A presente dissertação tem por objetivo o estudo da aplicação do princípio da congruência no Processo Individual do Trabalho. Tal princípio caracteriza-se pelo caráter restritivo da atuação judicial, vinculando a prolação de sentença aos limites da lide. A problemática centra-se no entendimento do conceito de lide, ora entendido simplesmente como pedido, ora como a matéria fática e jurídica levada aos autos, permitindo-se ao magistrado conhecer de pedidos não formulados expressamente, desde que os fatos a eles pertinentes tenham sido discutidos nos autos. A partir da Teoria Instrumentalista do Processo, que admite este modo de resolução de conflitos como um meio para a efetividade do Direito Material, buscou-se identificar a possibilidade de flexibilização do princípio da congruência no Processo Individual do Trabalho, tendo em vista que o estudo deste princípio revelou que a doutrina e a jurisprudência civil e trabalhista já permitem sua relativização ou mitigação em determinados casos, em especial quando se trata da aplicação de norma de ordem pública, uma das características do Direito Material do Trabalho. Ademais, considerando as questões linguísticas implicadas na formulação da pretensão da parte e da sentença, foi feita pesquisa jurisprudencial no sítio eletrônico do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho, de modo a identificar as relações hermenêuticas estabelecidas entre o pedido e a decisão final neste tribunal. Para tanto, foram selecionadas 149 decisões em que se discute a existência ou não de julgamento além dos limites da lide, destacando-se os casos em que o tribunal considerou desnecessária a formulação de pedido expresso para a concessão de direito trabalhista / The purpose of this dissertation is to study the use of the Principle of Ne Ultra et Extra Petita in individual labor process. This principle is defined by the restrictive aspect of the acts of the judge, binding the sentence to the matters under dispute. The core discussion lies on the identification of such matters, which can be seen as simply the pleadings expressed by the parties or as all the matters in connection with the facts merely mentioned by them. The latter position would allow the judicial authority to pronounce a sentence addressing additional matters that were not expressly pleaded by the parties. Based on the idea that the due process of law is an instrument to achieve effectiveness of legal commands, on the already accepted exception of this principle when it comes to public order rules, and also on the assumption that labor law is of public order, this dissertation analyzed the possibility of disregarding the Principle of Ne Ultra et Extra Petita in individual labor process in order to enhance the legal award. In addition to the theoretical analysis, a wide research on the website of the superior labor court (Tribunal Superior do Trabalho) was carried out in order to verify the hermeneutical relations between the pleadings and the dispositions of the judicial decision. Bearing such an objective in mind, 149 decisions on the alleged violation of the Principle of Ne Ultra et Extra Petita were selected and analyzed, focusing on those awards in which the court considered irrelevant the existence of an express pleading in order to grant or deny a specific labor right.

L’idée centrale de notre paradigme juridique est qu’une peine juste devrait être celle qui régénère les liens sociaux blessés par le crime. Si l’édifice de la justice des hommes a connu de nombreuses transformations, les éclairages historiques et philosophiques demeurent indispensables pour étudier la délicate question du sens de la peine. Les sciences criminelles doivent ainsi prendre en compte les intérêts de la société, de l’auteur de l’infraction ainsi que ceux de la victime. En ce sens, la loi du 15 août 2014 relative à l’individualisation des peines et renforçant l’efficacité des sanctions pénales prévoit, pour la première fois en droit positif, un texte consacré à la justice restaurative. L’objet de celle-ci consiste à permettre de restaurer le lien social rompu par la commission d’une infraction en offrant la possibilité à l’auteur des faits de rencontrer la victime. Réparer le préjudice causé à la victime, réinsérer l’auteur de l’infraction dans la société, rétablir la paix sociale et prévenir la récidive : tels sont les objectifs de la justice restaurative. L’étude particulière de l’article 10-1 du Code de procédure pénale soulève pour autant deux questions essentielles : La justice restaurative est-elle envisageable dans le cadre de toute procédure pénale ? La justice restaurative peut-elle trouver sa place à tous les stades de la procédure ? Pour permettre à la réflexion théorique de se nourrir des réalités concrètes, il convient de s’interroger sur les règles de procédure qui pourraient permettre d’encadrer rigoureusement la justice restaurative afin que, débarrassée de l’image utopique dont elle pourrait être affublée, elle puisse devenir un mécanisme juridique efficace. / The core idea of our legal paradigm is that a fair sentence should be one that regenerates the social links wounded by crime. If the justice built by men has known many transformations, the historical and philosophical enlightenings remain essential to study the tricky question of the « sentence’s meaning ». Thus criminal sciences must take into account the interests of the society, of the offender as much as the victim’s. In this sense, the law of August 15, 2014 on the sentences’ individualization and reinforcing the penal sanctions’ efficiency, provides, for the first time in substantive law, a text dedicated to restorative justice. The purpose of this law consists in allowing to restore the social link broken by the commission of an offense by offering the offender the opportunity to meet the victim. To repair prejudice caused to victims, to reintegrate offenders in the society, to restore social peace and to prevent recidivism : those are the restorative objectives of justice. The particular study of article 10-1 of the Code of criminal proceedings raises two essential issues : is restorative justice possible in any criminal proceedings ? Can restorative justice find its place at each and every stage of the procedure ? In order to allow the theoretical reflexion to feed from practical realities, questions must be asked about the proceedings rules which could help producing a strict framework for restorative justice so that, freed from the utopian image from which restorative justice could be burdened with, it may become an efficient legal mechanism.

Recognizing the imperative transition towards renewable energy sources to combat climate change, this study explores the outlooks for offshore wind power in Norway, a country endowed with extensive coastlines and favourable wind conditions. The thesis sets out to support decision-making processes by synthesizing contemporary research and applying context-specific insights to the southern half of the Norwegian economic zone (NEZ) into a comprehensive Spatial-Multi-criteria Analysis (SMCA). Through meticulous research, sub-criteria relevant to the geographical information systems-based SMCA are identified across four major categories: Wind, Techno-economic, Environ-mental, and Social considerations. Through the adoption of the Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) framework, the analysis generates suitability maps for all identified sites within the NEZ, facilitating a ranking procedure for both floating and bottom-fixed sites. By, among else, incorporating potential grid connection points and distance to suitable ports, this thesis offers a novel contribution to the limited body of literature on offshore wind power SMCA in the NEZ. Additionally, through state of the art data sets on mammal presence and cumulative impact on seabirds, the study not only advances the academic discourse on offshore wind power planning but also offers practical tools for policymakers and industry practitioners. The findings underscore the complexity of offshore wind farm siting, highlighting the impor-tance of a balanced consideration of various criteria to ensure sustainable and economically viable energy production. Significantly, amongst sites suitable for floating foundations, Ves-tavind A emerges as the prime location for wind farm development. The bottom rankings, however, are claimed by different sites depending on which weighting schema is applied. For future studies on the topic, important building blocks include incorporating data on seabed conditions such as geology and sloping into the SMCA alongside including more sub-criteria linked to met-ocean conditions (e.g., cut-out periods of the wind turbines caused by extreme weather). / Mot bakgrund av den globala omställningen till en alltmer grön energimix utforskar denna studie utsikterna för havsbaserad vindkraft i Norge, ett land med vidsträckta kustlinjer och gynnsamma vindförhållanden. Uppsatsen syftar till att stödja beslutsprocesser genom att sammanställa samtida forskning och tillämpa insikter anpassade till den södra halvan av Norges ekonomiska zon (NEZ) i en omfattande rumslig analys. Slutprodukten blir en relativ rangordning av en uppsättning områden som alla, enligt norska myndigheter, lämpar sig för installation av havsbaserad vindkraft. Genom noggrann efterforskning identifieras olika faktorer (subkriterier) som anses rel-evanta för den rumsliga analysen, dessa delas up i fyra övergripande kategorier: Vind, Tekno-ekonomiska faktorer, Miljöaspekter och Sociala aspekter. Med hjälp av en särskild viktningsmodell, där faktorerna ställs mot varandra och prioriteras utifrån deras relativa betydelse, genereras lämplighetskartor för alla platser inom studieområdet. Denna process ligger sedermera till grund för den ovannämnda rangordningen och görs både för platser som är tänkta för flytande och bottenfast havsbaserad vindkraft. Genom att bland an-nat inkludera potentiella anslutningspunkter till elnätet och avstånd till hamnar, som speficifkt lämpars sig för vindturbininstallationer, bidrar detta forskningsarbete med nytt innehåll till den vetenskapliga litteraturen. Därtill kan studien, utöver att bidra till den akademiska diskursen, komma att fungera som ett praktiskt verktyg för beslutsfattare och yrkesverksamma inom industrin. Resultaten påminner läsaren om komplexiteten i placeringen av havsbaserade vindkraftverk, vilket bekräftar vikten av en balanserad beaktning av olika kriterier. Detta för att kunna säkerställa att nya energiprojekt presterar bra utifrån ett miljömässigt och socialt perspektiv samtidigt som den ekonomiska lönsamheten säkras. Sett till de områden som studien utreder framstår Vestavind A som det bäst lämpade området för utveckling av havsbaserad vindkraft. De lägsta placeringarna upptas emellertid av olika platser beroende på hur de olika kriterierna viktas. Några förslag på hur denna studie kan utvecklas för att fortsatt kunna bidra till nya insikter inom forskningsområdet är att inkludera data om bottenförhållanden (exempelvis geologi och lutning) i den rumsliga analysen, samt att addera subkriterier med en naturlig koppling till meteorologiska aspekter såsom avbrottsperioder för vindturbiner till följd av extremväder.

I dagens samhälle är det inte ovanligt för företag och organisationer att hitta bättre och alternativa mjukvaror med öppen källkod för att lösa sina behov. De söker programvaror som har de nödvändiga egenskaperna som krävs för att driva sin verksamhet och eventuellt ersätta egenutvecklad programvara för att spara tid och undvika onödiga kostnader. Denna avhandling har undersökt företagens behov av routing-applikationer och tagit fram ett förslag med hjälp av egenutvecklad testbädd. Den egenutvecklade testbädden kan användas av företag för att avgöra om den önskade öppen källkod programvara är lönsamt att implementera i ens verksamhet. Den routing-applikation som visade sig vara bättre än den befintliga är FRRouting(Free Range Routing). Lösningen som föreslås av studien har givit bevisad effekt genom ett pilotprojekt där öppen källkod har varit framgångsrikt på ett kvalitetsmässigt, funktionellt och kostnadseffektivt sätt att ersätta en befintlig programvara / Companies are looking into the open source community in the hope of finding a better alternative software to replace their existing software suit. They are looking for software that has the necessary properties required to run their business and possibly help them avoid unnecessary costs and save time. This thesis has examined the needs of routing application for companies and presented a suggestion by using self-developed testbed. The testbed can be used by companies to decide the beneficial of implementing the desired routing application software. The routing application that gave the best result in this study is FRRouting (Free Range Routing). The solution proposed by the study has been proven to be effective through a pilot project where open source program has been successful by retaining the expected quality, functionality in a cost-effective way.

控制公司與從屬公司在法律面各具有獨立法人格，但在經濟面共同為聯盟經濟體。法律上允許控制公司與從屬公司不對等的控制支配關係存在，控制公司對從屬公司之財務、經營或人事具有控制支配力，可使從屬公司為或不為一定行為，當該行為不合於一般營業常規（本研究簡稱非常規交易）時，從經濟學角度，非常規交易或因集團整體運作需要，或因風險彼此瞭解或共同承擔等，致交易條件與一般常規不同，並非絕對無效率或涉有不法目的，完全禁止反有礙市場效率，故先進國家如美國、德國及我國等，對於非常規交易行為立法採不禁止，只是管制方式不同。我國公司法重視從屬公司權益之保障，制約控制公司適當補償或損害賠償責任；證券交易法則就行為致公司遭受重大損害，以刑責相繩；所得稅法基於租稅公平，按營業常規予以調整納稅，所謂不同法律立法目的所欲保護的法益不同，對於非常交易行為課以的法律效果也不同。 　　本研究以公司法第369條之4規定作為探討主軸，除認識、剖析我國公司法、證券交易法及所得稅法對非常規交易的規範目的及構成要件外，釐清控制關係、非常規交易等意涵也是很重要的，概實務案例上，非常規交易的確是不法利益輸送或掏空公司資產行為最常藉用的手法，主要原因除了控制與從屬關係外，非常規交易複雜難辨亦是原因之一。又控制公司支使從屬公司為非常規交易行為可能產生三種法律後果，一為直接損害從屬公司的權益；二為直接損害控制公司少數股東或債權人權益；三為同時損害從屬公司少數股東及其債權人權利。我國公司法、證交法及所得稅法基於不同立法目的而律定規範制約控制者責任，引進控制股東之受託義務、公司法人格否認、揭穿公司面紗原則、深石原則及代位訴訟等法理基礎與實務判例來作制約，保障受害者權益，立法意義值得肯定。但沒有一種責任機制能夠在所有情況下都發揮作用，水能載舟，亦能覆舟，加強控制公司責任，並賦予從屬公司或少數股東相對應的防衛工具，某種程度也影響了企業集團整體利益之運作，又法律正義權益平衡的設計，恐因舉證責任的關係，而難以落實。國內非常規交易規範行之有年，但商業交易行為推陳出新，以及跨境交易查證困難等，法制上及實務上面臨一些問題，本研究試著歸納並提出建議意見，希望法律正義得以伸張，經濟發展與利益保護得以衡平。 / The controlling company and the subsidiary company is independent in law, but in the economic side together for the Union economy. The law allows them to non-arm’s length transactions. From an economic perspective, it is not absolute inefficiency, so the advanced countries does not prohibit, but different control mode. Different legal legislative purpose is seeking to protect legal interests of different, so legal effect is different. 　　In this study, First, introducing and analyzing the legislative purposes and constituent elements of non-arm’s length transactions in the Company Act, the Securities and Exchange Act and the Income Tax Act. Second, understanding and clarifying the meaning of control relationship, non-arm’s length transactions, etc. Third, jurisprudencing fiduciary duty, disregard of the corporate fiction, piercing the corporate veil, doctrine of deep stone and derivative suit. Finally, summarizing cases from the substantive issues, concludes with recommendations observations.

Submitted by Pedro Mizukami (pedro.mizukami@fgv.br) on 2011-08-17T20:57:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DMPPJ - AGOSTINHO TEIXEIRA DE ALMEIDA FILHO.pdf: 589195 bytes, checksum: 1790025fb2fdaf4044dbb92314c6c229 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pedro Mizukami (pedro.mizukami@fgv.br) on 2011-08-19T17:44:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DMPPJ - AGOSTINHO TEIXEIRA DE ALMEIDA FILHO.pdf: 589195 bytes, checksum: 1790025fb2fdaf4044dbb92314c6c229 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-09-02T18:44:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DMPPJ - AGOSTINHO TEIXEIRA DE ALMEIDA FILHO.pdf: 589195 bytes, checksum: 1790025fb2fdaf4044dbb92314c6c229 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar os institutos da decisão monocrática e do agravo interno, sob o prisma de metodologia empírica que busca priorizar a realidade pragmática da aplicação do artigo 557 do Código de Processo Civil. Enfocou-se o instituto da decisão monocrática no contexto das minirreformas processuais brasileiras, que tiveram como alicerce o princípio da efetividade processual. Esse princípio pressupõe a duração razoável do processo, garantida na Constituição Federal Brasileira. A partir da constitucionalidade desse princípio, defendeu-se a constitucionalidade do artigo 557 do Código de Processo Civil, que não pode ser considerado abstratamente inconstitucional. Demonstrou-se que a aplicabilidade do artigo 557 pode ser inconstitucional se não atender à técnica da ponderação de valores, que garante a interpretação conforme a Constituição. Analisou-se o agravo interno, sob a premissa do valor da celeridade em cotejo com o devido processo legal, que permeou a subsequente análise do procedimento desta espécie de agravo. Após uma reflexão sobre os institutos da decisão monocrática e do agravo interno, aliada ao exame dos princípios do devido processo legal, ampla defesa, contraditório e motivação das decisões judiciais, passou-se ao exame empírico desses institutos jurídicos. Nessa análise, foram coletados e examinados dados estatísticos, que confirmaram – e, assim, possibilitaram a conclusão da dissertação – a constitucionalidade do artigo 557 e a importância de sua interpretação conforme os referidos princípios constitucionais. / This dissertation has the purpose to analise the institutes of the single verdict and the internal appeal, according to empirical methodology that focus the pragmatic reality of the 557 th. dispositive of Code of Civil Procedure`s enforcement. This dissertation focused the institute of the single verdict in the context of the reformation of the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure, which had as foundation the principle of procedure efectiveness. This principle presupposes a reasonable duration of the suit, secured by the Brazilian Federal Constitution. From the constitutionality of this principal, this dissertation defended the constitutionality of the 557 th. dispositive of Code of Civil Procedure, which can`t be considered abstractedly unconstitutional. This dissertation proved that the enforcement of the 557 th. dispositive could be unconstitutional if doesn`t suit the technique of the weighing of values, which secures the interpretation according to the Brazilian Federal Constitution. This dissertation analised the internal appeal, under the presupposition of the value of the reasonable duration of the suit in comparison with the due process of law, which motivate the following analysis of the internal appeal proceeding. After a reflection of single verdict and the internal appeal institutes, also with the analysis of due process of law, legal defense, adversary system and the motivation of the judgement, this dissertation analised the empirical enforcement of these institutes. In this analysis, estatistic data have been collected, which corroborate – and, therefore, enabled the conclusion of the dissertation – the constitutionality of the 557 th. dispositive of Code of Civil Procedure and the consideration of its interpretation according to the mentioned constitucional principles.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-05-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:51:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barbosa_alj_me_fran.pdf: 1094004 bytes, checksum: 08acc7fd3aafae589a4d2b3bcd6f16e4 (MD5) / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo discutir os motivos pelos quais o Estado deve arcar com os prejuízos causados pelo erro judiciário na sentença penal absolutória, já que, a depender da fundamentação dessa decisão judicial, a vítima ficará impossibilitada de pleitear do próprio agente do crime o ressarcimento dos danos causados pelo fato criminoso. Argumenta-se que, se por um lado o processo é instrumento de consecução e aplicação da justiça, não se pode olvidar que a solução dos conflitos intersubjetivos de interesses foram entregues a órgãos integrantes do Estado, personificados nos juízes. Desse modo, a decisão acerca do mérito do processo reside na convicção do julgador. Entretanto, ao contrário do que se pensava, esta não é formada simplesmente por aspectos próprios da pessoa do julgador, mas deriva do somatório das condutas verificadas no decorrer do processo, seja por atividade instrutória própria do juiz, seja pela intervenção das partes da relação jurídica processual. Por isso se afirma que não deve o julgador, jamais, se afastar dos elementos de convicção contidos nos autos. Essa afirmação se justifica, na medida em que o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro adotou a regra do livre convencimento motivado. De fato, existe um princípio implícito na relação jurídica processual, consistente num dever de conduta ética das partes. Contudo, e a despeito da existência do citado princípio, é plenamente possível que as partes venham a se utilizar de condutas que induzam o magistrado a erro, levando, inclusive, à absolvição do réu, quando, no caso, a condenação se impunha. Desse modo, a depender do fundamento da absolvição, nem mesmo poderá ser proposta a ação de reparação civil pelo fato criminoso, restando a vítima, assim, sensivelmente prejudicada. Como o... / This paper is due to discuss why State should assume the responsibility for the losses caused by a false judgment that led to an acquittal, since, depending on the motivation of the sentence, the victim could be unable to suit the criminal for the reparable injuries related to the crime. It is pleaded that, although a law suit is an instrument used to pursue justice, it must not be forgotten that the pacification of the conflicts of interest were ceded to state officers, the judges. So, the decision on the merits lies on the beliefs of the judge. However, in spite of what was considered true, these beliefs are not composed only by personal aspects regarding to the judge, but they arise from a sum of conducts that occur during the proceedings, by the diligence of the judge or by the activity of the parties. That is why it is said that the judge should never disregard the indicia produced during a lawsuit: because, in Brazil, the rule called “free but justified persuasion” is valid. In fact, there is an unwritten principle that guides the relation between the parties – the obligation to behave ethically. However, and despite the existence of the aforementioned principle, it is absolutely possible that the parties behave in such a way that leads the judge to a mistake, which can even cause an erroneous acquittal. In this case, depending on the motivation of the sentence, the reparation suit would not even be possible. The victim would bare, therefore, his losses. As the law in vigor does not bring a solution to this problem, the present paper analyzes a way to guarantee to the victim the right to a reparation lawsuit – otherwise, he would suffer two injuries: the crime itself and the conduct of the parties that guided the judge to an erroneous acquittal.

環境影響評估法公民訴訟條款的解釋與操作在我國訴訟實務中已發展十餘年，文獻上亦多有討論。但是在觀察過我國環評案件的公民訴訟判決，尤其是近幾年頗受矚目的美麗灣度假村案，就可知道縱使環保團體與周圍居民以公民訴訟取得勝訴判決，後續仍不斷產生撤銷訴訟的現象，代表開發案件之核心爭議並未被終局解決。另外，經由比較美國公民訴訟的起源與發展，就會發現我國公民訴訟制定在環評法中是一項有問題的立法。在美國制度原型中公民訴訟條款並非搭配環評制度運作，而我國將兩者結合，似乎並未釐清其中制度目的的差異。 本文欲從環評法的原理原則，也就是以風險管理與預防原則為基礎，說明環評法在環境法規中之角色與作用。並透過介紹美國、德國與中國的環評制度與相關訴訟制度，如美國的公民訴訟、德國的團體訴訟與中國的公益訴訟，進而釐清公民訴訟真正的制度目的，與探討監督環評制度的正確模式。最後再回到我國法，分析環評法與公民訴訟條款與整理訴訟實務案件，了解我國目前環評法公民訴訟條款的操作現況，並提出批評與檢討。 就結論而言，本文認為環評制度做為風險管理中之風險評估與預防原則之體現，不應以公民訴訟為司法監督管道。公民訴訟僅應用在監督風險管理決定之開發案件，規避環評與環評審查有瑕疵之案件都應遵循傳統行政訴訟，對開發許可提出撤銷訴訟，以達成紛爭一次解決並減少人民訟累。 / Citizen suit in Environmental Impact Assessment Act (hereinafter EIAA) in Taiwan has been developed and discussed over ten years. By the analysis of the relative cases, several issues in our citizen suit legislation would be discovered. Especially in the case of Beautiful Bay Resort, which was once the focus of public attention , the problem of the citizen suit in EIAA was been highlighted that the main issue wasn’t been solved, even though the environmental group won this citizen suit. Another problem is that compare to american legislation, the combination of EIAA and citizen suit clause is inappropriate because these two systems are established on different legal theories. In the thesis, the basic theories of the EIAA, that is, the risk management system and precautionary principle, would be illustrated at first. Then the american, german and chinese relative legal systems would be introduced in the second session in order to clarify the real purpose of the citizen suit and environmental impact assessment. In the third session, the citizen suit clause and the cases in EIAA in Taiwan would be explained. In conclusion, the opinion in this thesis is that the citizen suit could only be applied to the case in which the risk management decision has been made. Otherwise people should institute the revocation of administrative action to avoid the litigation diseconomy.

Il est traditionnellement admis que le droit pénal a pour fonction de défendre l’intérêt général, ce qui explique le rôle prééminent de l’État tout au long du processus répressif. Pourtant, l’analyse du droit positif met en exergue une extension de la fonction normative du droit pénal en direction des intérêts privés, individuels ou collectifs qui ne peut que bouleverser les fonctions traditionnellement assignées à la responsabilité pénale et à la sanction pénale qui l’accompagne. Parce que les intérêts privés concurrencent l’intérêt général dans l’ordre des valeurs protégées par les textes d’incrimination, les règles de la responsabilité pénale et les fonctions de la sanction pénale sont désormais sollicitées pour résoudre des litiges entre particuliers, et assurer la réparation du dommage causé par l’infraction. Parce que la configuration des acteurs au procès pénal n’est que le reflet des valeurs protégées par la norme pénale, l’introduction des intérêts privés dans le champ de protection de la loi pénale a naturellement entraîné une mutation de la répartition traditionnelle des rôles processuels du juge et des parties dans le procès pénal au profit des parties privées. Même si cette mutation a trouvé dans l’influence du modèle européen de procès équitable le terreau favorable à une telle évolution, celui-ci n’a joué qu’un rôle catalyseur dans l’ascension des parties dans la maîtrise de la direction de l’instance pénale comme dans la maîtrise de la matière litigieuse ; la véritable cause de ces évolutions. / It is traditionally allowed that the criminal law has as a function to defend the general interest, which explains the preeminent role of the State throughout the repressive process. However, the analysis of the substantive law puts forward an extension of the normative function of the criminal law in the direction of the private interests, individual or collectives which can only upset the functions traditionally assigned with the criminal responsibility and with the penal sanction which accompanies it. Because the private interests compete with the general interest in the order of the values protected by the texts from incrimination, the rules of the criminal responsibility and the functions of the penal sanction from now on are requested to solve litigations between individuals, and to ensure the compensation for the damage caused by the infringement. Because the configuration of the actors to the criminal trial is only the reflection of the values protected by the penal standard, the introduction of the private interests into the field of protection of the criminal law naturally involved a change of the traditional distribution of the processual roles of the judge and parts in the criminal trial with the profit as of private parts. Even if this change found in the influence of the European model of fair trial the compost favorable to such an evolution, this one played only one catalyst part in the rise of the parts in the control of the direction of the penal authority as in the control of the litigious matter; the true cause of these evolutions, it is the privatization of penal repression.

Die seit vielen Jahrzehnten anhaltend niedrigen Geburtenraten in der BRD, einhergehend mit sinkenden Mortalitätsraten, führen zu einem tief greifenden Wandel in der Altersstruktur der Bevölkerung. Diese Entwicklung spiegelt sich in einem deutlich steigenden Anteil älterer Mitmenschen sowie einer zahlenmäßigen Schrumpfung der Gesamtbevölkerung wider. Unternehmen sind gefordert, darauf mit alter(n)sgerecht gestalteten Arbeitsplätzen und Produkten adäquat zu reagieren. Um die körperlichen Einschränkungen älterer Menschen am eigenen Körper zu erfahren, werden seit Mitte der 90er Jahre sogenannte Alterssimulationsanzüge eingesetzt. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde diese Idee neu interpretiert und erstmalig wissenschaftlich fundiert. Auf Grundlage der gesammelten Forschungserkenntnisse wurde ein praktisch nutzbarer modularer Alterssimulationsanzug hergestellt – der MAX. Die Ergebnisse einer im Anschluss daran durchgeführten Feldstudie substanziieren das entwickelte Konzept. MAX erweitert durch die wissenschaftlich fundierte Alterssimulation das Forschungsgebiet nachhaltig und leistet somit einen nutzbringenden Beitrag für die alter(n)sgerechte Produkt- und Prozessgestaltung. / Since many decades Germany has to deal with low fertility rates and regressive mortality rates. This development has a strong effect at the age-composition of the population. In fact, the percentage of elderly people increases while the total population number decrease. To deal with this challenge companies have to design age appropriate workplaces and products. To imagine how it feels to be old companies and marketing institutions uses so called Age-Simulation-Suits. The aim of the study was to create a scientific approach of an Age-Simulation-Suit to give a more detailed view of the aging process. Furthermore it´s more than an approach – together with the Volkswagen AG the author developed, produced and evaluated a practical and useful Age-Simulation-Suit, his name is „MAX“. This suit gives constructing engineers, designers and managers an insight into the world of the elderly and opens their mind for the daily problems of industrial work and product usability. On the way to design age appropriate work places and products, MAX will be one essential tool.