Den här uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka hur barn och föräldrar med olika hudfärg och varierad etnisk tillhörighet representeras i ett urval av läroböcker. Böckerna behandlar olika aspekter av barns utveckling och ingår som kurslitteratur på utbildningar inom socialt arbete, psykologi och pedagogik i Sverige.Undersökningen är genomförd med hjälp av Norman Faircloughs kritiska diskursteori. I analysen undersöker jag vilka budskap om barn och föräldrar som texterna och bilderna förmedlar samt hur dessa budskap förhåller sig till redan existerande diskurser. Förstärker eller utmanar författarna befintliga stereotypa koloniala diskurser? Analysen av materialet visar att författarna medvetet eller omedvetet traderar rasistiska föreställningar om ’den Andre’ och om ’icke vita’ medan ’vita’ får representera det ’normala’ och det normativa. Författarna lägger bland annat ansvaret för ’icke vita’ barn och vuxnas utanförskap på den enskilde individen eftersom författarna inte beaktar strukturella orsaker till att människor blir exkluderade. Analysen visar också att författarna hämtar det som skall exemplifiera ’ickeväst’ från rurala miljöer, ofta från ’stamfolk’, från extremt fattiga slumområden och från andratidsperioder vilket gör jämförelserna ytterst problematiska. Genom detta urvalsförfarande jämförs ofta den mest rurala platsen på exempelvis den afrikanska kontinenten med en urban europeisk miljö, vilket skapar en dikotomi mellan det ’moderna väst’ och det ’omoderna övriga’. Då de undersökta läroböckerna ingår i utbildning för blivande socionomer riskerar författarnas syn på etnicitet och hudfärg att cementera fördomar som försvårar det sociala arbetet, exempelvis mötet med barn och föräldrar med annan bakgrund än ’vit svensk’.Utifrån ett normkritiskt perspektiv är det viktigt att utbildningsinstitutioner uppmärksammar läromedel som saknar ett mångfaldsperspektiv och en bred representation då det kan blinödvändigt att komplettera undervisningen genom att bredda representationen med andra mer inkluderande bilder och beskrivningar. / The aim of this thesis is to investigate how children and parents with different skin color andethnicities are represented in a selection of textbooks. The books deal with various aspects of children's development and are included as course literature in educations in social work, psychology and pedagogy in Sweden. The study is based on a critical discourse theory as described by Norman Fairclough. In the analysis, I investigate how texts and images in the books relate to already existing discourses about race and ethnicity and I further on discuss how such ideas could affect a broader social practice. Do the authors reinforce existing stereotypical images or do they challenge and transcend them? The analysis of the material demonstrate that the authors, consciously or unconsciously, reproduce racist discourses and stereotypical notions about ‘non white’ children and parents. Among other things, the authors place the responsibility for exclusion on the individual, as the authors do not include structural explanations in their answer to why some people are or feel excluded. The authors draw their conclusions about ‘non west’ children and parents belonging to non white groups, on examples collected from rural environments, often from 'tribal peoples' or extremely poor slum areas, and from other time periods. Through this selection procedure, rural places on the African continent, are compared to an urban European environment, which creates a dichotomous image of the world: The 'modern West' and the 'oldfashioned Rest'. As the textbooks examined are included in education for future social workers, the authors' representations of ethnicity and skin color risk reinforcing prejudices that might affect social work in practice. It is important for educational institutions to pay attention to teaching materials that lack a diversity perspective, and it might be necessary to supplement the teaching by broadening the representation with other descriptions and images.

The aim of this study is to examine visibly racialized social workers' experiences of encountering racism at work; with clients, colleagues, and managers. Furthermore, the aim is to examine how racism is responded to and handled by colleagues and managers. Seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with visibly racialized social workers. The interviews were analyzed using a thematic analysis mainly based on the theoretical concepts; everyday racism, color-blind racism, and whiteness. Research findings showed that all interviewees have experienced racism in various forms, both overt and covert, from clients, colleagues, and managers. The experiences of racism varied in both expression and extent. This seemed to be partly due to how the interviewees were racialized by other people, and partly due to the extent of ethnic diversity in the interviewees' workplaces; both concerning the geographical area and the employees. Furthermore, findings showed varying responses to racist incidents from colleagues and managers with either an unfavorable or favorable significance for the interviewees. Greater awareness and knowledge are needed in social work organizations regarding how racism works, its extent, and the impact on visibly racialized people as well as a more active anti-racist approach which also includes covert and subtle expressions of racism.

Pippi Långstrump är en välkänd karaktär som har förgyllt många generationer med sin karismatiska personlighet. Böckerna om Pippi Långstrump har skapat en hel del reaktioner, Framförallt har böckerna skapat kritik kring rasismen kopplat till kolonialismens ideologi. I denna uppsats analyseras Pippi i Söderhavet (Lindgren,1946) utifrån ett raskritiskt perspektiv. Syftet med uppsatsen är att belysa hur rasismen gestaltas i boken samt undersöka enskilda yttranden i massmedia om Pippi Långstrump kopplat till rasism. I uppsatsen undersöks även karaktärerna i boken ur ett vithetskritiskt perspektiv. Metoden är närläsning av Pippi i Söderhavet (Lindgren,1946) med fokus på hur karaktärerna beskrivs i förhållande till rasismen samt hur de enskilda yttrandena i media uppfattar Astrid Lindgrens berättande om Pippi Långstrump. Uppsatsen innehåller även en jämförande analys av boken och de utvalda artiklarna. Analysens slutsatser om Pippi i Söderhavet (Lindgren,1946) landar i att det finns passager som ärrasistiska och är kopplade till kolonialismen. Pippi i Söderhavet (Lindgren,1946) använder sig av kolonialismens ideologi genom att undersåtar är svarta och makthavarna är vita.

Uppsatsen fokuserar på hur ras och etnicitet representeras visuellt i de fotografier som finns på Helsingborgs kommuns hemsida. En kvantitativ innehållsanalys utförs för att kartlägga hur ras och etnicitet visualiseras i materialet och sedan sätts detta i relation till Helsingborgs faktiska invånare och Helsingborgs kommuns egna riktlinjer för visuell identitet. Studien kompletteras sedan med en kvalitativ semiotisk- och diskursanalys för att tolka innehållet i bilder under olika sektioner och deras betydelse, samt vad de representerar i den kontext de används och intertextuellt. Resultatet och analysen diskuteras och problematiseras sedan för att belysa problemområdet ytterligare med ändamålet att besvara frågeställningen och uppfylla syftet med forskningen. Studien grundar sig i teorier kring framförallt postkolonialism och representation, där identitet, stereotyper, vithet, ras och etnicitet är viktiga teoretiska beståndsdelar. Forskningen lyfter en brist på mångfald och inkludering i de fotografiska bilder som finns på Helsingborg.se och belyser den problematik som finns i den större bilden som en kollektion av bilder gemensamt skapar i sin intertextualitet. Den visuella analysen visar ett särskilt anmärkningsvärt resultat där flertalet vardagliga sektioner på hemsidan helt exkluderade en variation i etnisk mångfald bland människorna i bilderna, till fördel för vit, västerländsk överrepresentation, vilket potentiellt bidrar till och uppmuntrar exkludering, utanförskap och segregation. / The research focuses on how race and ethnicity is represented visually in the photographs available on Helsingborg municipality's website. A quantitative content analysis was carried out to map how race and ethnicity are visualized in the material and then put this in relation to Helsingborg's actual inhabitants and Helsingborg's municipalities own guidelines for visual identity. The study is then supplemented with a qualitative semiotic and discourse analysis to interpret the content in the images under different sections on the website and their significance, as well as what they represent in the context in which they are used and also in their intertextually. The result and the analysis are then discussed and problematized to shed further light on the problem area with the purpose of answering the main research question and fulfilling the purpose of the research. The study is based on theories about primarily postcolonialism and representation, where identity, stereotypes, whiteness, race and ethnicity are important theoretical components. The research highlights a lack of diversity and inclusion in the photographic images that exist on Helsingborg.se and point out the problems that exist in the larger image that a collection of images jointly creates in their intertextuality. The visual analysis shows a particularly remarkable result where many everyday sections on the website completely excluded variation in ethnic diversity among people in the images, in favor of white, Western overrepresentation, which potentially contributes to and encourages exclusion, seclusion and segregation.

In 2021, Sweden was ranked as the European country with the highest number of fatal shootings per million inhabitants. As a result, gang violence is described as a national crisis and has turned in to one of the main debate themes among political parties ahead of the parliamentary election in 2022. In the debates on gang violence, it is often linked to migration politics. Swedish Television (SVT) has broadcasted numerous programs on gang violence, and these programs are the main material used in this study.  Drawing on feminist- and critical whiteness theory I examine how ideas of gender, whiteness and Swedishness interplay in the construction of gang violence as a national crisis. By using a retrotopic, a security politic and an affective theoretical perspective it is possible to analyze who is portrayed as vulnerable or problematic in relation to the gang violence. A further ambition of this study is to investigate the connection between folkhem nostalgia and the construction of gang violence as a national crisis. I argue that the Swedish exceptionalism is being used to establish collective feelings of folkhem nostalgia, which contributes to the understanding of gang violence as a national crisis. Based on a thematic analysis (Braun & Clark 2006) I show how feelings of folkhem nostalgia are used to establish narratives of a threatening and problematic Other; a male non-white threat within the nation. Further, the debates and documentaries broadcasted on SVT can be seen as part of political and national interests, where a (hi)story of folkhemmetas a part of the Swedish exceptionalism is being used to establish certain feelings and perceptions related to gender and race. This enables a placement of gang violence in another place, in another culture and in another body.

This study examines what seems a lack of representation of non-white art and artists within the visual arts class in the Swedish secondary education, and what possible consequences that could have for people of color who do not fit the mold of being Swedish due to their non- white appearance. The empirical data have been obtained through a survey, former research of articles, and available literature from the critical race theoretical field. Results show that a reproduction of a canon of whiteness is being passed down through generations of art teachers with little to no sign of breaking its pattern. From the survey sent out to visual arts teacher students, findings show a hidden place [read the Arts/Science Class in Secondary Education] within the educational institutions where racism unremarked continues to strive through phenomenon ́s like; color-blindness and white hegemony.

The aim of the research project “The menacing immigration and ideal Swedishness: A semiotic analysis of the Sweden Democrats campaign films” was to highlight how ethnicities are portrayed in five different campaign films produced by the Swedish party the Sweden Democrats (Sverigedemokraterna). The applied theories are stereotypes, binary oppositions as well as the theory of whiteness and blackness. The method used to analyse the campaign films are semiotics, and the tools denotation, connotation, anchoring, relay, metonymy and myths.   The results show that a person’s skin colour is of minor importance. What does matter, is if you are Swedish or not and how Swedish you are. All of the campaign films concern questions about “Swedishness” and immigration. When immigration and non-Swedes are in focus, the films present a dark theme with a sinister undertone. In contrast, when the issue of Swedishness is presented the films portray harmonious and idyllic images of Sweden. Sweden, Swedes and Swedishness is habitually portrayed as being the ideal, the desirable, and the good. It is the norm for being socially acceptable. Immigration, immigrants and non-Swedes on the other hand are consistently portrayed in a negative light. These extraneous groups of people are labelled as the others; they are the bad, and are portrayed as a threat that we Swedes have to defend ourselves against. A third, but less prominent theme that could be deduced from the films is that the Sweden Democrats are portrayed as martyrs. By presenting themselves as being misunderstood and as being the voice of the people, it can be interpreted that they attempt to detract the stamp they acquired as a racist party.   Although the Sweden Democrats seem to have refined the ways in which they express their opinions of Swedishness and immigration, it’s still a significant part of the message in their commercials. They glorify Swedes and reproduce coarse stereotypes of non-Swedes. With the portrayal and contrasting comparison there is an inherent consequence that immigrants are to be seen as less worthy, and that the Swedes in turn are indirectly attributed to a higher value and as such, being Swedish is set as the norm.

Title: What is a refugee, crisis & disaster? A comparative discourse analyses of SVT:s and Avpixlats reporting about refugees. The war in Syria, refugees and ISIS have been on the news agenda for a while. The perspective have been shifting throw different happenings about refugees, crisis, disaster and terrorism on one side. On the other side is what kind of newsagent that is reporting and there standing in society. Public service like SVT have there place on how to inform the public about different events around the world and then you have smaller news-agents thats growing in readers like Avpixlat who call themselves alternative journalism. They have less rules and regulations to follow in there news reporting and can therefor frame and angle information in a more free way. The purpose in this study is to compare how the image of refugees are created by reports from SVT and Avpixlat and how it relates to xenophobia of different kinds. The method that is used is discourse analysis and more precise Chantal Laclau och Ernesto Mouffes discourse theory. The specifik theories for the framework are ”orientalism", ”whiteness”, ”islamofobia”, ”myths”, earlier studies whit the theory of ”communitarian figures” and statistik misrepresentation of muslims as terrorists in news channels. Two different discourses where found in the material, ”refugee-crises” and refugee-crieses whiteout situation marks. The first one origins från Avpixlat and build on that there are no crises alongside the war in Syria, ISIS and refugees that flee from these factors. Refugees are fake, they are immigrants that come whit economic and potential terrorist purpose to other parts around the globe, with Europe in mind and especially Sweden. Refugees where seen as ”the other” in negativ terms, high rates if islamofobia were found, Sweden represent ”the good moral” and Syria represent the ”worst moral” in terms on symbolic witness. Europe and mostly Sweden portrays as the victim rather than refugees, SVT portrays the other way around and a drowned boy symbols refugee disasters around Mediterranean.

Denna studie handlar om hur unga män med utländsk bakgrund bosatta i socioekonomisktutsatta områden upplever massmedia och dess föreställning gentemot området de bor i. Studien är kvalitativ genom fokusgruppsintervjuer och berör frågor om hur dessa unga mänmed utländsk bakgrund beskrivs, hur massmedia talar om socioekonomiskt utsatta områdensamt hur massmedia spelar en roll i rapporteringen av dessa ovanstående faktorer. Vi kom fram till att dessa unga män med utländsk bakgrund bosatta i socioekonomiskt utsattaområden upplever att massmedia målar upp och reproducerar en övervägande negativ bild avde och området de bor i. De talar mycket kring sina egna känslor och hur upplevelsernapåverkar dem samt hur de speglar sig i deras liv.

The aim of this sociological study is to understand whiteness in relation to available selections of makeup products. The research was made in a small town in Sweden. Data has been gathered from local stores and their selection of makeup with availability of makeup that resembles and matches ones own skin color. The theory includes earlier studies that are considered relevant for the study and also historical background. This is used to explain how whiteness is produced and reproduced and the notion of Swedes as white and discoures therein. The result show that 99 percent of makeup available is for white skin not for dark skin. The reproduction of whiteness directly dictates the available selection of makeup. This confirms the aim of the study that dark skin is excluded and that whiteness in relation to available makeup. / Uppsatsen undersöker hur utbud av foundation i en svensk småstad kan förstås i relation till normer om vithet. Utbudet hos samtliga butiker i staden har räknats. För att förtydliga vilka hudfärger som analyseras i uppsatsen används som analysverktyg en ”karta” över hudfärger, avsedd för konsumenter att finna sin rätta foundation utifrån vilken hudfärg som mest liknar sin egen. Teoridelen innehåller tidigare studier som anses vara relevanta analysverktyg för att kunna besvara syftet. Inläsning av studier om vithetsnorm samt inläsning av historia har ansetts relevant för att förstå de strukturer och relationer som har inverkan på normer om vithet. Teoridelen sammanfattar och presenterar därför relevant historia, om hur föreställningen om svensken som vit skapats och presenterar olika diskurser som skapar och reproducerar vithet. Resultatet visar att en procent av utbudet riktas till mörkhyade medan 99 procent är för ljus hy. Cirkeldiagram och tabeller över utbudet av foundation skapades för att tydliggöra redovisning av resultatet. Socialt skapade strukturer om svensken som vit syns tydligt i resultatet. Resultatet förstås i relation till de strukturer som skapas socialt för att producera och reproducera vithetsnormen. Genom ett nästan uteslutande av mörkhyade tolkas resultatet som en föreställning om svensken som vit och att det är en rådande vithetsnorm som påverkar utbudet. Den historiska kontexten påverkar därmed parallellt med de rådande diskurser som avgör vad vitheten gör. Studien anser därmed ha besvarat sina frågeställningar om hur utbudet av foundation kan förstås i relation till vithetsnorm.