The study delves into reasons and arguments why Kristofferskolan, the first Waldorf school in Sweden, was able to get financial aid from the government in a time when it was unthinkable to support private schools in Sweden. From the 1950s until the 1990s publicly controlled schools were the norm in the Swedish school system and private schools were systematically dismantled. The government of this time motivated the objective of centralization with it being a democratization process to achieve equality. The public-school system was transformed during the 1950s and this transformation needed inspiration. Ironically this was found in private schools such as Kristofferskolan since it had a unique pedagogy, waldorf pedagogy. The study draws the conclusion that a long period of persuasion from the actors supporting the school’s principles was set into play, in which to convince the government of allowing the privately-operated school to be able to base the education on waldorf pedagogy. The reason why the school could flourish during these times was proved to come down to forces not foreseen by first glance. Lobbyism by the founders of Kristofferskolan to get the media on their side was discovered to be one of the utmost reasons to how the school could convince the government of providing subsidies yearly. The study was made using the method argumentation analysis and qualitative text analysis.

Cette thèse est consacrée à la décentralisation énergétique territoriale. Elle défend la montée en puissance des territoires dans la transition énergétique. Cette évolution doit-elle être stimulée par le haut, par des décisions et des objectifs mondiaux, européens et nationaux qui sont ensuite transposés dans les territoires ? Les territoires doivent-ils plutôt initier d’en bas les projets durables afin que la région et la nation les autorisent et les agrègent ? Comment les niveaux de l’intercommunalité et de la région montent- ils en puissance sur les questions énergétiques et climatiques ? Comment les nouveaux schémas et plans régionaux s’articulent-ils avec les documents d’urbanisme locaux ? L’autonomie énergétique des territoires est-elle possible et compatible avec la solidarité ? La méthodologie suivie repose sur une analyse du corpus, le traitement de données statistiques et un travail de terrain qui a retenu la Métropole Européenne de Lille, espace urbain, le Pays de Fayence dans le Var, espace rural, avec une ouverture sur Ouarzazate au Maroc, espace désertique et sur l’Union Economique et Monétaire-Ouest Africaine. Ces terrains tracent une verticale de recherche dans un contexte évolutif lié aux avancées de la COP 21, aux initiatives de la Commission Européenne et aux lois françaises de l’été 2015 relatives à la nouvelle organisation territoriale et à la transition énergétique pour la croissance verte. Ces terrains se regroupent en trois binômes pour apporter des résultats sur la France sous contrainte carbone, sur l’espace Méditerranéen et sur l’Afrique qui sera soumise à la contrainte carbone lorsque l’accord de Paris de la COP21 sera en vigueur. / This thesis investigates territorial energy decentralization. It advocates the greater involvement of territories in the energy transition. Should this evolution be driven from the top by global, European and national decisions and targets, which are then transposed in the territories? Would it be better for territories to initiate local sustainable projects, which can then be approved on a regional and national level and then aggregated? How can intercommunal and regional levels increase their influence in energy and climate matters? How do regional schemes and plans interact with local planning documents? Is territorial Energy Independence feasible, and is it compatible with solidarity? The methodology is based on analysis of the corpus, statistical computation and field work. The field work was conducted in four different spatial typologies: the new European Metropolis of Lille, an urban space, the Pays de Fayence, a Southern France rural space, Ouarzazate, Morocco, a desert space and the West African Economic and Monetary Union. These different typologies have allowed us to draw a vertical line guiding the research conducted given the evolving context post-COP 21, the new European Commission initiatives and the 2015 French laws on territorial organization and energy transition. These factors are grouped into three pairs to interpret the results on France’s carbon constraints, the Mediterranean region and Africa, which will only be subject to carbon constraints when the COP 21 Paris agreement has entered into force. / Diese Doktorarbeit befasst sich mit der regionalen Dezentralisierung der Energiegewinnung und -verteilung. Sie untersucht die Beziehungen zwischen der öffentlichen Politik, der Planung für Energie, Luft und Klima, sowie der Entwicklung der Gebiete hin zu einer positiven Energiebilanz. Sollte diese Evolution von Oben angestoßen werden, durch weltweite, europäische und nationale Entscheidungen und Ziele, die anschließend regional umgesetzt werden? Oder sollten nachhaltige Projekte regional initiiert werden, sodass „Régions“ und Nation sie genehmigen und in eine größerräumige Entwicklung eingliedern können? Inwiefern gewinnen Gemeindeverbände, Metropolen und Regionen in Energie-und Klimafragen an Macht? Wie fügen sich die neuen regionalen Konzepte und Planungen mit den Stadtentwicklungspapieren zusammen? Ist eine regionale energetische Autonomie möglich und mit dem Solidargedanken vereinbar? Die Arbeit beruht auf einer Korpusanalyse, der Verarbeitung statistischer Daten, der Teilnahme an Kolloquien und einer Arbeit vor Ort im städtischen Raum der Métropole Européenne de Lille, dem ländlich geprägten Pays de Fayence in Südfrankreich, mit einer Erweiterung in Richtung Ouarzazate in der Wüste Marokkos und zur Westafrikanischen Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion. Diese vier Gebiete liegen auf einer Forschungsvertikalen, und das in einem Kontext sich ändernder Gesetze im Zusammenhang mit den Fortschritten der COP21, mit den Initiativen der Europäischen Energie-und Klimakommission und mit der französischen Gesetzesänderungen im Sommer 2015, die die Neuverteilung der französischen Regionen und die Energiewende betrafen. Diese Gebiete sind in drei Paare aufgeteilt, um verschiedene Ergebnisse zu erbringen: einerseits in Frankreich, für das die Kohlendioxidgrenze gilt, anderseits der Mittelmeerraum und Afrika, die dieser Grenze noch nicht unterworfen sind, solange die Pariser Vereinbarung der COP21 noch nicht in Kraft getreten ist.

Titel: Kan funktioner från kryptovalutor förbättra Riksbankens föreslagna E-krona? Författare: Oscar Guregård och Viktor Nilsson Handledare: Mikael Knutsson Bakgrund: I takt med digitaliseringen minskar det fysiska kontantanvändandet. Riksbanken bemöter denna förändring med att utforska möjligheterna att ge ut en digitala kontanter, E-kronan. Eftersom detta är ett nytt område för Riksbanken och projektet fortfarande är i en utvecklingsfas finns det problemområden med de funktioner som Ekronan planeras ha. Forskning inom utveckling av digitala centralbankspengar antyder att kryptovalutor, ett alternativ till centraliserade betalningsstrukturer, har olika funktioner som kan lämpa sig väl för digitala utföranden av valutor. Studien ämnar att analysera olika funktioner inom kryptovalutorna Bitcoin, Ethereum och Ripple för att avgöra om de kan förbättra den föreslagna E-kronan. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att utifrån Riksbankens mål identifiera svagheter och problemområden i det nuvarande förslaget på teknisk lösning för E-kronan för att sedan analysera om funktioner från kryptovalutor kan åtgärda dessa. Om en funktion från en kryptovaluta kan åtgärda ett problem med E-kronan ska det undersökas på vilket sätt funktionen uppfyller Riksbankens mål till en högre grad än den nuvarande lösningen på problemet. Metod: En kvalitativ metod har använts för att samla tidigare forskning om fenomenet digitala centralbankspengar samt Riksbankens egna rapporter om E-kronans utförande för att genom intervjuer med kritiker finna problemområden. Dessa problemområden har med hjälp av funktioner från Bitcoin, Ethereum och Ripple analyserats för att avgöra om kryptovalutornas funktioner är bättre lämpade för att uppfylla E-kronans mål än Riksbankens egna förslag. Resultat: Studien finner att E-kronans största problemområden grundar sig i en överdriven komplexitet. Kryptovalutorna som undersökts och deras funktioner kommer med stor sannolikhet bidra till ännu mer komplexa utföranden istället för att skapa enklare lösningar, något som E-kronans kritiker värdesätter. / Title: Can functions from cryptocurrencies improve the Riksbank’s proposed E-krona? Authors: Oscar Guregård and Viktor Nilsson Supervisor: Mikael Knutsson Background: As digitalisation develops, the use of physical banknotes and cash decreases. The Riksbank is responding to this by exploring the possibility of issuing digital cash, the E-krona. As this is uncharted territory for the Riksbank and the project is still in development, there are challenges with the proposed functions that the E-krona is expected exhibit. Research in the development of Central Bank Digital Currencies, CBDC, suggests that cryptocurrencies, an alternative to centralized payment structures, have a variety of functions that may be well suited for CBDC’s. The study aims to analyze various features and functions of the cryptocurrencies Bitcoin, Ethereum and Ripple in order to determine whether they can improve the proposed E-krona or not. Purpose/object: The aim of the study is to identify weaknesses and problem areas in the current proposal for a technical solution for the E-krona based on the goals and objectives presented by the Riksbank, and to then analyze whether functions from cryptocurrencies can remedy these. If a function from a cryptocurrency can solve a problem with the E-krona, the study must examine in what way the function meets the Riksbank’s objectives to a greater degree than the current proposed solution. Methodology: A qualitative methodology has been used to gather previously researched data on the phenomenon CBDC and the Riksbank’s own reports on the aspects of the E-krona in order to find problem areas through interviews with critics of the project. These problem areas have been analyzed along with functions from Bitcoin, Ethereum and Ripple to determine whether the cryptocurrencies’ functions are better suited to meet the E-krona’s goals than the Riksbank’s own proposals. Results: The study finds that the E-krona’s biggest problem areas are based on excessive complexity. The cryptocurrencies that have been examined and their functions will probably contribute to even greater complexity in the functions of the E-krona instead of creating simpler solutions, something that the critics value.

This dissertation deals with The Society for the Renovation of Lidice in years 1945-1960 and shows its place in a wider history context. After introduction part the relationship between The Society and village Lidice is defined, but in this case it is very important to make a difference between old and new, post-war Lidice. Both of them were represented in a poetry, which is brought to attention then. The main part of dissertation, which results in the first place from the archive materials and post-war press, deals with problematic interrelationships between The Society and offices of a state administration and with a specification of a main purpose of The Society, which was a granting new homes for Lidice and Ležáky returned citizens. Then it is explained an influence of the Communist Party and its ideology on The Society and Lidice and it newly takes base on description of local basic organizations of the Communist Party and National Front and on an analyse of ideologically important topics. A final reflection deals with a place of new Lidice in a collective memory. KEYWORDS The Society for Renovation of Lidice, new Lidice, women of Lidice, national committee, centralization, communist ideology, poetry, memory

At the moment there are no guidelines to how external service agreements should be managed and administered at Södersjukhuset. The goal with this report has been to provide Södersjukhuset with supporting arguments to decide if they should centralize the management of service agreements or not. In order to achieve this goal it was essential to: study and get a better understanding of the term centralization, examine the serviceagreements’ to get a greater awareness of their extent and analyze Södersjukhuset to gain a better insight of the organisation as a whole. Service agreements were accumulated throughmeetings with the hospital’s employees and through the software Medusa. Calculations were conducted from the agreements to display Södersjukhuset’s current situation. Themanagement of the hospital’s service agreements was considered decentralized and wasdeemed to convey negative economical factors. A proposed solution for the problem was a centralized structure for managing external service agreements which would help the hospital organize and benefit it economically. / Det finns idag ingen struktur för hur externa serviceavtal ska hanteras och förvaltas på Södersjukhuset. Målet med denna rapport har varit att bistå Södersjukhuset med underlag för att avgöra om de ekonomiskt sett bör centralisera sina serviceavtal eller ej. För att uppnå detta studerades: begreppet centralisering, serviceavtalens omfattning samt Södersjukhuset i form av organisation och dess resurser. Insamling av avtal verkställdes genom möten med personal på Södersjukhuset och via mjukvaran Medusa. Från avtalen upprättades kalkyler för att beskriva hur situationen med avtalen såg ut. SÖS bedömdes vara decentraliserat vid hanteringen av externa serviceavtal vilket ansågs vara en ekonomisk nackdel. Rekommendation för att åtgärda dessa problem var att upprätta en centraliserad struktur som stödjer en organiserad hantering av externa serviceavtal och bidrar till en ekonomisk nytta för Södersjukhuset.

Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have been widely used as a key strategy for achieving corporate growth and market expansion. However, due to their complex and challenging nature, more than 60% of M&A transactions fail to create value and capture synergies. Hence, it is important to investigate and understand the factors that can contribute to the success and failure of these transactions. This thesis will shed light on one non-operating factor that is considered essential and influential in developing any business relationship and plays a crucial role in the success of M&A transactions, namely trust. The aim of the thesis is to draw on the organizational trust literature and explore factors that affect the process of building and maintaining trust between different parties involved in M&A transactions. Also, the thesis will examine the relationship between trust and organizational structure and discuss how decentralized and centralized structures affects and get affected by trust. In order to fulfill the aim, the study implements a qualitative approach to cope with the subjectivity of trust and to obtain a deeper understanding of the subject. Therefore, seven interviews with professionals with various roles have been conducted and the results were obtained by using a thematic analysis. Furthermore, the results are discussed and analyzed through the lenses of social capital theory, agency theory, information asymmetry theory, and institutional theory. The findings revealed five factors that can influence the process of building trust between buyers and sellers in M&A context namely personal relations, stereotypes, transparency, reputation, and corporate culture. Moreover, the findings highlight that the implementation of a decentralized organizational structure can have a positive effect on trust and minimize the overall uncertainties associated with M&A transactions. On the other hand, the findings suggest that the implementation of a centralized organizational structure can have a mixed effect on trust. In some cases, centralization can create a sense of stability and predictability and thereby minimize uncertainties and foster trust, while in othercases, centralization may lead to frustration and dissatisfaction, resulting in mistrust. The implications and limitations of the thesis are discussed and the need for further research is pointed out in order to improve the understanding of this complex and multifaceted concept. / Sammanslagningar och förvärv (M&A) har använts i stor utsträckning som en nyckelstrategi för att uppnå företagstillväxt och marknadsexpansion. På grund av deras komplexa och utmanande karaktär misslyckas mer än 60% av M&A transaktioner i att skapa värde och fånga synergier. Därför är det viktigt att undersöka och förstå de faktorer som kan bidra till framgång och misslyckande för dessa transaktioner. Denna masteruppsats kommer att belysa en icke-operativ faktor som anses vara väsentlig och inflytelserik för att utveckla alla affärsrelationer och som spelar en avgörande roll för framgången av M&A-transaktioner, nämligen tillit. Syftet med masteruppsatsen är att dra nytta av den organisatoriska tillitlitteraturen och utforska faktorer som påverkar processen att bygga och upprätthålla tillit mellan olika parter involverade i M&A-transaktioner. Masteruppsatsen kommer även att undersöka sambandet mellan tillit och organisationsstruktur och diskutera hur decentraliserade och centraliserade strukturer påverkar och påverkas av tillit. För att uppfylla syftet implementerar studien ett kvalitativt metod för att hantera tillits subjektivitet och för att få en djupare förståelse av ämnet. Därför har sju intervjuer med professionella kandidater med olika roller inom området genomförts och resultaten analyserats med hjälp av en tematisk analys. Vidare diskuteras och analyseras resultaten utifrån sociala kapitalteori, agency teori, informationsasymmetriteori och institutionell teori. Resultaten avslöjade fem faktorer som kan påverka processen att bygga tillit mellan köpare och säljare i M&A-sammanhang, nämligen personliga relationer, stereotyper, transparens, rykte och företagskultur. Dessutom visar resultaten att implementering av en decentraliserad organisationsstruktur kan ha en positiv inverkan på tillitt och minimera den övergripande osäkerheten i sambandmed M&A-transaktioner. Å andra sidan tyder resultaten på att implementering aven centraliserad organisationsstruktur kan ha blandad effekt på tillit. I vissa fallkan centralisering skapa en känsla av stabilitet och förutsägbarhet och därigenom minimera osäkerheter och skapa tillit, medan centralisering i andra fall kan leda till frustration och missnöje, vilket leder till misstro. Uppsatsens implikationer och begränsningar diskuteras och behovet av ytterligare forskning påpekas för att förbättra förståelsen av detta komplexa och mångfacetterade koncept.

This thesis investigates the period in Judah which took place precisely a century between the death ofHezekiah (687 BCE) and the final fall of Jerusalem (587 BCE) Seldom has a nation experienced so many dramatically sudden reversals of fortune in so relatively short a time. Throughout the first half of the seventh century BCE the Assyrian empire reigned supreme. In the second half, in rapid succession, Judah, as a vassal, experienced periods of independence and of subjection, first to Egypt, then to Babylonia, before finally destroying herself in a futile rebellion against the latter. The aim of the thesis was to set Judah in the global context and investigate the role she played. To this end the Great Powers, namely Assyria, Egypt and Babylonia were surveyed, as well as were the Small Powers, like Judah, Phoenicia and the Transjordanian states, and the relationships probed. The thesis traces the life of the wicked but extraordinarily successful King Manasseh, and his equally reprobate son, Amon, who was brutally murdered by his servants, and was avenged by 'the people of the land'. Josiah is the only monarch who fits the Deuteronomistic requirements of a good king. Religious and national reform generally go hand in hand with politics, and the cultic reform and centralization of the cult characterise his reign. · With the fall of Assyria, the temporary surge into prominence by Egypt and the tragic death of Josiah in 609 BCE, Judah experienced radical political fluctuations and with them alternate subjugation by, and rebellion against, each of the major powers. Inexperienced leadership and a situation of dual kings, followed Josiah's death. The rapidly changing international scene demanded of the rulers of Judah skillful manoeuvring and exceptional adaptability, and frequently confronted them with ominous political situations. Judaean leaders and the puppet King Zedekiah, propped up by false prophets, failed to grasp the shift in the balance of power, and clung to questionable Egyptian aid against the new world power, Babylonia. Highly vulnerable and left in the lurch, Jerusalem faced protracted siege and famine in Jerusalem, destruction ofthe Temple, and deportation ofthe cream ofher people. / Classics and Modern European Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (Judaica)

在托克維爾政治思想中，民主一直是核心的議題，也引發大西洋兩岸知識界熱烈的爭論。直到今天，政治、學術、新聞等各界仍經常引用他的觀點。本文即就托克維爾有關民主體制的思想進行研究，並發現可分梳為民主社會一般傾向、民主社會潛在的腐化危機，及民主體制存續之道三個面向進行討論。而這三個相關的部分，更可就其內在邏輯整合而成共和主義研究途徑。 首先，在民主社會的特徵及其發展方面，托克維爾認為民主社會強調國民主權及身份平等，雖然使社會充滿活力；但也易於衝動，缺乏遠見，造成庸俗的中產階級政治。同時在資本主義及工業革命影響下，可能會形成個體主義，使得人際關係疏離，且對公共事務冷漠；也造成物質主義，只想追求物質享受。大多數勞工也會有異化現象，淪為工作的奴隸。不過，民主社會也會發展出諸如結社、地方自治等鍛鍊政治自由的機制，提供個體自主性及公民性格寬廣的公共領域。托克維爾並主張國家利用宗教、法律培養公民參與的熱情與美德。這種觀念下的國家對人生計劃並不中立，顯現共和主義多於自由主義的立場。 其次，在民主體制潛藏的腐化危機方面，托克維爾指出三種可能形式。一是因身份平等可能切斷封建社會原有的社會紐帶，使得個體孤立無援，必須服從統治的多數，終而導致一種多數專制─以一種社會一致性窒息個體的思想。二是因公民追求物質主義過甚，竟而完全退出公共領域，並召喚一種保護性權力，在民主自由的形式下，溫柔親切地奴役人民。此亦即民主專制。三是在民主革命初期或資本主義發達之後，必將出現中央集權。國家為解決工業社會複雜的問題，因應人民龐雜的需求，在多數授權下集中所有權力，破壞了政治自由得以維繫的各種機制。 第三，在民主體制的維繫方面，托克維爾的主張也充滿共和主義的色彩。例如，為使公民保持自由的技藝，他認為，公民應參與鄉鎮自治、結社（特別是政治結社）、陪審團。而在培養公共精神的美德方面，托克維爾強調宗教的重要性。藉由教條式信仰，宗教可培養公民認識「適當理解的自利原則」。而且，民主社會也有賴宗教提供一種道德與知識的權威。在這一方面，女性公民扮演了傳承與複製的重要角色，因而在托克維爾的民主思想中也占有一席之地。 本文最後提出國民主權、身份平等、公私領域、社會共識等四方面的引申討論，進一步分析托克維爾共和主義式的民主思想，對當前主流民主理論所能提供的貢獻。此外，也依個人見解評論其不足之處。 / Democracy has always been a core concept and a controversial issue in Tocqueville’s political thought at both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Politicians, scholars as well as journalists still quote Tocqueville’s points at the present time. This thesis studies Tocqueville’s democratic thought, and analyzed it in three aspects: the general tendency of democratic societies, the potential danger of corruption in democratic societies, and the maintenance of democratic system. With the interlock between these aspects, this thesis integrated them into an approach of republicanism to Tocqueville’s democratic thought. For the first aspect, Tocqueville believed that with the emphasis on popular sovereignty and equality of condition, democratic societies will bring themselves diversified vitality. However, the societies will also be passionate and myopic, as the characteristics of mediocre bourgeois politics. Influenced by capitalism and industrial revolution, the prevailing individualism in democratic societies results in social alienation, public apathy and overwhelming materialism. Most workers will degrade into slaves of their works. On the other hand, democracy will promote associations, local self-governments which provide public spheres to practice autonomy and citizenship through the art of political freedom. Furthermore, Tocqueville requested the states to cultivate the passion and virtue of civic participation by means of religion and law. States under this requirement is not neutral toward citizens’ life plans, and seems more republican than liberal. For the second aspect, Tocqueville pointed out three possible forms of corruption from democratic societies: majority tyranny, democratic tyranny and centralization. First, majority tyranny results in extreme exploitation of equality of condition which cut off the original social bonds in feudal societies, hence isolate the individuals and render them totally helpless but to obey the ruling majority. Majority tyranny stifles citizen’s originality with social conformity. Secondly, mainly on account of materialism, citizens would escape into private life and material happiness, and moreover give away thoroughly public affairs to a tutelage power to enslave people gently within the liberal democratic form. That is democratic tyranny. Thirdly, centralization will present itself definitely, either during the early stage of democratic revolution or after capital economy is delivered. In order to solve the complicated problems in industrial societies, respond to a lot of diverse demands, the state concentrate all the power under the delegation of the majority, and destroy all kinds of mechanism which sustaining the art of political freedom. For the third aspect, Tocqueville offered republican solution to the maintenance of democratic system. He thought that citizens should take part in township self-governance, associations (especially political associations) and the jury. He also emphasized the importance of religion in teaching the virtue of public spirit, as well as cultivating the knowledge of “the principle self-interest properly understood” by dogmatic belief. In the same way, religion affords ethical and intellectual authority to democratic societies. In this regard, the female citizens play so important part of sustaining and reproducing these ethical and intellectual lessons that Tocqueville had to illuminate the role of women in his democratic thought. In addition to these interpretations, this thesis presents four related concepts for further discourse: popular sovereignty, equality of condition, public and private sphere and social consensus. Based on these discourses, the thesis evaluates the merit and deficiency of Tocqueville’s thought of republican democracy.

L'administration des structures du système éducatif camerounais en l’occurrence les établissements publics d’enseignement secondaire général obéit, dans son fonctionnement, à la logique bureaucratique. Elle correspond dans son organisation à une forme pyramidale propre à un État centralisé où tout est régenté par le sommet. Le pouvoir discrétionnaire y joue un rôle indéniable dans le choix des responsables. Malgré les évolutions que connait le pays, le pilotage des lycées et C.E.S. reste indissociable de cette approche managériale. Pourtant, son obsolescence semble prononcée à cause de l’option d’une structuration politique décentralisée. En effet, si la décentralisation et ses adjuvants requièrent des citoyens professionnels, ils revendiquent aussi des responsables aux compétences avérées. Nous suggérons, à propos des chefs d’établissement susmentionnés, le passage de la fonction à la profession. La professionnalisation qui est le présupposé de cet itinéraire ne saurait s’identifier à une simple prescription institutionnelle fondée sur une normalisation des pratiques du fait d’un référentiel de compétences. La conduite de ce travail de recherche a nécessité le recours aux outils méthodologiques essentiellement qualitatifs ainsi qu’aux sociologies de l’action et de la construction. La première, dans la dimension que défend Michel Crozier, nous offre les éléments d’analyse mais aussi des méthodes et des concepts favorisant la compréhension des jeux d’acteurs. La seconde, dans une perspective d’évolution de la fonction, grâce aux travaux de Richard Wittorski, vise l’implication de tous les acteurs notamment ceux jouissant des « compétences incorporées » pour une émergence des savoirs réels de la profession. Cette recherche a établi les différents gains qu’un tel processus peut procurer à toute la communauté éducative. / The management of schools in Cameroon’s educational system, notably government schools in the general secondary education, follows the bureaucratic logic pertaining to its functioning. This system is organized as a pyramid typical of that of a centralized system of governance which is a top-to-bottom approach. Discretional power plays an undeniable role in the appointment of officials. Despite the country’s evolution, the running of lycées and colleges remains intertwined to this management approach. And yet, its obsolete nature is glaring given the choice of a decentralized political structure. In fact, if the process of decentralization and all its accessories demand professional citizens, they also aspire to officials with established competences. In the case of these aforementioned school directors, we suggest a move from a position to a profession. Professionalization which is a prerequisite for this career path could not be limited to a mere institutional prescription based on the normalization of practises given a competences framework of reference. This research work required the use of mainly qualitative methodological tools as well as sociological action and construction tools. The first of them, in the dimension backed by Michel Crozier, provided us with analytical components as well as methods and concepts which will enhance the understanding of actors’ roles. The second one which is in line with an evolution in the position and gets its grounds from Richard Wittorski’s publications did target the involvement of all actors, especially those benefiting from ‘incorporated competences’. This study has portrayed the various benefits that such a process can bring to the entire educational community.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIR - Jose Roberto Anselmo.pdf: 1620612 bytes, checksum: 082bd189df1394234695cef322eb1d4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-23 / The present work is an analysis refering to the role performed by Supreme Federal Court in the maintenance of the Brazilian Federalism. The study was done based on the Federalism and all its features, though the main point is the one that refers to the surviving of the Federal and State legal orderlines, through decisions of the Supreme Federal Court. The Federal Constitution of 1998 reserved to the Supreme federal Court the responsability of being its custodian.Among the values which were enrolled on it, the federal form is one of the most important. This way, generaly, through the constitutional control instruments , the Supreme Federal Court is called to exercise its role. Therefore, at first, the federal form is analysed under the historic point of view and in all its features, till we reached the study of standarts used in Brazil, through its history and the current federal Constitution of 1998. The sharing of competences used by the Federal Constitution, As a feature of the federalism, was also an object of study, in order to make us able to demonstrate the decentralization of competences. In this sense, the central point of the work lays on demonstrating that the sharing line of competences stablished by the Constitution can suffer variations according to the jurisdictional activities of the Supreme Federal Court. Eventually, aiming to demonstrate how the acting of the supreme Federal Court is has being done and that it can determine a high centralism of brazilian state, we analysed studies of cases refering to this organ's decisions / O presente trabalho é uma análise referente ao papel de desempenhado pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal na manutenção do federalismo brasileiro. O estudo foi realizado tendo por base o federalismo e de todas as suas características, contudo o ponto principal é o que se refere à sobrevivência das ordens jurídicas federal e estaduais, por meio das decisões do Supremo Tribunal Federal. A Constituição Federal de 1998 reservou ao Supremo Tribunal Federal a atribuição de ser o seu guardião. Dentre os valores que nela foram inscritos, a forma federal é um dos mais importantes. Assim, freqüentemente, por meio dos instrumentos de controle de constitucionalidade, o Supremo Tribunal Federal é chamado a exercitar seu papel. Portanto, inicialmente, a forma federal é analisada sob ponto de vista histórico e em todas as suas características, até chegarmos no estudo dos modelos utilizados pelo Brasil ao longo de sua história e na atual Constituição Federal de 1988. A divisão de competências utilizada pela Constituição Federal, como uma das características do federalismo, também foi objeto de estudo, a fim de que pudéssemos demonstrar a descentralização de competências. Neste sentido, o ponto central do trabalho está em demonstrar que linha divisória de competências estabelecida pela Constituição pode sofrer variações de acordo com a atividade jurisdicional do Supremo Tribunal Federal. Finalmente, visando demonstrar como vem sendo a atuação do Supremo Tribunal Federal e que ela pode determinar um elevado centralismo do Estado brasileiro, analisamos estudos de casos referentes às decisões deste órgão