Largely based on material recorded during an internationally sponsored inter-university research tour through the Sesotho speaking area of southern Africa in August 2000, this thesis explores the state of the Basotho oral poetry, the dithoko `praise poems', the difela `mine workers' chants' and the diboko `family odes' at the beginning of the 21st century. Unlike the classical dithoko which were inspired by the wars or the battles in which the Basotho fought as well as cannibalism, those composed at the beginning of the 21st century are inspired by socio-economic and political situations of the poets. Lack of wars has resulted in the poets turning the praising to their chiefs and themselves. Changing socio-economic conditions inspired the difela compositions. The diboko though still a living tradition among the rural Basotho are not adhered to by some who are affected by modernism. Performance of the three oral genres has shifted from the natural settings such as the battlefield, working parties, traditional courts, assemblies, etc., to organized annual festivals such as Morija Arts & Cultural Festival which constitute the Basotho's `popular culture'. The subject-matter and themes of the dithoko have shifted from warfare to traditional chiefs, current heroic deeds of the poets, current political situations and religion. The difela are characterized by inclusion of new subject-matter. The diboko still play an important function as carriers of the names of the ancestors, the tribal idiosyncrasy of the clan and the history associated with the clan's establishment. The three Basotho oral genres demonstrate an emergence of a new phenomenon whereby one genre penetrates another, a phenomenon which may be called `migration of texts'. The last chapter explores the insights emanating from the entire research, and discusses suggestions on what should be done to ensure that the Basotho oral genres are maintained and improved. The video footage of the poets recorded at various places of the Free State and Lesotho have contributed to the success of the research. The thesis serves as a contribution to the Basotho's dynamic oral poetry on which scholars will hopefully do further research in the near future. / African Languages / D. Litt et Phil. (African Languages)

In the Apartheid South Africa, repression and the heightening of the Blacks' struggle for political emancipation, prompted artists to challenge the system through their music, oral poetry and writing. Most produced works of protest in English to reach a wider audience. This led to the general misconception that literatures in the indigenous languages of South Africa were insensitive to the issues of those times. This study seeks firstly to put to rest such misconception by proving that there is Commitment in these literatures as exemplified in the poetry of S.F. Motlhake. Motlhake not only expresses protest against the political system of the time, but also questions some religious and socio-cultural practices and institutions among his people. The study also examines his selected works as genuine poetry, which does not sacrifice art on the altar of propaganda. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

Fay Weldon is a popular, prolific author whose oeuvre stretches from 1967 to the present and includes 20 novels, three collections of short stories and numerous stage, radio and television plays, scripts and adaptations. This thesis limits itself to her fiction and follows the chronological course of Weldon's writing career in five chapters. Fay Weldon's fiction, situated at the intersection of postmodemism and feminism, is doubly subversive. It both overturns 'reasonable' narrative conventions and wittily deconstructs the specious terminology used to define women. Weldon's disobedient female protagonists - madwomen, criminals, outcasts and she-devils - assert the power of the Other. Gynocentric themes - single parenthood, sisterhood, reproduction, motherhood, sex and marriage - are transformed by Weldon into uproarious feminist revenge comedy. This she achieves through an intertextuality which often involves unorthodox typography, genreswopping and metafictional devices. Moreover, a unique ventriloquism enables her omniscient first-person narrators to mimic 'Fay Weldon' herself. Since her narrators are rebels and iconoclasts, Weldon has always been viewed as a subversive individual worthy of media attention, especially interviews. For this reason, and because she is a woman writer who struggled initially against social and domestic odds, the thesis incorporates in its argument the author's biography and public personae. Chapter One explores the connections between Weldon's first novels - notably Down Among the Women (1971) - and early liberationist and anthropological feminism. In Chapter Two, Bakhtin's dialogic imagination and Derrida's differance provide the basis for a discussion of multiplicity in Weldon's novels of the late 1970s, particularly Praxis (1979), shortlisted for the Booker prize. Chapter Three tests the limits of a psychoanalytical model in accounting for Weldon's novels of (m)Otherhood, including The Life and Loves of a SheDevil (1983). Theories of humour and carnival inform Chapter Four's analysis of how Weldon's wit - at its tendentious best in The Heart of the Country (1987) - declines into innocence. Finally, Chapter Five sees Weldon's flagging literary reputation as the symptom of authorial exhaustion and retreat from a feminist agenda. This concluding chapter is, however, ultimately optimistic that the mercurial author's undeniable talents may reassert themselves / English Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (English)

The study intends to investigate the nature and cognitive demands of contextual word-problems posed in the FET mathematics examinations of IEB and NSC. The analysis of the mathematization of real-life situations to form contextual word-problems is based on the theory of authentic task situations. The theoretical basis for analyzing mathematics teaching and learning is the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) theory. Data was obtained using the schedule of mathematization of real-life situations and the schedule of total marks of contextual word-problems and national performance. All contextual word-problems included in the 2008-2013 question papers of IEB and NSC mathematics examinations were analysed. The research revealed that 509 marks out of 1800 marks were allocated to contextual word-problems in IEB examinations; whereas 473 marks out of 1800 marks were allocated to contextual word-problems in NSC examinations. / Mathematics Education / M. Sc. (Mathematical Education)

O Paradigma Orientado a Objetos tem sido atualmente a abordagem dominante de desenvolvimento de software. Contudo, ela sofre da Tirania da Decomposição Dominante, pois não permite uma modularização adequada da implementação relativa a interesses estruturais. Como consequência, a implementação relativa a cada interesse estrutural fica espalhada pelos módulos do programa e entrelaçada com a implementação relativa a outros interesses estruturais. Outras abordagens de desenvolvimento de software, como o Desenvolvimento de Software Orientado a Aspectos com AspectJ e a Separação Multidimensional de Interesses em Hiperespaços com Hyper/J e CME, atingem sucesso moderado em oferecer mecanismos que permitem superar as deficiências do Paradigma Orientado a Objetos. No entanto, tais abordagens também possuem deficiências e omissões que devem ser reparadas para que elas possam se tornar utilizáveis em contextos típicos de desenvolvimento de software complexo. Este trabalho especifica uma nova abordagem, denominada Desenvolvimento de Software Orientado a Temas (DSOT), que tem como objetivo superar algumas deficiências das abordagens anteriores por meio de mecanismos que permitem a manipulação da implementação de cada interesse estrutural de forma separada e a manipulação da implementação de cada tipo de dado de forma separada. Além disso, DSOT possui operadores que são ortogonais, isto é, podem ser utilizados de forma combinada ou separada, para efetuar a composição de módulos do programa. Mostra-se o modelo conceitual do DSOT e descrevese um estudo de caso que consiste no desenvolvimento de um programa para demonstrar mais concretamente como o DSOT funciona na prática. Não se demonstra a superioridade do DSOT para o caso geral, mas os resultados alcançados evidenciam que o DSOT é uma abordagem promissora que merece ser investigada mais aprofundadamente em pesquisas futuras / The Object-Oriented Paradigm has currently been the dominant approach for developing software. However, it suffers from the Tyranny of the Dominant Decomposition, as it does not support a suitable modularization to the implementation relative to structural concerns. As a consequence, the implementation relative to each structural concern is scattered throughout the program modules and tangled with the implementation relative to other structural concerns. Some software development approaches, such as Aspect-Oriented Software Development with Aspect and Multidimensional Separation of Concerns in Hyperspaces with Hyper/J and CME, achieve moderate success in offering mechanisms that make it possible to overcome the deficiencies of the Object-Oriented Paradigm. However, such approaches also possess deficiencies and ommissions that must be corrected in order for them to get usable in typical complex software development contexts. This work specifies a new approach, named Theme- Oriented Software Development (TOSD), which aims at overcoming some deficiencies from previous approaches through mechanisms that support the handling of implementation for every structural concern separately and the handling of implementation for every data type separately. Moreover, TOSD contains operators which are orthogonal, that is, they can be used separately or as a combination, in order to perform composition of the program modules. We show the conceptual model of TOSD and describe a case study which consists in the development of a program to demonstrate more concretely how TOSD works in practice. We do not demonstrate the superiority of TOSD for the general case, but the results we have obtained suggest that TOSD is a promissing approach which deserves a deeper investigation in future research

This essay deals with translation changes taking place when translating two information-dense German texts into Swedish. The study focuses on the preverbal position of V2 declaratives, i.e. on the so called pre-field in German and Swedish sentences. This position plays an important role for the structuring of information, both at the intra-sentential and at the inter-sentential level. The aim of the study is therefore to investigate to what extent the information structure of the source text is carried over to the target text. A quantitative sentence-by-sentence analysis of the pre-fields of the source and target text shows many cases of re-structuring and re-writing have taken place during the translation process. A closer examination of those changes reveals some tendencies regarding the translation of the German pre-fields. In many cases text-initial rhematic (not previously mentioned) subjects of the source text have been replaced with time adverbials which function as so-called frame topics in the target text. Also, heavy, information-dense pre-fields of the source text have been split into two or more sentences in the target text. Furthermore there has been a “neutralization” of so-called marked structures of the source text. While those marked structures are used to achieve communicative effects in the source text, equal effects are mostly achieved by lexical means in the target text. The genre and style of the texts proved to play an important role for the choice between keeping and abandoning the information structure of the source text.

Med utgångspunkt i en ökning av så kallad klimatångest bland barn, är denna studies syfte är att undersöka och analysera ekologiska frågeställningar inom barnlitteratur och läromedel för mellanstadieelever för att se hur försöken att skapa ekologiskt medvetna medborgare görs, hur ansvaret mellan barn och vuxna behandlas, hur det hållbara samspelet mellan natur och mänsklighet problematiseras och hur hotet om undergång skildras och hanteras. Analysen genomförs med hjälp av en kvalitativ textanalys av de skönlitterära verken Kometen kommer av Tove Jansson och Slutet av Mats Strandberg, samt av fyra läromedel i SO- och NO-ämnen ur serien Utkik.Resultatet visar att texterna tar upp hållbarhetsfrågor mestadels ur ett människocentrerat perspektiv, men där människan samtidigt skuldbeläggs för klimatkrisen och där barnen åläggs ansvaret för att lösa den. Balansgången mellan att aktivera barnen och utbilda dem i hållbarhet utan att orsaka klimatångest visar sig vara svår att hantera. Skönlitteraturen gör det via skildringar om undergång, och läromedlen genom att uttryckligen beskriva hotet. En medvetenhet om vilket material som väljs ut och varför är ett nödvändigt didaktiskt förhållningssätt. / With basis in the increase of so-called climate anxiety among children, the purpose of the study is to investigate and analyse ecological issues in children’s literature and text books meant for pupils in grades 4–6. We examine how pupils are required to become ecologically aware citizens, how the responsibility among children and adults is handled, how the interplay between nature and humanity is problematised and how the threat of destruction is depicted. The qualitative text analysis focuses on the two novels Kometen kommer (Comet in Moominland, by Tove Jansson) and Slutet (The End, by Mats Strandberg), as well as four text books of different subjects in the Utkik (Outlook) series.The result shows that the texts describe issues of sustainability from a human-centered perspective, where man is considered responsible for the climate crisis and the children are enjoined the responsibility of putting an end to it. The balance between activating the children and teaching them about sustainability, without causing even more anxiety, seems difficult to handle. The novels use apocalyptic themes, while the text books expressively focuses on describing the different factors of threat. A conscious selection of teaching material and children’s literature – what? and why? – is a necessary didactical approach.

In my Ph.D. thesis, I examine the use of referential devices in spoken narrative discourse with predominant anaphoric reference. Special attention is paid to the relationship between two competing forms: lexical phrases containing the lexeme ten (ten-MARKED NPs) and lexical phrases not containing it (UNMARKED NPs) in repeated mentions. A primary aim of the work is (i) to identify factors favouring the use of ten-marked NPs at the expense of unmarked NPs and (ii) to explore the possibility of the lexeme ten grammaticalizing from its anaphoric use. Theoretically and methodologically I benefit mostly from the conception of discourse anaphora and the theory of grammaticalization. The referential devices are systematically explored in terms of their distribution into different classes according to a set of parameters and their values. These parameters reflect the conceptual (animacy), grammatical (syntactic function, type of clause etc.) as well as discourse characteristics of the forms and their referents (informational status of the NP in the clause, activation and persistence of the referent, etc.). The data consist of 45 short narratives produced by 15 speakers. The speakers' task was to retell three short silent-movie sketches which they had seen immediately before the recording. The design of the...

I detta arbete analyseras det omfattande pianoverket ”Dantesonaten” komponerat av Franz Liszt i syfte om att ta reda på vilka musikaliska och tekniska element han utnyttjat för att uttrycka djävulen, helvetet och andra diaboliska företeelser i sin musik. Därmed kommer en djupgående analys av eposet Den gudomliga komedin skrivet av Dante Alighieri genomförasdå Liszt baserat sin komposition på detta verk. Liszts intresse för Den gudomliga komedin och Dante som poet belyses samt varför han valt att basera sin sonat på detta ämne. Resultatet tyder på att Liszt använt dissonanta intervall som tritonus, dimackord, heltonsskalor, kromatik och tremoloteknik m.m. för att allt i kombination bilda en tydlig representation av det som kan kopplas med det diaboliska. Största delen av resultatet består av egna tolkningar men även andras interpretationer hämtade från olika litterära källor och online-resurser. Det var svårt att finna konkreta tecken på vad kompositörens egna återspeglingar i musiken må ha varit. Däremot kan detta arbete ändå vara en bra utgångspunkt för en pianist som planerar att spela verket och vill få idéer om hur det diaboliska materialet och andra teman ur ”Dantesonaten” kan tolkas. / In this study, the extensive piano piece "The Dante Sonata" composed by Franz Liszt is analyzed in order to find out what musical and technical elements he has used to express the devil, hell and other diabolical phenomena in his music. Thus, an in-depth analysis of the narrative poem The Divine Comedy written by Dante Alighieri will be made, as Liszt bases his composition on this work. The study investigates Liszt's interest in The Divine Comedyand Dante as a poet and why he chose to base his sonata on this subject. The results indicate that Liszt used dissonant intervals such as tritones, diminished chords, whole-tone scales, chromatic passages and tremolo technique, etc. to all in combination form a clear representation of the diabolical. Most of the results consist of own interpretations but also other renderings taken from various literary sources and online-resources. It was difficult to find concrete signs of what the composer's own reflections in the music may have been. However, this work can still be a good starting point for a pianist who plans to study thismusic and want to get ideas on how the diabolical material and other themes from "The Dante Sonata" can be interpreted. / <p>F. Liszt - Après une Lecture du Dante (Fantasia quasi Sonata) från Années de pèlerinage II, Deuxième année: Italie, S. 161, Nr. 7, "Dantesonaten"</p>

Syftet med denna uppsats är att skapa en djupare förståelse för hur äldre människors relation till digitaliseringen avbildas inom forskning och media. Detta har gjorts genom att utföra en kvalitativ diskursanalytisk litteraturstudie över 13 st publicerade och referentgranskade forskningsartiklar samt 13 st publicerade artiklar i svenska dagstidningar. Resultaten från de olika diskurserna har sedan jämförts med varandra under ett avsnitt som täcker dess likheter och skillnader. Sammanfattningsvis så avbildas gruppen ”äldre” olika inom forskningsdiskursen och den mediala diskursen, där det finns märkbara skillnader över hur äldre avbildas som grupp i sig, samt vilka vägar som är bäst att gå när det kommer till äldres potentiella bemötande av digitaliseringsprocessen. / The purpose of this essay is to create a deeper understanding of how seniors' relationship with digitization are portrayed in research and media. We have done this by performing a qualitative discourse analytic literature study over 13 published and peer-reviewed research articles as well as 13 articles published in Swedish newspapers. The results from the different discourses have afterwards been compared with each other under a section that covers their similarities and differences. In summary, the group ”seniors” are portrayed differently within the research discourse and the media discourse, where there are noticeable differences over how seniors are portrayed, as well as a group within itself, also regarding which paths are best to take when it comes to the potential treatment of the process of digitization.