The break is an important element in educational activities. Previous research shows that the free form of the break gives much more leeway for students to act independently but that it is sometimes at the expense of some students. The purpose of this study is to further investigate how one works within the recreational home to counter social exclusion and exclusion among students at the break. The study has an emphasis on data collected from interviews. These have been conducted with professionals working in the leisure home. Results are reported in four themes identified in the processing of collected empirical data. The study concludes that staff attach great importance to norms. Regarding the work towards creating exclusion, much of their work during the break refers to being an active part of the students' play. This is to be able to communicate inclusive norms and create a common sense among the students. / Rasten är ett viktigt element inom pedagogiska verksamheter. Tidigare forskning har betonat att rastens natur och den frihet som medföljer utgör en plattform för elever att ta till större handlingsutrymme som ibland kan resultera i att vissa elever blir socialt exkluderade. Det blir således ibland blir på bekostnad av de elever som hamnar utanför och socialt exkluderas från gemenskapen. Denna studie har som syfte att närmare undersöka hur man inom fritidshemmet jobbar för att motverka social exkludering och utanförskap bland elever på rasten. Studien bygger på insamlade data från genomförda intervjuer med verksamma inom fritidshemmet. Resultat redovisas i fyra teman som identifierats vid bearbetning av insamlade empiri. Studien konkluderar att personalen fäster stor vikt vid normer. Beträffande arbetet mot att utanförskap skapas avser stor del av deras arbete under rasten till att vara en aktiv del i elevernas lek. Detta för att kunna förmedla inkluderande normer och skapa en samsyn bland eleverna.

This study examines how Swedish hip hop lyrics between the years 2019–2020 depict the social life in the suburb. The study is divided into two different parts, the first of which analyzes general themes, categories and concepts in hip hop texts through an overview of 50 different songs. The second study analyzes five popular hip hop texts based on a qualitative text analysis. / Den här studien undersöker hur svenska hiphoptexter mellan åren 2019–2020 skildrar det sociala livet i förorten. Undersökningen är uppdelad i två olika delar, varav den första analyserar generella teman, kategorier och begrepp i hiphoptexter genom en översiktslyssning av 50 olika låtar. Den andra studien analyserar fem populära hiphoptexter utifrån en kvalitativ textanalys. / Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, Umeå universitet

Pervasive digitalization of society has increased exponentially in the recent decades, which sets demands on the society. This leads to fundamental changes on a global level, where massive amounts of information are available by just a few clicks away. Research shows that there is a digital divide between seniors and other citizens. To investigate this, our study focuses on seniors' attitudes towards digital technology use, supported by the factors in the UTAUT2 model. The thesis is based on a qualitative study conducted through semi-structured interviews with eight senior participants. Our analysis reveals that seniors experience a high degree of independence once they learn how to use digital technologies. Moreover, support from family and friends is an important aspect, regardless if the seniors experience difficulties getting started with digital technology or not. Finally, a discussion regarding seniors' negative self-assessment is presented, as there exists a discrepancy between perceived habit and actual use of digital technologies.

The aim of the study is to investigate how social exclusion is portrayed in four picture books through text and images, and through the interaction between them. The studied picture books are Alla går iväg by Eva Lindström, Lenka by Katalin Szegedi, Pricken by Margret Rey and Snäll by Gro Dahle. The result shows that the social exclusion is described as being caused by different factors. From the analysis it is obvious that the social environment plays a major role and also that both children and adults can be the reason for the exclusion. The picture-book analysis includes a study of how social exclusion based on appearance and invisibility is communicated in text and pictures. This can be done by showing the characters depressed and invisible to the people around them, for example, through resigned looks or captured behind a forced smile.

Many older people find it difficult to start using new technology and difficult to get the help when they need it. Society is becoming increasingly digital, therefore there's a risk ending up digitally excluded. Use of digital technology can be difficult due to problematic factors such as insufficient prior knowledge, lacking motivation, insecurity, and the complexity. In order for these factors to be managed, there needs to be support available. Prior research shows that older people have preferences for social support, but when this support is not available appropriate replacement tools need to be available to facilitate the use of digital technology. The purpose of the study was to help reduce digital exclusion among the elderly by studying how different digital support tools can be used to deal with problem factors when using digital technology. A qualitative study was conducted, based on a theory model that highlights four problem factors. Three different digital support tools in an auditory, visual and written format were evaluated. Opinions on the digital support tools as well as the various problem factors were collected from an IT educator and from the elderly at the age of 65 or over through two sub-studies consisting of interviews and thinking aloud tests. The results showed that the factors that were most difficult to counter with the digital support tools were the complexity and insufficient prior knowledge, while the factors lacking motivation and insecurity could be managed with the digital support tools. The results also showed that users of digital support tools should be able to choose whether the support is to be used in an auditory, visual or written format. The written instructions could combat the most problem factors. The visual instructions was the support tool that was most difficult to use because it required some prior digital knowledge. If basic digital knowledge is absent, none of the support tools could be used in an optimal way. Reducing digital exclusion solely with the help of digital support tools is thus difficult because those who are most excluded and have the greatest need for support don't possess the basic knowledge to use the tools. / Många äldre anser att det är svårt att börja använda ny teknik och svårt att få hjälp när de behöver det. I ett samhälle som digitaliseras allt mer riskerar de därför att hamna i ett digitalt utanförskap. Svårigheterna gällande användandet av digital teknik kan bero på olika problemfaktorer som bristande motivation, otrygghet, komplexitet och otillräckliga förkunskaper. För att dessa faktorer ska kunna hanteras behöver de äldre ha tillgång till stöd. Tidigare forskning visar att äldre föredrar sociala stödformer, men om det sociala stödet inte kan erhållas behöver lämpliga ersättande stödverktyg finnas tillgängliga som kan underlätta användandet av digital teknik.  Syftet med denna studie var att bidra till att minska det digitala utanförskapet bland äldre genom att studera hur olika digitala stödverktyg kan användas för att hantera problemfaktorer för digital teknik. En kvalitativ studie, som utgick från en teorimodell baserad på de fyra problemfaktorerna, genomfördes. Tre olika digitala stödverktyg, i form av skriftliga, auditiva och visuella instruktioner, utvärderades. Åsikter kring de digitala stödverktygen samt de olika problemfaktorerna samlades in från en IT-pedagog och från personer som var 65 år eller äldre genom två delstudier bestående av intervjuer och tänka högt-test.  Resultatet visade att faktorerna bristande motivation och otrygghet kunde hanteras med digitala stödverktyg medan faktorerna komplexitet och otillräckliga förkunskaper var svårare att hantera. Resultatet visade också att användaren av digitala stödverktyg bör få välja om stödet ska nyttjas i ett auditivt, visuellt eller skriftligt format. De skriftliga instruktionerna var det stödverktyg som kunde hantera flest problemfaktorer medan de visuella instruktionerna var svårast att använda eftersom verktyget krävde digitala förkunskaper. När förkunskaperna var otillräckliga kunde inget av stödverktygen användas på ett optimalt sätt. Det är därmed svårt att minska det digitala utanförskapet enbart med hjälp av digitala stödverktyg, eftersom de som står längst utanför det digitala samhället och har störst behov av stöd, inte har de grundläggande kunskaperna för att använda verktygen.

Många elever med utomsvensk bakgrund känner idag att deras erfarenheter inte får tillräckligt stor uppmärksamhet i skolans undervisning. Många av dessa elever läser svenska som andraspråk, vilket gör att detta är relevant att reflektera över som lärare i svenska som andraspråk. Hiphopen har länge behandlat teman som utanförskap, identitetsskapande och etnicitet för att skildra erfarenheter som kan liknas med elevernas. Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera huruvida hiphoplåtstexter kan användas i undervisningen på ett likvärdigt sätt som den mer traditionella texttypen novellen. Dessa texter kopplas sedan till skolans undervisning för att analysera huruvida dessa kan användas för att synliggöra svenska som andraspråkselevers erfarenheter. Genom kritisk diskursanalys analyseras förekomsten av identitet, etnicitet och utanförskap i fyra hiphoplåttexter och två noveller, för att upptäcka om dessa tre teman skildras på ett liknande sätt i de två texttyperna. Resultatet visar att texterna skildrar uppsatsens tre teman på ett liknande sätt och att dessa således kan räknas som likvärdiga. Kopplat till undervisningen framförs det även många argument för att dessa texter passar utmärkt för att uppfylla både läroplanens mål och synliggöra elevernas erfarenheter.

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Betweenship, or inbetweenness, is a complex state of mind. Numerous stories about it arecurrently being shared and more are piling up by the minute. Inbetweenness exist in all socialclasses all over the world.What is inbetweenness? Inbetweenness is a state of mind closely connected with theexperiences of children of immigrants, mixed races and transracial adoptees. What createdinbetweenness? Many scholars, like for example Tobias Hübinette, believe thatinbetweenness is a result of globalization. What inbetweeners all have in common is that theyidentify themselves as people of subculture, or people between cultures, because theyrepeatedly travel between different cultures and identities. In our research we found that thecommon aspiration and desire among inbetweeners is that their identities must not beexamined or questioned by other people, especially those who do not understandinbetweenness, and also that inbetweenness is the result of different power structures in thesociety.Patrik Bolling Ferell, co-founder of the Swedish foundation The Inbetweenship(Mellanförskapet), has said that “It’s on the airplane between my two home countries I feelhome at most.” These inbetween individuals already struggle with identity issues. Most ofthem don’t even know what (or where) to call “home”. What is interesting about the noun“home” is that it has multiple meanings, such as a shelter that is a person’s residence, and aplace where domestic affections are centered. The meaning is controversial, which is why thequote by Ferell is so fitting.Descendants of foreigners and inbetweeners all over the world claim that they arecurrently not treated with equality nor the respect that they deserve, which is the main reasonwhy we decided to write this bachelor essay about this subject.This essay focuses on collecting and analyzing research data from a number of individualsfrom different chosen cities who also answered a few questions in an inquiry about theinbetweenness situation in Sweden. To analyze this research data we decided to use thecritical discourse analysis theory by Norman Fairclough to study the bond between powerstructures and inbetweenness in Swedish society. We also question why the Swedish schoolsystem, its principals and teachers insist on not incorporating this subject when there clearlyis enough room for it in the curriculum and syllabus, according to our study. At the end of ourstudy, we give advice on how teachers can educate Swedish upper secondary school students about inbetweenness as a part of religious studies.Inbetweenness research indicated that there are great flaws in religious studies in Sweden.Results showed that there are no, or very few educational lessons about inbetweenness,multicultural, alienation and reconciliation education.This study, researched and written with brand new data about the subject, concludes thatthe majority of our survey participants have never even heard the word inbetweenness or anyof its variants, while the majority have experienced or continue to experience it. Results fromthe survey also show us that the participants also feel that the Swedish school system musttake its responsibility to its students and educate them better about this subject, as manyparticipants would have felt better and safer with their identities knowing that they are notalone in the world, and that what they are feeling is completely normal. Participants in thesurvey also answered that they would probably have gotten better grades if teachers andschoolmates understood what they have been going through.

The purpose of the study is to increase knowledge about leisure leaders' experiences of and opportunities to counteract exclusion and crime among young people in socially disadvantaged suburban areas, and what risk and protection factors they perceive to be important for exclusion and crime. The study is of a qualitative method based on hermeneutic theory of science. Four interviews were conducted with leisure leaders divided into three leisure centers. The correspondents consisted of three men and a woman of different ages and with varying work experience and varying ethnicities. The intention with the correspondents and the choice of a semi-structured interview guide was to gain an increased perspective on the chosen topic. The results indicate that the various systems in Bronfenbrenner's ecological system theory have a strong impact on young people in socially disadvantaged areas. The different system theories have protective and risk factors for the youth.

Allt fler samhällstjänster digitaliseras och människor måste anpassas efter samhällets digitala utveckling. Detta är en fallstudie där syftet är att undersöka hur verksamheten Skånetrafiken arbetar för att motverka digitalt utanförskap, samtidigt ge ökad förståelse för begreppet digitalt utanförskap. Teorin som använts i denna studie hämtades från litteratur inom digitalt utanförskap. Den bygger på forskaren Jan Van Dijks forskning om digitalt utanförskap, där teorin syftar till att förklara de olika nivåerna i digitalt utanförskap. Undersökningen bygger på en kvalitativ intervjustudie där fem intervjuer har utförts med anställda från Skånetrafiken. Utifrån detta har flera faktorer identifierats i Skånetrafikens arbetssätt som främjar digital inkludering. Vidare har ett teoretiskt bidrag utvecklats fram för hur organisationer bör arbeta för att motverka digitalt utanförskap. Det teoretiska bidraget är ett resultat framtaget utifrån det konceptuella ramverket och studien om Skånetrafiken. / More and more community services are being digitized and people must adapt to society's digital development. This is a case study in purpose to investigate how Skånetrafiken works to counter digital exclusion, while at the same time trying to increase understanding of the concept digital exclusion. The theory used in this study was derived from literature on digital exclusion. It is based on Jan Van Dijk's research on digital exclusion, where the theory aims to explain the different levels of digital exclusion. The case is based on a qualitative interview study where five interviews have been conducted with employees from Skånetrafiken. Based on this, several factors have been identified in Skånetrafiken's working methods that promote digital inclusion. Furthermore, a theoretical contribution has been developed for how organizations should work to counter digital exclusion. The theoretical contribution is a result derived from the conceptual framework and the study of Skånetrafiken.