on the concept of gender and young people's gender identity. Through the close reading of the novels, this essay explores comparative aspects, conducts a character analysis with a focus on gender research, and is based in gender theory. The analysis shows that Katniss and Thomas are multifaceted characters who instantly take on leadership roles and show great courage in dangerous situations. By focusing on their strengths rather than society’s expectations, the protagonists challenge the stereotypes that exist within gender.

Företagsförvärv är en global metod för tillväxt vilken idag tillämpas i stor utsträckning. Förfarandet innebär ett förvärv av en redan existerande verksamhet vilket kan föranleda minskade kostnader i förhållande till organisk tillväxt. Genom företagsförvärv krävs inte att köparen bygger upp verksamheten eller nya kund- och leverantörskretsar från grunden. I USA utgör företagsförvärv en utbredd metod för tillväxt, dock är transaktionsprocessen lik den svenska och det förekommer således inga väsentliga skillnader att beakta vid utformningen av förvärvsavtalen.   Integrationsprocessen utgör en fas vid företagsförvärv som har en avgörande inverkan på det slutliga resultatet av transaktionen. Det är genom en integration av företagen som köparen har möjlighet att realisera de synergier och andra mervärden vilka förvärvet kan föranleda. Processen är dock svår att hantera och det förekommer inga specifika regler avseende integrationen att ta hänsyn till, vilket kan resultera i att samgåendet misslyckas. Integrationen kräver tid och kapital, vilket förutsätter att köparen tar hänsyn till och börjar planera för processen i god tid vid förvärvet. Det är viktigt att de inblandade parterna arbetar för att påverka integrationen i så liten utsträckning som möjligt.   I de fall osäkerhet föreligger avseende målföretagets värde kan prismekanismer tillämpas för att eliminera de risker som osäkerheten medför.  Tillämpningen av prismekanismer kan innebära att köpeskillingen inte erläggs kontant vid tillträdet utan skjuts upp till ett avtalat datum. Ett av syftena med förvärvsavtalet och prismekanismerna är att fördela risker mellan parterna. I de fall utbetalningen av köpeskillingen genom en prismekanism skjuts upp till en tidpunkt efter tillträdet uppstår en risk för säljaren att inte erhålla betalning. Risken kan förebyggas genom införandet av en kontrollklausul i avtalet som begränsar köparen från att vidta vissa åtgärder i målföretagets verksamhet. Köparens begränsade handlingsfrihet kan innebära att denne hindras från att vidta åtgärder som kan vara väsentliga för en god integrationsprocess. Det finns flera olika former av prismekanismer vilka påverkar integrationen i olika grad genom att kontrollklausulen i de olika situationerna varierar i omfattning.      Ett prestationspris utgör en prismekanism som är svår att hantera och innebär en påverkan på integrationen eftersom tillämpningen förutsätter förekomsten av en kontrollklausul. En komparativ studie har påvisat att det inte förekommer några säregna alternativ till prestationspriser på den amerikanska marknaden. Marknaden för företagsförvärv är global och de alternativ som existerar tillämpas både i Sverige och i USA. De generella alternativ till prestationspris som förekommer och vilka är att föredra är en locked box eller en köpeskillingsavräkning med en kort löptid, eftersom de medför en mindre påverkan på integrationsprocessen.   Kontrollklausuler förekommer på grund av tillämpningen av prismekanismer och utgör således inte i sig den främsta orsaken till den negativa påverkan på integrationen. I de fall prismekanismer inte förekommer, finns inget behov av kontrollklausuler.

This thesis analyses protagonist Elizabeth Bennet in Jane Austen’s book Pride and Prejudice (1813) and protagonist Bridget Jones in Helen Fielding’s book Bridget Jones' Diary (1996) from a gender theory perspective. I use a comparative method to analyse how two themes are portrayed in the books: family and marriage and education and career.  The study shows that Elizabeth, from a gender perspective, is controlled by the society and her family's expectations that she must marry a man of the right table. Bridget, on the other hand, lives in accordance to the patriarchal norm, but this seems rather appear on a more personal level. Regarding education and career it seems to have gone from seeing this as an important part of being a woman not just for herself personally but also for being more attractive for men, to an objective perspective where education seems to define your work ability instead of the woman herself.  The study, in a didactic point of view, can be useful for teachers to help their pupils to see how gender is constructed and deconstructed from time to time. The syllabus of the subject of Swedish gives opportunities for the pupils to discuss and maybe first and foremost problematize gender and equality in both a literary historical perspective and a personal way.

Den tekniska utvecklingen, närmare bestämt introduktionen av fenomenet självkörande fordon, har medfört att det i skrivande stund föreligger viss oklarhet beträffande ansvarsfrågan enligt gällande rätt. Denna oklarhet har varit föremål för diskussion i ett delbetänkande från regeringen. I SOU 2016:28 finns sammanfattade förslag på reglering, däremot endast avseende försöksverksamheten ”Drive Me” som biltillverkaren Volvo ligger bakom. För att bemöta denna oklarhet har rättsläget diskuterats och problematiserats i hopp om ökad insikt i frågan. Detta utifrån framförallt skadeståndslagen, trafikskadelagen och produktansvarslagen samt generella skadeståndsrättsliga principer och ansvarsformer. Sammantaget har det kunnat konstateras att det inte finns någon självklar lösning på problemet, även om det i ett flertal situationer går att få en uppfattning av vad som vore juridiskt rimligt. Uppsatsen bidrar således till en problematisering av rättsläget inför den kommande harmoniseringen av teknik och juridik; ett steg i utvecklingen. / The technological development, specifically the introduction of the phenomenon of driverless vehicles, has meant that the time of writing, some ambiguity regarding the issue of liability under the law exists. This uncertainty has been discussed in an interim report from the government. Proposals on regulation are summarized in current SOU, however, only for the pilot project “Drive Me” as the automaker Volvo is behind. In order to address this uncertainty, the legal position has discussed and problematized in the hope of increasing awareness on the issue. Mainly from tort liability, Traffic damage Act, product liability law and liability forms and general principles of tort law. Overall, it´s been established that there is no obvious solution to the problem, although it´s possible to get an idea of what would be legally reasonable in a number of situations. The essay contributes thus to a discussion of problems of the legal position for the upcoming harmonization of technology and law; a stage of development.

This master thesis examines Directive 2014/66/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals in the framework of an intra-corporate transfer, the so-called ICT-directive and its corresponding rules in the Swedish legal framework with a main point on the principles of good administration. This issue is deliberated in relation to the direct effect of the European Union and the national procedural and institutional autonomy to determine whether the Directive’s procedural safeguards have been implemented satisfactorily. The principle of good administration has a wide comprehension and therefore, in this thesis, the focus is on the right to have his or her affairs handled impartially and fairly, an obligation of the administration to give reasons for its decisions and a right to be heard in the Directive and the corresponding rules of the Swedish utlänningslagen (2005:716) and utlänningsförordningen (2006:97) also with consideration to the Swedish förvaltningslagen (1986:223) and the new förvaltningslagen (2017:900). This master thesis is based on the legal-judicial and comparative law approaches to solve the legal problems that arise after the national implementation of this Directive. Finally, criticism has been directed towards the principle of good administration in the Union law and Swedish law. / I denna magisteruppsats analyseras Europaparlamentets och rådets direktiv 2014/66/EU om villkor för inresa och vistelse för tredjelandsmedborgare inom ramen för företagsintern förflyttning av personal, det så kallade ICT-direktivet (Intra-Corporate Transfer) och de motsvarande reglerna i den svenska rätten med tonvikt på principen om god förvaltning. Ämnet behandlas i förhållande till Europeiska unionens direkta effekt och den nationella processuella och institutionella autonomin för att undersöka huruvida direktivets rättssäkerhetsgarantier har implementerats på ett tillfredställande sätt. Principen om god förvaltning har en bred förståelse och i denna uppsats sätts fokus på omsorgsprincipen, motiveringsskyldigheten och rätten att bli hörd i ICT-direktivet och de motsvarande reglerna i den svenska utlänningslagen (2005:716) och utlänningsförordningen (2006:97) samt med beaktande av förvaltningslagen (1986:223) och den nya förvaltningslagen (2017:900). Magisteruppsatsen tillämpar den rättsdogmatiska och komparativrättsliga metoden för att lösa de juridiska problemen som uppkommer vid den nationella implementeringen av ICT-direktivet. Slutligen har kritik riktats till principen om god förvaltning i unionsrätten och i den svenska rätten.

Studien syftar till att undersöka förekomsten av hållbar utveckling i Lpo94, då vi utifrån våra erfarenheter inom skolan inte har sett någon undervisning för hållbar utveckling bedrivas. Ytterligare en anledning till att undersöka förekomsten är då Sverige ingår i flera internationella överenskommelser där det framkommer att undervisning för hållbar utveckling ska vara prioriterat. Då en ny läroplan, Lgr11, träder i kraft 1juli 2011 undersöktes även förekomsten av hållbar utveckling däri, då studien syftar till att undersöka huruvida det skett förändringar till fördel för undervisning för hållbar utveckling i Lgr11 i förhållande till Lpo94. Vid analysen av läroplanerna användes en metodtriangulering, i form av innehållsanalyser, textanalyser samt komparativa analyser. Inför analyserna fastställdes några kriterier som utgick från innebörden av hållbar utveckling, vilka hela studien sedan kom att bygga på. I resultatet framkom att hållbar utveckling förekommer i både Lpo94 samt i Lgr11 och att en mindre innehållslig utveckling har skett. I diskussionen belyses att alla delar, det vill säga de kriterier som studien utgick från, förekom, dock framkommer inte vikten av att undervisa för en hållbar utveckling utifrån ett helhetsperspektiv. Vidare förs en diskussion kring de förändringar gällande hållbar utveckling som skett i Lgr11 i förhållande till Lpo94 samt vilka orsaker som kan finnas till att vissa lärare inte bedriver en undervisning för hållbar utveckling. / The aim of this study is to research what levels of teaching sustainable development issues are to be found within Lpo94. Based on our own experience within school, it appears that sustainable development is barely apparent. This is despite the fact that Sweden is party to international agreements where it is specifically laid down that education for sustainable development has to be prioritised witch is a second major reason for undertaking this study. Another reason for the study into how far sustainable development actually occurs within Lpo94 arises from the fact that a new curriculum, Lgr11, is due to come into force on 1 July 2011. The study therefore in addition aims to ascertain whether in the Lgr11 curriculum the issue of sustainable development has been sufficiently and effectively taken forward from Lpo94. A method triangle was used as a tool when analysing the curricula, in a form of content analysis, text analysis and comparative analysis. Certain criteria were determined before the commencement of further studies based on our definition of sustainable development, on which the whole study would later build. The results showed, out of the criteria that the study took as its starting point, that sustainable development does appear in both curricula and that a small degree of progress has been made in Lgr11, however the importance of teaching sustainable development taken in its entirety is not shown to have been established. The actual developments of the teaching of sustainable development issues from the first to the new curriculum is not effectively apparent, nor are the wider reasons and underlying causes as to why some teachers do not include sustainable development as part of the education.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights state that everyone has the right to good health. According to the conventions, the states have obligations to prevent and combat disease, and if necessary, ensure that the conditions for treatment of the disease are appropriate (UDHR 1948, UNCESCR 1966). The broad wording in the conventions on the right to good health includes the right to care of substance use disorders. In the 1960ies the World Health Organization recommended, that people with such disorders should be seen as sick and that the legislation governing such care should be in accordance with special administrative legislations and not criminal legislation. The recommendation indicates WHO:s clear position that persons with substance use disorders primarily should be treated as persons suffering from disease and in need of care, and not primarily as disruptive individuals or criminals who should be disciplined or punished. This applies also to situations when treatment and care cannot be provided on a voluntary basis, but compulsorily. In Swedish context, the most commonly mentioned law in these cases is the social special legislation Law (1988: 870) on care of misusers, special provisions (LVM). Ever since the implementation of LVM in 1982, its legal position as well as application in institutional care has been subject of critical discussions within social work as well as in social science research. Such debate in the Nordic countries has until now mostly been marked by two important limitations. First, most comparisons are restricted to very few countries, e.g. four of the Nordic countries; secondly the notion of involuntary care is often limited to social legislation on compulsory care without taking criminal justice legislation or mental health legislation into account. The present dissertation studies legislations on compulsory commitment to care of persons with substance use problems (CCC), and compares these legislations from a larger number of countries, on global or European levels. This approach makes it possible to explore the great variation in CCC legislation between countries, i.e. type of law (criminal justice, mental health care and social or special legislation),  time limits (maximum duration) as well as levels of ambition, ethical grounds, criteria for admission, and adaption to human and civil rights.  In addition, the comparisons between many countries are used to investigate factors related to different national choices in legislations from country characteristics, e.g. historical and cultural background as well as economic and social conditions, including level and type of welfare distribution. Available datasets from different times permits trend analyses to investigate whether CCC or specific types of such are increasing or decreasing internationally.          Empirical materials: Article I is based on three reports from the WHO on existence of CCC legislation, before the millennium shift, in 90 countries and territories in all populated continents. Articles II and IV are based on own data collection from a survey in 38 European countries. Article III uses a combination of those data and additional information from country reports in scientific and institutional publications in three times of observation during more than 25 years, and including a total of 104 countries. Additional data for Articles I and II are information on various countries' characteristics obtained from different international databases.          Findings based on data from WHO reports at the eve of the millennium show that CCC legislation was very common in the world, since 82 per cent of the 90 countries and territories had such law. Special administrative (“civil”) legislation (mental health or social) was somewhat more prevalent (56 %), but CCC in criminal justice legislation was also frequent and present in half of the countries. The study shows that economically stronger countries in the western world and many of the former communist countries in Eastern Europe, the so-called "first and second worlds" in cold war rhetoric, more often had adapted to the recommendations made by WHO in the 1960ies, with CCC more often regulated in civil legislation. In the so-called "third world" countries, CCC in criminal justice legislation dominated. The new data collection from 38 European countries ten years later confirmed that legislation on CCC is very common, since 74 per cent of the explored countries have some type of legislation. The most common type was now CCC in criminal legislation (45%), although special administrative legislation (mental health or social) was almost equally common (37%). Special administrative legislation on CCC (both acute and rehabilitative), was more common in countries with historic experience of a strong influential temperance movement, and in countries with distribution of health and welfare more directed through the state, while countries with less direct government involvement in distribution of health and welfare and lacking former influence of a strong temperance movement more often had CCC in criminal justice legislation. During all the 25 years period from early 80ies up to 2009, it was more common for countries to have some type of law on CCC than not, although some reduction of CCC legislation is shown, especially during the last decade. But within countries having CCC, more cases are compulsorily committed and for longer time duration. This is related to a global shift from civil CCC to CCC in criminal justice legislation, directly in the opposite direction from what WHO recommended in the 60ies. Changes in CCC legislation are often preceded with national political debate on ethical considerations, and criticisms questioning the efficiency and content of the care provided. Such national debates are frequent with all types of CCC legislation, but ethical considerations seem to be far more common related to special administrative (civil) legislation. National legislations on CCC within Europe should conform to the human and civil rights stipulated in ECHR (1950). There seems, to be some limitations in the procedural rules that should protect persons with misuse or dependence problems from unlawful detentions, regardless type of law. The three types of law differ significantly in terms of criteria for CCC, i.e. the situations in which care may be ensured regardless of consent.        Conclusions: It is more common that societies have legislation on CCC, than not. This applies internationally – in all parts of the world as well as over time, for a period of 25 years, at least. Sweden’s legislative position is not internationally unique; on the contrary, it is quite common. Law on CCC tend to be introduced in times of drug epidemics or when drug-related problems are increasing in a society. Changes in CCC legislation are often preceded by national debates on ethics, content and benefits of such care. These findings here discussed may reflect different concurrent processes. A shift from welfare logic to a moral logic may be understood as more moralization, perhaps due to relative awaking of traditionalism related to religious movements in various parts of the world (Christian, Hindu, Muslim or other). But it may also be understood from more libertarianism that stresses both individual responsibility for one’s welfare and the state´s responsibility to discipline behaviours that inflict negatively on the lives of others. Possibly do these two tendencies work in conjunction to one another. At the same time, however, there is a stronger emphasis on care content within criminal justice CCC, especially in the Anglo-Saxon drug court system. Some shift within Civil CCC is also noticed, i.e. from social to mental health legislation. Thus drug abuse and dependence is increasingly more recognized and managed in the same way as other diseases, i.e. an increased normalization. Since social CCC has been more in focus of research and debates, this may also result in CCC turning into a more hidden praxis, which from ethical perspectives is problematic. The thesis shows that there are examples of focus on humanity and care in all three of the law types, but there are also examples of passive care, sometimes even inhumane and repressive, in all types. Thus, type of law cannot be said to in general correspond to a specific content of care. Although CCC can be delivered in accordance with human and civil rights, there is still a dissatisfying situation concerning the procedural rights that should ensure the misuser his/her rights to freedom from unlawful detention. The possibility to appeal to a higher instance is missing in about 20 percent of European CCC laws, although not differentiating one type of legislation from the others. A clear difference between the three law types concerns criteria that form the basis for who will be provided care according to the laws. This is of major importance for which persons of the needy who will receive care: addicted offenders, out-acting persons or the most vulnerable. The criteria for selecting these relate to the implicit ambitions of CCC – correction, protection, or for support to those in greatest need for care. The question is what ambition a society should have concerning care without consent in case of substance abuse and addiction problems. The trend that CCC according to special administrative legislation is declining and criminal legislation increases in the world should therefore be noticed.     Keywords: Alcohol, drugs, substance misuse, coercive care, compulsory commitment to care, involuntary care, mandatory care, legislation, human and civil rights, comparative analysis, prediction models, and trend analysis / <p>Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbeten opublicerade: delarbete 4 inskickat.</p><p>At the time of the doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished: paper 4 submitted.</p>