This thesis was conducted since the Covid-19 pandemic has meant that work, as well as workplace meetings, has become virtual. The purpose of the study was to research individual experiences of power relations between actors within virtual, video-mediated meetings in regard to the effect technology, body and place have on these power relations. The Data was collected by conducting ten semi-structured interviews through Teams and Zoom. The result was analyzed within the framework of power through persuasion, authority, and coercion (Turner, 2005), and also by including the concepts of social power and dominance (Linell & Luckmann, 1991). Further, the result was put in a broader academic context by relating it to previous research. The result showed that technology has had an effect on the relations of power by creating new areas of responsibility, by increasing control over oneself and others within meetings, but also by giving people a greater sense of freedom surrounding them. In the second part of the result, it was reported that absence of body during virtual meetings has meant difficulties in being able to give feedback through one’s body language, and that it, in addition, has led to new conditions when it comes to who gets to speak. Third, the result showed that the transition of the workplace from being an office to it becoming a virtual space, in theory, could mean increased access to meetings, but that the person in charge of the meeting has a decisive role in realizing that opportunity. Finally, it appeared as if friction has arisen between norms within the office and norms of the home, and that people within a place of authority has been able to exercise excessive control by demanding that coworkers have their cameras on at all times. The paper ended by giving suggestions on further research.

Syftet med studien är att beskriva hur agila team upplever digitala DSM samt kartlägga vilka tekniska ochsociala behov som uppfylls och/eller saknas. De teman som undersöktes var hur digitala DSMgenomfördes praktiskt, vilka tekniska verktyg som användes samt vilken social inverkan det hade påteamet. För att ge riktning åt studien skrevs tre forskningsfrågor med tillhörande tre hypoteser sombaseras på tidigare forskning. Hypoteserna som utformades löd; (H1) vid digitala DSM behöver fler än detre centrala frågorna diskuteras, (H2) funktioner som simulerar den fysiska arbetsplatsen är bärande för ettfungerande digitalt DSM och (H3) minskad informell kommunikation vid distansarbete kompenseras avatt digitala DSM utökas i tid. Studien har genomförts genom att samla in data från en webbaserad enkätsom skickades ut med hjälp av grindvaktare till flera agila team. Enkäten bestod av både kvalitativafritextfrågor och kvantitativa flervalsfrågor som baserades på Theory of distances (Bjarnason et al., 2016),en sammanställning av intergroup theory samt tidigare forskning. Resultatet visade att små skillnaderfanns mellan traditionella och digitala DSM. Hybrid-varianter, minskad informell kommunikation ochbrist på heltäckande funktioner ansågs vara den största utmaningen med digitala DSM. Fördelarnaupplevdes olika beroende på personliga förutsättningar hos respondenterna. Slutsatserna som kunde drasav studien var att det saknades funktioner för att stödja synlighet av emotioner och kroppsspråk men attfunktioner, som skärmdelning, gav en gemensam bild av projektet. Den informella kommunikationenbehöver aktivt inkluderas vid digitala DSM vilket gör att digitala DSM blir längre än traditionella. Vidareforskning hade kunnat fokusera på virtuella mötesrum som en del av lösningen på identifierade problem. / The purpose of the study is to describe how agile teams experience digital DSM and to elucidate whichtechnical and social needs that are met and/or missing. Following themes were examined: how digitalDSM was implemented in practice, what technical tools were used and what social impact digital DSMshad on the team. To give direction to the study, three research questions were formulated with threeassociated hypotheses based on previous research. The hypotheses that were formed were; (H1) in digitalDSM, more than the three central questions were discussed, (H2) functions that simulate the physicalworkplace are essential for a functioning digital DSM and (H3) reduced informal communication inremote work is compensated by time extended digital DSM. The study was conducted by collecting datafrom a web-based survey that was provided to several agile teams with the help of gatekeepers. Thequestionnaire consisted of both qualitative open questions and quantitative multiple-choice questionsbased on Theory of distances (Bjarnason et al., 2016), a compilation of intergroup theory and previousresearch. The results show that there are small differences between traditional and digital DSMs. Hybridvariants, reduced informal communication and lack of comprehensive features were considered to be thegreatest challenge with digital DSM. The benefits were experienced differently depending on the personalcharacteristics of the respondents. The conclusions of the study were that there were no technicalfunctions to back the visibility of emotions and body language, but that functions such as screen sharing,gave a common picture of the project. The informal communication needs to be actively included indigital DSMs which makes digital DSMs more protracted than traditional ones. Further research can focus on virtual meeting rooms as part of the solution to the identified problems

The shareholders in general meeting and board of directors are the main governing organs of a company. Control of the general meeting theoretically ensures control of the composition of the board of directors who are usually empowered by the articles to manage the day-to-day administration of the company. The company acts by shareholders and directors voting and passing resolutions in general meeting and board meetings respectively. Controlling sufficient votes to pass resolutions in general and board meetings is therefore the essence of corporate control. A shareholder's right to vote in general meeting is a proprietary legal right, severable from the other incidents of share ownership. By aggregating voting rights, or limiting the scope of the voting rights of some shareholders, or restricting ownership of voting rights to certain specified persons, voting control in the general meeting may be acquired. / LL.M / Private Law

Även de mest utvecklade serviceföretag begår misstag, det är oundvikligt. Frågan är inte omfel görs utan snarare hur företaget kommer att hantera situationen när misstaget uppstår.Andra studier har påvisat att det för företag är mer kostnadseffektivt att behålla sina gamlakunder än att ständigt skaffa nya, därför är det viktigt att företag har bra strategier för servicerecovery. Tidigare undersökningar har även visat att kunder som blev nöjda med hanteringenav deras klagomål, blev mer lojala än de kunder som aldrig upplevt något problem.Föreliggande kandidatuppsats i företagsekonomi behandlar ämnet service recovery medinriktning på kundernas upplevelser. Syftet med uppsatsen är att skapa ökad kunskap inomområdet för service recovery med inriktning på serviceföretag. Studien grundas i en kvalitativstudie baserad på empiri, insamlad genom fjorton kundintervjuer, utförda med criticalincident-tekniken. Ämnen som togs upp i intervjuerna var till exempel varför samt hurkunderna valt att framföra sina missnöje, vad de fått för kompensation, och om synen påföretaget förändrats efter händelsen. Den insamlade empiriska data har sedan förstärkts avteoretisk forskningslitteratur.Utifrån resultatet har vi utformat en mall som visar hur företag övergripande kan arbeta medservice recovery. Mallen grundas i tre olika faser; före, under och efter ettservicemisslyckande. Underlaget tyder på att det är viktigt att personalen visar empati och attkunden erbjuds riklig kompensation. Studien påvisade även att det var lättare att framföraklagomål om personalen visat sig intresserad och behjälplig. / Even the most developed companies fail, it is inevitable. The question is not whether a servicefailure will occur, but rather how the company handles the situation when it arises. It has alsobeen proven to be more cost effective to retain previous customers rather than constantlyacquiring new ones. Therefore, it is vital that companies develop strategies for effectiveservice recovery. Previous studies have shown that a customer that has been satisfied with acompanys complaints management feel more loyalty towards the company than a customerwho never experienced any problems.The following bachelor thesis in business discusses the subject of service recovery, with afocus on customer experiences. The purpose of this study is to create more knowledge in thefield of service recovery with a focus on service companies. The research is based on aqualitative study based on empirical data collected from fourteen customer interviews madewith the critical incident technique. We focused on why and how these customers chose toexpress their dissatisfaction, how they got compensated, and also if their views of thecompanies changed after their critical incidents. The empirical data is then reinforced bytheoretical research literature.Based on our study, we have developed a template that illustrates how service focusedenterprises should handle their service recovery. The template consists of three phases of howto act before, during and after a service failure. The template establishes that it is important toshow empathy and provide ample compensations. Through the study, we have concluded thatit is easier to complain if the service personnel acts friendly, interested and helpful.The study is written in swedish.

Relating statistical machine learning approaches to the automatic analysis of multiparty communicative events, such as meetings, is an ambitious research area. We have investigated automatic meeting segmentation both in terms of “Meeting Actions” and “Dialogue Acts”. Dialogue acts model the discourse structure at a fine grained level highlighting individual speaker intentions. Group meeting actions describe the same process at a coarse level, highlighting interactions between different meeting participants and showing overall group intentions. A framework based on probabilistic graphical models such as dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs) has been investigated for both tasks. Our first set of experiments is concerned with the segmentation and structuring of meetings (recorded using multiple cameras and microphones) into sequences of group meeting actions such as monologue, discussion and presentation. We outline four families of multimodal features based on speaker turns, lexical transcription, prosody, and visual motion that are extracted from the raw audio and video recordings. We relate these lowlevel multimodal features to complex group behaviours proposing a multistreammodelling framework based on dynamic Bayesian networks. Later experiments are concerned with the automatic recognition of Dialogue Acts (DAs) in multiparty conversational speech. We present a joint generative approach based on a switching DBN for DA recognition in which segmentation and classification of DAs are carried out in parallel. This approach models a set of features, related to lexical content and prosody, and incorporates a weighted interpolated factored language model. In conjunction with this joint generative model, we have also investigated the use of a discriminative approach, based on conditional random fields, to perform a reclassification of the segmented DAs. The DBN based approach yielded significant improvements when applied both to the meeting action and the dialogue act recognition task. On both tasks, the DBN framework provided an effective factorisation of the state-space and a flexible infrastructure able to integrate a heterogeneous set of resources such as continuous and discrete multimodal features, and statistical language models. Although our experiments have been principally targeted on multiparty meetings; features, models, and methodologies developed in this thesis can be employed for a wide range of applications. Moreover both group meeting actions and DAs offer valuable insights about the current conversational context providing valuable cues and features for several related research areas such as speaker addressing and focus of attention modelling, automatic speech recognition and understanding, topic and decision detection.

Video meetings are a regular part of work at Swedish television’s editorial for programming in Swedish Sign Language (SVT Teckenspråk). In the process of creating television programming in Swedish Sign Language, SVT employees communicate with and through technologies. This ethnographic exploration of video meetings at SVT Teckenspråk presents how deafness is reconfigured between hearing, interpreters, and video meeting technology within the context of a public service organisation. Concepts such as technology, meetings, organisations, and visuality are re-formulated from within the context of SVT Teckenspråk and interpreted using feminist and queer theory frameworks. These re-examined concepts are embedded in the history of SVT Teckenspråk and presented as part of the everyday way of holding video meetings. Technologies and people become intertwined and co-constitutive as moments of video meetings are subsequently understood not as human-technology ‘interactions’ but as intra-actions. Using empirical examples of video meetings collected during fieldwork, this thesis evinces how the materialities of video meeting technology relate to the ways in which deafness is or is not enacted, embodied, and co-constituted. Deafness is accordingly framed not as disability, but as a way of being - one that is founded on a different language, culture, and way of seeing. This emically-derived notion of being deaf impacts understandings and acts of video meetings at SVT Teckenspråk. Yet it is through people’s material intra-actions with technologies that notions of deafness emerge which run counter to ways of being deaf which SVT Teckenspråk employees’ (hearing and deaf alike) work hard to establish. Once technologies and the meanings co-created through people’s intra-actions with them are made visible, these same technologies disable rather than enable; making difference rather than making a difference. / Videomöten är en del av vardagsarbetet på SVT Teckenspråk där anställda kommunicerar via och med hjälp av teknologier i skapandet av television på teckenspråk. Denna etnografiska utforskning omkring videomöten på SVT Teckenspråk presenterar hur dövhet omkonfigureras i en sammanvävning mellan hörande, tolkar, samt videomötesteknik inom en public service organisation. Begrepp som teknologi, möten, organisationer, samt visualitet omformuleras med SVT Teckenspråk som sammanhang och tolkas sedan med hjälp av feministiska och queer teoretiska ramverk. Dessa begrepp analyseras ur ett historiskt perspektiv inom SVT Teckenspråk samt omanalyseras som en vardaglig del av videomöten. Teknologi och människa sammanvävs och omformar varandra i videomöteshändelser vilka därefter uppfattas som intra-aktioner snarare än människa-dator interaktioner. Genom empiriska uppslag på videomöten uppsamlade under fältarbete påvisar denna avhandling hur videomötesteknik och dess materialitet relaterar till de sätt som dövhet kan utövas, uttryckas, samt uppformas. Dövhet uppfattas som ett sätt att vara istället för som ett funktionshinder. Ett sätt som bygger på ett unikt språk, kultur, samt världssyn. Detta är SVT Teckenspråk anställdas sätt att förstå och vara i världen och kallas för ‘emic’. Utifrån ett emic perspektiv uppstår ett annat synsätt på dövhet och en ny förståelse av videomöten på SVT Teckenspråk. Trots detta uppstår genom materiella intra-aktioner med videomötesteknik uppfattningar omkring dövhet som strävar mot den syn som SVTs anställda (döva såsom hörande) medvetet etablerat. Istället för att införa jämställdhet och tillgänglighet framställer intra-aktioner med videomötesteknik olikheter mellan döva och hörande. De skapar skillnad istället för att göra skillnad. / <p>QC 20161209</p> / Drivers and Barriers for Mediated Meetings / Disabling Technology? Access and Inclusion in the Deaf/Hearing Workplace

Transportval vid tjänsteresor är en viktig fråga då universitet och högskolor var en av de tre myndigheter med högst mängd utsläpp från tjänsteresor för året 2017. Det är särskilt viktigt för Linnéuniversitetet som är miljöcertifierat och har en Mötesoch Resepolicy för att minska sina utsläpp. Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på vilka faktorer som påverkar universitetsanställdas val av transportsätt vid tjänsteresor samt vad som krävs för att målgruppen ska välja de mer miljövänliga alternativen. Metoden som användes var en webbenkät i kombination med en conjointanalys för att få både kvantitativa och kvalitativa resultat. Den yrkesgrupp som var mest representerad av respondenterna var Teknisk- och Administrativ personal vars syfte med tjänsteresan främst var möten och konferenser. Resultaten från studien visade att de avgörande faktorerna för respondenterna var tid, kostnad, miljö, pålitlighet och inverkan på fritid. Det som respondenterna ansåg krävdes för att de skulle välja tåg över flyg var möjlighet till flextid under restiden, att övernattningar beviljas av universitetet samt förbättrad kollektivtrafik. / Transport choice for business travel is an important matter since universities and colleges were one of the top three authorities with the highest amount of emissions from business travels for the year of 2017. It is especially important for the Linnaeus University which has an environmental management certificate and has a Meeting-and Travel policy to reduce their emissions. The purpose of this study was to find out the factors which affect the choice of transport on business trips for university employees as well as what is required for the target group to choose the more environmentally friendly alternatives. The method that was used was a web survey in combination with a conjoint analysis to get both quantitative and qualitative results. The results from the study showed that the deciding factors for the respondents were time, cost, environment, reliability and impact on leisure time. The occupational group which was most represented by the respondents was Technical- and Administrative personnel whose purpose with the business trip mainly was meetings and conferences. That which the respondents deemed as required for them to choose train over plane was the possibility for flex during the travel time, for overnight stays to be granted by the university as well as improved public transport.

Denna uppsats behandlar en del av historien med ett nytt perspektiv. Den handlar om hur kvinnor i Amerika/USA skildras utifrån reseskildringar av Fredrika Bremer och Lovisa Mathilda Nettelbladt. Detta skede genom att undersöka dem genom att analysera reseskildringarna utifrån genusperspektiv och den svenska kulturmötens-perspektiv som innebar att svenskarna var mer tillvägagående i möten med andra kulturer. Genom att lyfta ut de amerikanska kvinnornas situation, författarnas attityder om kvinnorna och egenskaper kunde denna analys ske och dessutom även se vilka skillnader det fanns mellan amerikanska kvinnor och europeiska. Även en jämförelse sker mellan författarnas reseskildringar.      Syftet var att utveckla och fördjupa den svenska synen på 1800-talets Amerika och genom de tre frågeställningarna uttyda beskrivningen av kvinnor i Amerika på 1850-talet samt en jämförande fråga mellan materialet för att svara på syftet. Metoden som användes under läsningen och som strukturerade undersökningen var en kvalitativ analysläsning med hjälp av Eva Blocks bild-begrepp. Teorierna som används är en konstruerad utifrån tidigare forskningens Kenneth Nybergs och Björn Moens arbeten samt ett genusteoretiskt utifrån Joan Scott.      I den tidigare forskningen har det studerats svenska folkets åsikter om Amerika med stora undersökning som tidningsstudier och emigrationsstudier i formen av platsspecifika undersökningar. Två arbeten i den tidigare forskningen, Kenneth Nybergs Bilder av Mittens rike och Eva Blocks Amerikabilden i svensk dagspress 1948–1968, var extra betydande då de gav analysverktyget med bild-begreppet och en grund för hur tidigare studier av andra kulturer utförts. I slutändan saknades det tidigare forskning som undersökt kvinnan i Amerika utöver vad Bremer skrivit om dem och ingen använde någon teori kopplad till kulturmöten och genus.      Efter att undersökningen var utförd var resultatet en mycket positiv bild av kvinnan i Amerika. Hennes situation tillät henne ha stora friheter, som att bli undervisad i alla skolämnen, vänta med giftermål till senare i livet och kunna resa ensam utan en make eller far som skydd. Kvinnan hade också stor respekt i många städer, däribland Columbia där om man endast sa det minsta illa om en kvinna fick man vara bered på att stå för orden i dueller eller slagsmål. Bremers och Nettelbladts attityder mot kvinnorna var mycket positiva, vanligen på grund av egenskaperna de besatt och deras utbildning. Det fanns flera exempel på när de båda ogillade kvinnorna, men överlag var dessa tillfällen små och obetydliga jämfört med den stora bilden. Egenskaperna som de amerikanska kvinnorna besatte var kopplat både till det yttre och inre, däribland att de alla tycks vara vackra, trevliga, arbetsamma och självständiga. Bremer som träffade indianer i Amerika beskriver även dessa kvinnor med positiva attribut inom de tre kategorierna, men att de ändå hade svårare än resten utav de amerikanska kvinnorna.      Slutligen avslutas uppsatsen och arbetet med en diskussion mot den tidigare forskningen och en del andra tankar. Bland dessa bekräftar uppsatsen att författarna till reseskildringarna var mer tillmötesgående mot kvinnorna och i slutänden mot kulturen som de mötte i Amerika. Bremer och Nettelbladt uttrycker att kvinnorna i Amerika har flera inre och yttre attribut som är positiva. De vanligaste var bland annat att kvinnan var självständig gentemot mannen och inte hade kravet på att gifta sig ung eller att göra sig fin för mannens skull. Ett andra uttryck var att kvinnor innehade generellt stor respekt, vilket gav uttrycktes genom olika berättelser där mannen skyddade kvinnans värdighet ifall hon fick höra onda ord om henne eller att kvinnan kunde utan problematik studera flera områden som fysik och medicin. Mot teorin om kulturmöten bryter detta inte mönstret, Bremers och Nettelbladts beskrivningar visar på att svenskar var mycket tillmötesgående.      Genusteoretiskt tycks kvinnorna i Amerika haft en starkare ställning att bryta maktförhållandet mellan man och kvinna samt i Scotts fyra aspekter påverkar dessa på ett eller annat sätt. Undersökningen visar att kvinnan i Amerika tycks bryta maktförordningen enklare än i Europa då Bremer och Nettelbladt ger uttryck för detta genom deras observationer. Ett exempel är att kvinnan studerar många ämnen enligt Bremer och Nettelbladt, Bremer anmärker på att lärarinnor får lära ut till även pojkar i de högre skolorna. Utifrån de fyra aspekterna fanns ändå hindren för att fullt utveckla jämställdheten, som att kvinnor inte hade lika lön inom visa yrken (ett uttryck för Scotts institutionella aspekt), kvinnan blev lärd att vara ”en lyxartikel” för mannen och inte någon arbetande kvinna (ett uttryck för Scotts reproducerande aspekt).      Om den amerikanska ursprungsbefolkningen uttrycks inte för mycket på grund utav bristen i att endast ett material skriver om dem. Genusteoretiskt dock kan man uttrycka att kvinnornas levda världar var skilda likt natt och dag. Amerikanska kvinnan levde fritt och var väl respekterad medan ursprungsbefolkningens kvinna liknades av Bremer med slaven, där kvinnan gjorde allt arbete och mannen styrde över henne. Scotts teori uttrycker detta som att de institutioner och den uppfostran som de olika samhällena bygger på skiljer sig mycket ifrån varandra. De två andra aspekterna kommer inte i uttryck här, då de är språkliga och Bremers beskrivningar inte tillåter dessa tolkningsaspekter.      Slutligen föreslås i en didaktisk reflexion att elever kan utveckla sina kunskaper med denna uppsats, fördjupa dem om kvinnors ställning och om det förflutna. Författaren till uppsatsen föreslår att flera uppsatser kring ämnet ”Bilden av Amerika” utförs för att skapa en fullständig bild av 1800-talets Amerika och om andra kulturer för att utvinna mer om dåtidens förståelse av den andre och des kultur. / The following essay works to achieve a deeper understanding of how Swedish bourgeois women saw on the status of women in America (USA). Therefore, in the process creating more knowledge about Swedish 19th century thought pattern about America with focus on women. This was done by analysing the travel accounts of two authors’, Fredrika Bremer and Lovisa Mathilda Nettelbladt, travels though America.  The main questions addressed in the essay were how the two authors Bremer and Nettelbladt described the American women’s situation, attributes and lastly to understand their stance toward the women they meet. This was achieved with the help of a method from Eva Block and Kenneth Nyberg called “image-concept” (“bild-begreppet”) in which an image is produced according to several factors; facts, opinion of X and proposal of action. The theories that were used for analysing the descriptions and overall results was a synthesis of Nyberg’s thesis- and Björn Moen’s essay results that the Swedish people were more accommodating towards foreign cultures then other Europeans. And lastly, Joan Scott’s theory about gender was used in the study.      The results showed that Bremer and Nettelbladt had a very opened mind towards the women of America. Almost everything about women’s situation in America were positive; their attitude towards women, while affected by small personal inconveniences, was also positive to a large degree. Lastly the attributes of the women of America were of both inner and outer qualities, with attractive, gracious/cheerful, diligent and independent being most significant. Analysing the results, women of America were overwhelmingly described with positivity. The negative traits and opinions about the women were not significant, the only common opinion being that Americans in general could show too much hospitality. This showed that Bremer and Nettelbladt were following the pattern of Nyberg’s and Moen’s results, showing that Swedish people might have been more accommodating towards foreign cultures. Scott’s theory helped show that women of America had a more powerful position than in Europe, due to authors admiration about what women did and how respected they were, and secondly how women were breaking the power relationship between women and men. A short didactic reflection about how this work could move towards a deeper understanding about the social status of women for the pupils in history. Lastly the author of this work propose that more essays of history like this should be done to create a more complete image of the Swedish 19th century thought patterns about America; and of other cultures to expand the knowledge about the past individuals that we have been taught by.

Pela primeira vez em sua história o mercado de capitais nacional lida com uma real, ainda que localizada, tendência de dispersão da titularidade acionária e com certo nível de popularização do investimento em companhias abertas, estimulados por um crescimento econômico, de consumo e de investimento estrangeiro também sem precedentes. A última década foi, de fato, um período fascinante para os entusiastas do direito societário; um período de crescente complexificação e especialização no ambiente societário nacional, que, em conjunto com o desenvolvimento recente das tecnologias de comunicação, vem desafiando os fundamentos da Lei das Sociedades por Ações, de 1976, e testando a capacidade de adaptação das instituições legais e regulatórias brasileiras. Nesse contexto, o estudo dos mecanismos de exercício do direito de voto, dos pedidos públicos de procuração e para o voto e participação à distância nas assembleias, mostrou-se um meio efetivo de contribuição para a construção de uma ponte entre o antigo e o novo mercado de capitais brasileiro. Para tanto, são três as contribuições principais pretendidas por este estudo. A primeira consiste na análise sistematizada inaugural, na doutrina nacional, da legislação e da regulação aplicáveis aos pedidos públicos de procuração, voto e participação à distância nas assembleias gerais. Essa análise conclui pela necessidade da realização de determinados ajustes na regulação do mercado de capitais brasileiro. Entre esses ajustes, estão (i) a construção de uma disciplina para a inclusão de propostas de acionistas no material de pedidos públicos de procuração da administração e (ii) a elaboração de normas que regulem o exercício do direito de voto e a participação à distância nas assembleias gerais, normas essas que devem pressupor ambos como direitos legalmente garantidos aos acionistas e que devem prever a possibilidade de implementação escalonada das correspondentes obrigações das companhias, de acordo com a evolução dos meios tecnológicos disponíveis. A segunda contribuição consiste na reflexão, também seminal no cenário brasileiro, a respeito dos efeitos da dissociação entre a titularidade da ação e o exercício do direito de voto no mercado de capitais contemporâneo, bem como dos efeitos decorrentes da correlata defasagem entre a compreensão doutrinária do direito de voto e a compreensão doutrinária do exercício desse direito. A desatualização da legislação, da regulação e principalmente da doutrina brasileira em relação às normas em vigor nos mercados mais desenvolvidos, no que diz respeito à assimilação do desenvolvimento tecnológico e dos instrumentos financeiros pelo direito societário, é agravada pelo fato de que as transações realizadas no mercado local já envolvem os mais modernos e complexos instrumentos financeiros utilizados globalmente. O consequente descolamento entre o direito e a realidade, verificados concretamente em casos como o aluguel de ações, o uso de derivativos e a venda do voto, por exemplo, desestabiliza as bases para responsabilização pelo cometimento de abusos no exercício do direito de voto, na medida em que a relação entre a titularidade da ação e o exercício do direito de voto já não é mais tão clara. Este trabalho procura trazer à superfície essas questões e realinhar o entendimento científico a respeito do exercício do direito de voto com as práticas atuais do mercado. A terceira contribuição consiste no questionamento por este estudo da capacidade da Lei das Sociedades por Ações de enfrentar uma nova realidade, em que deixa de ser certa a existência da polarização de poder entre um controlador majoritário e acionistas minoritários atomizados, e na qual necessidades históricas de fisicalidade e concomitância deixam de ser pressupostos obrigatórios na construção de conceitos relacionados ao relacionamento entre acionistas, administradores e a companhia. O trabalho constata que a Lei das Sociedades por Ações não está inteiramente preparada para uma realidade em que nem sempre haverá um acionista controlador definido e em que o acionista minoritário nem sempre será um pequeno e pouco informado investidor, mas eventualmente um investidor institucional, com escala e recursos suficientes para efetivamente processar as informações divulgadas pela companhia e interferir em sua gestão. No mesmo passo, constata-se também que a ideia da realização de assembleias que deixem de ser delimitadas no espaço e no tempo, e que não mais dependam da interação física e simultânea de seus participantes, perfeitamente aceitável na atual dimensão das interações sociais, está ainda longe de ser consistentemente recepcionada pela legislação societária nacional. Uma análise abrangente dos efeitos para o mercado Brasileiro dos limites de uma magistral, mas já trintária lei societária, em contraste com o impacto do desenvolvimento financeiro e tecnológico experimentado pelo mundo em anos recentes, já era, assim, mais do que devida. Este estudo procura, assim, fazer frente a essa necessidade ao identificar alguns dos sinais de defasagem da lei societária e colocá-los em discussão. / For the first time in history the country is dealing with a real, although restricted, tendency of corporate dispersion, and a certain level of popularization of the investment in listed companies, all stimulated by an unprecedented expansion of the economy, consumption, and foreign investments. It has been indeed a fascinating period for the corporate law enthusiasts; a period of growing complexity and specialization in the national corporate environment, which, altogether with the new communication technologies, has been challenging the foundations of the Brazilian Corporation Law, enacted in 1976, and testing the capacity of adaption of Brazilian legal and regulatory institutions. In this scenario, studying the mechanisms of voting, proxy solicitation, and remote voting and participation in shareholders meetings, seemed to be the most natural way to contribute to build a bridge between the old Brazilian market and the new one. The main contributions expected from the thesis are threefold: First, an inaugural analysis of the new legislation and regulation applicable to proxy voting, remote voting and participation in Brazil. The analysis concluded for the necessity of certain adjustments on the Brazilian regulation, e.g. (i) the construction of a discipline for the inclusion of shareholders proposals in the management proxy material, and (ii) the enactment of rules governing remote voting and participation that assumes them as a right of the shareholder, while consenting to the companies certain flexibility of implementation connected to the development of the technologies available. Second, a thorough and also seminal study on the effects of the decoupling of shares ownership and exercise of voting rights in the contemporary market, and a contribution to update the scientific comprehension of the act of voting in corporate law, rather than simply the comprehension of the right to vote. While the Brazilian law and regulation are in certain aspects still trying to catch up with modern markets regulation, concerning the assimilation of new communication and financial technologies by the corporate legal framework, the local transactions already involve the most updated and complex financial instruments. The legal gap created, and concretely identified in cases as the lending of stocks, the use of derivatives instruments, and the sale of votes, puts in risk the stability of the market and destabilizes the discipline of liability for the abusive use of voting power as Brazilian law and courts are used to know, as the link between share ownership and vote are not as clear as before. The study seeks to bring to light these issues and to realign the scientific comprehension of voting with the current markets practices. Third, a first questioning of the Brazilian Corporation Law capacity to face a reality where there may be no power polarization between an absolute controlling shareholder and small minority shareholders, and where historical necessities of physicality and concomitance are, as a consequence of the new means of communication, no longer mandatory elements of the concepts connected to the relationship among shareholders, management, and the company. The study verifies that Brazilian Corporation Law is not prepared for a reality where there may be no clear controlling shareholders anymore and where minority shareholders may not be an uninformed small investor, but a resourceful hedge fund. On the same token, the idea of a shareholder meeting that is not delimited in space and time, and that does not depend on the physical and simultaneous interaction between parties, perfectly acceptable by our current society, is still far from any consistent reception by the corporation legal framework. A comprehensive analysis on the effects for the Brazilian markets of the limits of a great but old law, in contrast with the impact of recent years financial and technological development, were more than due. This study aims to fulfill this scientific gap, identifying some of the items in need of updating and starting discussion over them.

Goda möten och trygga relationer mellan patienter och vårdpersonal är kärnan i all sjukvård.Syftet var att undersöka hur personer med långvarig sjukdom upplever möten med vårdpersonal på hälsocentral. Uppsatsen är genomfördmed kvalitativ design. I denna studie utgick vi från Graneheim och Lundmans metod för kvalitativ innehållsanalys med en manifest ansats.I analysen identifierades fyra kategoriersom är rubriker i resultatet, att inte bli betrodd, att sakna stöd och information om vård och egenvård, att önska få vara delaktig i sin egen vård,att känna tacksamhet över att få vård på rätt nivå. Resultatet visar att patienternahade svårt att bli betrodd av läkareoch att kännedom om dem som patienter var viktigt.I kontakt med hälsocentralen fick de själv efterfråga om hjälpinsatserochstöd saknades för enklare hälsofrågor. God relation och kommunikation med läkare var betydelsefullt i vårdmötet. Patienterna ville vara delaktiga i sin egen vård och ville möta professionell expertis.Erfarenhetsutbytemed andra med samma sjukdom beskrevs betydelsefullt.De negativa fynden visaratt patienter inte blir betrodd av sjukvårdenoch att tillgänglighetenär bristfälligt. Det som skapar trygghet respektive otrygghet finns ett starkt samband mellan hur patienter med långvarig sjukdom upplever besöket och blir bemött av vårdpersonalen på hälsocentralen. Fler studier behövs inom området hur möten med vårdgivare påverkar patienter med långvarig sjukdom