Summary At the start of my employment at the Swedish National social insurance office I was a bit confused because there were two categories which I defined as belonging to the same category (working handicapped) but it wasn’t so. The persons I where going to meet was defined as having incapacity to work and therefore, they were defined as not standing to the labour markets conversion. They were defined as being to sick for being at the labour market. The aim of this work is to shed light on what grounds a decision concerning a person which will be categorized as incapable of working and looking at the categorized person’s status. At the same time look if the statuses are marred to similarities or differences with the group of persons which are categorized as working handicapped defined through the definition according to enactment 2000:630 which is on of the Swedish Labour Market Board’s (AMS) laws for the Swedish labour market politic. The way the author Mikael Holmqvist describes parts of his empiric in his book (2005): “Samhall, att bli normal i en onormal organisation” found an astonishing resemblance with my own experiences. I decided that Holmqvists book could fill a very important role in my work. To shedding more light over my question I looked very briefly on statistics concerning people with different impaired bodily functions from Statistiska centralbyrån (SCB), statistics from the National social insurance office (Försäkringskassan), and statistics from the project I was working in - FUNAKTIVA. My theoretical perspective is in the intersection between human’s possibility to decide or not decide his/her own shape. Therefore I have chosen a role theoretical perspective. Talcott Parsons classical theory of the sick role is widely used, therefore I also used it. I also use Deborah Stones theory of explaining politics of disablement from the development of the western industrialism. To reach some answers for my aim of the subject I have used a case method. I have analyzed five cases. I have found that my procedure for collecting data is most likely to conform to an ethnographic perspective. Conceptions for the analytical work are mostly done with the help of Pierre Bourdieu and parts of his conceptions. My empiric for this work are from journals from my work, different kind of conversations with persons in my daily work, different organizations, there are also three interviews which I had done with part of my empirics. My intention to compare the group which was defined as working handicapped with the group that I met which was defined as retarded/pensioned or incapable of working take place with Mikael Holmqvist study and my own practical experience. The statement in the summary of the analysis is that I found an obvious perspective of conflict between the status of the persons´ when they where administrated within the Social insurance office and the local employment office as sick and the opinion that the persons in the empiric had of themselves. I also found out that there is an obvious perspective of conflict between the persons will to study and/or work and what the systems says that they are capable of doing. The empiric shows that none of the persons were given topical interest to any of the roles in the system of work (working-handicapped and the different ways of employee one can be with the help of the code working-handicapped).

In this essay we map and evaluate obstacles and problems that can occur during the establishment of international companies in Russia. This is done by investigating Swedish companies, which are established in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. We used secondary and primary data from books, previous surveys, reports, articles and the Internet. We also interviewed the following companies: Alfa Laval, Kockum Sonics AB, Höganäs Keramik, Skanska, Assa Abloy, Advakom, AnoxKaldnes, Lindab, Delovoj Peterburg, HL-Display and also a journalist from the Swedish Radio. Most of the problems named by the interviewees were similar, but some differences were also found. The differences were primarily found in the ranking of importance between the different problems. As a conclusion we can say that the most important factors were: · crime such as bribery · administrative problems such as licensing · tax laws and political system · culture and language. These problems can however be avoided to some point by hiring Russian consultants to manage the contacts and agreement.

Objective: The papers objective is to create a deeper understanding for whether or not cultural and psychic distance affects corporate establishments in the EU. Method: The results have been gathered through intense data collection through interviews with ScaniaAB and Business Sweden. There has also been extensive research of 36 different companies and their first establishments in different countries. We have then analyzed the results through cultural and psychic distance and through Uppsala University's internationalization process model. Conclusion: The conclusions of this paper are: Corporate establishment often occurs in neighboring countries because of the similarity to the domestic markets which contribute with a greater security. Since the introduction of the EU single market, corporate establishments have become easier within the single market. The cultural and psychic distance does exist within the EU, however the internal market decreases these distances and the impact on corporate establishments. The market commitment is essential to the corporates survival within the new market. Cultural and psychic distance affects small firms more often since their lack of network and experience. Cultural and psychic distances are two different but related phenomena.

Background: It has been shown that companies that lived under protected conditions for a long time have had difficulties to adapt to major changes. With that in mind an even more extensive low-cost competition in the Swedish grocery market will make a threat for the traditional grocery stores' long-term survival. The question then becomes, which strategies will be successful and lead to higher customer loyalty. Problem: Are the traditional grocery stores using strategies that can compete in addition to pricing and will those strategies lead to long-term survival? Objective: Is to analyse and evaluate two traditional grocery stores' strategies and to examine whether these are consistent with customer demand. Approach: First we have created a more fundamental understanding of the situation in the Swedish grocery market. Then we have implemented two interviews in each grocery store. The first one is done with the store manager and the second one is done whit one of the staff members. Finally, we have also performed a survey directed to the stores' customers. Basic perspective: The study is based on a Relationship perspective and a Transactional perspective. Theories: “Theory of Value Star and Value Chain”, “Service Profit Chain”, “Value Theory”, “Value creation processes”,” Brand Theory” and “Involvement Theory”. Empiricism: Is based on the information gathered by interviews done in the two grocery stores and customers' responses to the survey. Analysis: Is based on the empirical data. Results: The study shows that both stores have customers that are relatively highinvolved and that both of these stores work with high involvement values. Conclusion: Both stores have strategies that extend beyond pricing. However, there are major shortcomings in terms of involving the customers in the process of creating value, which also affects customer loyalty. The stores' different structure of ownership also affects how they are organized and make decisions. Currently, Coop has a bigger problem than ICA because of low customer loyalty and limited adaptability.

I uppsatsen undersöks marknadsavgränsningen vid onlinetjänster vilket är ett ämne som uppmärksammats nyligen i ett avgörande från Marknadsdomstolen där inblandade parter var OnlinePizza och Pizza24, som båda är verksamma inom onlinebeställning av mat. Yrkandet kunde inte bifallas på grund av bristande bevisning från den yrkande parten. Författarna har diskuterat hur utfallet av domen kunde blivit om tillräcklig bevisning hade lagts fram.Med stöd av svensk och europeisk rätt samt relevant praxis diskuterar författarna framförallt angående begränsningen av den relevanta produktmarknaden vid onlinetjänster, särskilt för matbeställningar.Det går inte att dra slutsatser angående den relevanta produktmarknaden för onlinetjänster eftersom tjänsterna till en väldigt stor grad skiljer sig från varandra generellt i syfte och användning. Författarna har undersökt tjänsten onlinebeställning av mat och kommit fram till att den relevanta produktmarknaden bygger på tre grundpelare. Även om onlinetjänster oftast betraktas som geografiskt obegränsade spelar dock den geografiska marknaden roll vid fastställandet av den relevanta marknaden för olika onlinetjänster.

BAKGRUND: Investerare har försökt slå marknaden så länge kapitalmarknader har funnits. En investeringsstrategi som använts är ”Dogs of the Dow”. Investeringsstrategin bygger på att investera i de bolagen med högst utdelningsandel. Vedertagna ekonomiska teorier förespråkar även att investeringar i stabila utdelningsbolag ger möjlighet att generera riskjusterad överavkastning. Det finns idag motstridiga bevis från olika aktiemarknader huruvida det går att skapa riskjusterad överavkastning genom placeringar i högutdelande bolag. SYFTE: Syftet med studien är att undersöka om det går att skapa högre riskjusterad avkastning än SIX Return Index (.SIXRX) genom att placera i de aktierna med högst direktavkastning på Stockholmsbörsen. Vidare syftar studien att undersöka både huruvida ”Dogs of the Dow”- strategin och en investeringsstrategi i stabila utdelningsbolag kan generera riskjusterad överavkastning jämfört med index på Stockholmsbörsen. GENOMFÖRANDE: Det skapas två portföljstrategier där den ena utgår från ”Dogs of the Dow” och den andra utgår från placeringar i stabila utdelningsaktier. Studien är en kvantitativ undersökning där data samlas in från välrenommerade databaser. Portföljerna innehåller tio bolag som rebalanseras varje år för att sedan justeras för risk och transaktionskostnader. SLUTSATS: Studien presenterar inga bevis för att det går att skapa riskjusterad överavkastning med utgångspunkt i ”Dogs of the Dow”-strategin på Stockholmsbörsen. Däremot visar studien att det med hjälp av placeringar i stabila utdelningsbolag går att skapa riskjusterad överavkastning på Stockholmsbörsen men utan statistiskt signifikans. / BACKGROUND: Investors have been trying to beat the market for as long as capital markets have existed. An investment strategy used to outperform the market is “Dogs of the Dow”. The investment strategy is based on investing in the companies with the highest dividend yield. Economic theories argue that investments in companies with stable dividend payouts are able to create risk-adjusted excess returns. There are contradictory evidence from different markets whether it is possible to earn risk-adjusted excess return through high-yield investments. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study is to investigate whether it is possible to earn higher risk- adjusted returns than the SIX Return Index (.SIXRX) through investing in the highest dividend yield companies on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. The study aims to investigate whether the “Dogs of the Dow” strategy and an investment strategy in companies with stable dividend payouts can generate risk-adjusted excess return compared to the SIX Return Index. COMPLETION: There are two portfolio strategies, one of which is based on ”Dogs of the Dow” and the other is based on investments in companies with stable dividend payouts. The quantitative study collects data from reputable databases. The portfolios contain ten companies that are rebalanced each year and the returns are adjusted for risk and transaction costs. CONCLUSION: The study presents no evidence that it is possible to earn risk-adjusted excess return with the “Dogs of the Dow” strategy on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. However, the study shows that investments in companies with stable dividend payouts can earn risk-adjusted excess return on the Stockholm Stock Exchange but without statistical significance.

In this study I wanted to find out what is said about the preschool in a media debate that took place on a discussion forum of a Swedish newspaper’s web site in 2016. Through critical discourse analysis I have tried to find out what is said and reflect upon what it says about the preschool. Critical discourse analysis focuses on the text, the interaction and the context to find out how different discourses are being drawn upon within the interaction to reproduce or modify the given context. My results show that the studied media debate takes place within a modernistic order of discourse where the preschool as a producer of results and as a business company is at stake. This is the preschool as an institution, where the child needs to develop certain abilities, and as a producer, offering a service to the consumer; the parent. Half of the participants of the debate are questioning the preschool and claim that the institutionalization of children has gone too far. The preschool isn’t able to deliver when it comes to care and security for the little child, according to the critics. The other half of the participants defend the preschool as an institution and see it as a necessary part of the childhood, both as a practical solution for the modern society and for what it can give the child when it comes to learning and preparing for the future. The critics and the defenders can be understood as acting within different historical discourses of the preschool. The critics use arguments from the discourse of the child-crib, a socially determined childcare from the 19th century. The defenders use arguments from the discourse of the kindergarten, a pedagogically determined nursery school with its roots at the turn of the last century. The debate takes place within a certain understanding of the preschool which therefore is being reproduced, even though there are tendencies towards a more postmodern understanding in some of the written arguments. The preschool in the debate show signs of colonization by the systems of money and power, through what Fairclough calls marketization of discourse, discourse of bureaucracy and discourse of counseling. The preschool under debate is a preschool within the global market of free trade, where changing power relations lead to feelings of insecurity and the need for control. Throughout the debate one power relation is taken for granted, that is the relation between the debater and the debated, between the adult and the child.

Syfte – Att skapa förståelse för hur internationell marknad framgångsrikt kan väljas för internetföretag genom att beskriva och identifiera tillvägagångssätt för val av internationell marknad. Metod – Kvalitativ fallstudie där elva semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes på olika internetföretag som valt internationell marknad. Resultat - Två olika strategier för att välja internationell marknad identifierades. 1) hagelböss-strategi som innebär mindre analys men att fler länder testas än i 2) prickskytt-strategi. De tre parametrarna 1) befolkningsmängd, 2) betalsystem och 3) psykologiskt avstånd är dominerande i en hagelböss-strategi.  I en prickskytt-strategi dominerar elva olika parametrar utöver de tre som kan studeras vid en hagelböss-strategi. Tre kostnadsdrivare identifierades som kan förklara när företag kan använda de olika strategierna, där hagelböss-strategin kan användas vid lägre internationaliseringskostnader och prickskytt-strategin när internationaliseringskostnaderna är högre. Teoretiska implikationer – Studien bidrar till att öka förståelsen kring hur internetföretag kan välja internationell marknad där mycket av tidigare forskning vidareutvecklats och andra delar bekräftats. Ett avgörande och viktigt tillägg till tidigare forskning är de i resultatet genererade strategierna som kan bidra till att internetföretag mer framgångsrikt välja kan internationell marknad. Dessutom utvecklas kunskap om vilka parametrar som kan vara centrala för hur internetföretag kan välja internationell marknad och hur dessa kan tillämpas. Praktiska implikationer - För internetföretag ökar studien förståelse för när de olika strategierna kan användas där kostnaderna för internationalisering kan avgöra vilken strategi som är fördelaktig att använda för att välja internationell marknad. Dessutom presenteras parametrar som kan studeras vid val av internationell marknad för de båda strategierna där varje företag kan basera dessa parametrar på sina egna egenskaper. / Purpose - To create an understanding of how international markets can be successfully selected for internet companies by describing and identifying approaches for selecting international markets. Method - Qualitative case study where eleven semi structured interviews were conducted on various internet companies that have previously selected international market. Results - Two different strategies for selecting international markets were identified. 1) shotgun strategy that involves less analysis but testing of more countries than 2) sniper strategy. The three parameters 1) population, 2) payment systems and 3) psychological distance are dominant in a shotgun strategy. In a sniper strategy, eleven different parameters dominate in addition to the three that can be studied when using a shotgun strategy. Three cost drivers were identified that can explain when companies can use the different strategies, where the shotgun strategy can be used when having lower internationalization costs and the sniper strategy when internationalization costs are higher. Theoretical implications - The study helps to increase the understanding of how internet companies can select an international market where much of previous research has been further developed and other parts confirmed. A crucial and important addition to previous research are the result-generated strategies that can help internet companies more successfully select international market. In addition, knowledge is extended regarding which parameters can be central to how internet companies can select international market and how these parameters can be applied. Practical implications - For internet companies, the study increases the understanding of when the different strategies can be used, where costs for internationalization can determine which strategy is beneficial to use in selecting international market. In addition, parameters that can be studied in selecting the international market for the two strategies are presented, where each company can choose among these parameters based on their own characteristics.

Bakgrund: Sedan slutet av 1960-talet har flera studier kunnat påvisa drift i aktiepriset efter att ett bolag publicerat en kvartalsrapport, något som benämns som Post-earningsannouncement drift (PEAD). När bolagets resultat varit bättre än det marknaden förväntade sig har aktiepriset fortsatt stiga under en längre period, vilket går emot etablerade hypoteser om en effektiv marknad. Det motsatta har skett när bolaget publicerat ett sämre resultat än vad marknaden förväntat sig. Eftersom den svenska marknaden är relativt outforskad och att den kontinuerligt förändras är det intressant att undersöka om den anomali som nyss beskrivits fortsatt existerar på Stockholmsbörsen, om den går att använda som lönsam investeringsstrategi och huruvida det finns skillnader i aktieprisdrift mellan branscher eftersom det aldrig tidigare studerats. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att analysera huruvida PEAD förekommer på Nasdaq Stockholmsbörsen och om det existerar skillnader i aktieprisdrift mellan branscher under perioden 2014–2018. Studien avser vidare studera om det är möjligt att utforma en lönsam investeringsstrategi baserad på PEAD. Metod: För att uppnå studiens syfte tillämpades en deduktiv ansats och en kvantitativ metod. För att analysera PEAD på Stockholmsbörsen baserades portföljer på Unexpected Earnings (UE) och två modeller benämnda Buy-and-hold-abnormal returns (BHAR) och Calendar-Time regression model (CTP) användes för att illustrera och testa portföljernas avkastning. Resultat: Studiens resultat tyder på att PEAD fortfarande existerar på Stockholmsbörsen, men att resultatet skiljer sig något från tidigare studier. En drift i positiv riktning påvisas i innevarande studie i portföljer av bolag som publicerat såväl bättre som sämre resultat än vad marknaden förväntat sig. I tidigare studier har portföljer av bolag som publicerat sämre resultat än marknaden förväntat sig istället haft en negativ. Vidare visar resultatet att det återfunnits skillnader i drift mellan undersökta branscher och att PEAD sannolikt inte är en lönsam investeringsstrategi. / Background: Since the end of 1960 several studies has indicated a delay in stock price movements after the publishing of a company's interim report. When the earnings of a company were higher than expected, the stock price continued to rise for an extended period, which contradicts the different hypothesis of efficient markets. The opposite effect was observed when the earnings were lower than expected. Due to the limited number of studies regarding PEAD conducted on the Swedish stock market, and the fact that the stock markets are constantly changing, it is interesting to examine and analyze if the anomaly still exists on Stockholmsbörsen. Another point of interest to research is whether it would be possible to earn abnormal returns through a PEAD investment strategy and analyze if there are differences in drift depending on the industry. Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze whether PEAD exists on Nasdaq Stockholmsbörsen and if differences in stock price drift exists between industries during the period 2014-2018. The study further means to study whether it is possible to implement a profitable investment strategy based on PEAD. Methodology: In order to reach the aim of the study a quantitative method and deductive approach were used. In order to analyze PEAD on the Swedish stock market portfolios based on Unexpected Earnings (UE) were formed and two models named Buy-and-hold-abnormal returns (BHAR) and Calendar-Time regression model (CTP) were used in order to illustrate and test the portfolio returns. Results: The results of the study indicated that PEAD exists on Stockholmsbörsen, but that the results differ from previous studies. A positive drift was observed in both the portfolios which were based on positive and negative earnings surprises in relation to the market's expectations. In previous studies the portfolio based on companies which reported negative earnings surprise had a negative drift, which differs from this study’s results. Furthermore, this study’s results indicate that an investment strategy based on PEAD is not profitable and that differences in drift could be observed depending on the industry.

The Swedish public procurement system is well regulated and developed and can also be very hard to understand. The public sector annually carries out public procurements to a large amount of money, and thus constitutes a large part of Sweden’s total GDP. The value of the purchases covered by the procurement acts was estimated at approximately SEK 782 billion in 2018. The purpose of public procurement is to guarantee competition on equal terms, contribute to the efficient use of society's resources and taxpayers' money, while promoting innovative solutions, and have environmental considerations in mind. The purpose of this paper is to examine what the procurement process looks like at one of Sweden's largest authorities, the Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket) and if improvements should be made. Questions about how tenders are received and evaluated, about what the market looks like, about what improvements that are desired and about what is good about the procurement process. These questions linked to a trust-based governing will be answered and discussed. The main conclusion that are made in this paper is that the Swedish procurement process require some improvements, but the hard thing is to decide what should be improved. My conclusion is that tender evaluation and the review process are areas that needs the most improvement from the empirical data that I have collected, but other areas came to discussion as well. A discussion regarding the trust-based governing is also included in the conclusion.