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The study explores the meaning of knowing how to reason about justice in civics in upper secondary school. This is examined through the analysis of students’ conceptions of justice, and of their conceptions of civic reasoning about justice. It is also examined through the analysis of civic education practise. In the study, teaching was designed using Variation Theory and the theory of intersubjectivity in Activity Theory, and examined and evaluated in three Learning Studies. The empirical material consists of filmed and transcribed research lessons and interviews, as well as of written pre- and post-tests. The material was first analysed using phenomenography, and then analysed using content-oriented conversation analysis. Students’ conceptions of justice were found to move between the conception of justice as (A) a universal value, (B) a personal value or (C) a value of principle. Students’ conceptions of civic reasoning about justice were found to move between three conceptions: (a) reporting about justice, (b) analysing causes of different perspectives on justice or (c) critical reasoning about principles of justice. The critical aspects of knowing how to reason about justice in civics that students needed to discern were the relativity of justice, the basis for arguments for principles of justice and the analysing as well as the criticizing aspects of reasoning. The subject-knowledge that the teachers expressed in their teaching was one condition of the practise of civics that was found to be of importance for the students’ learning. Others were the assumed purpose of the practise of civics and a genuine need for the intended knowledge in the practice. Communicative actions that seem to facilitate these conditions are real learning tasks and a subject-specific language and variation of critical aspects as mediating tools. The findings are discussed in relation to theories of justice in political science and to the practise of civics education.

Detta arbete undersöker hur Riksdagspartiernas uttalanden om religion kan tänkas påverkareligiösa elever i skolan. I huvudsak har tre teorier används: Bronfenbrenners ekologiskasystemteori, Saids teori om Det Annorlunda och Goffmans teori om stigma. Arbetet hargjorts som en textanalys, där material från partierna samlats in och sedan analyserats.Frågeställningarna som guidat arbetet är: ● Kan Riksdagspartierna bidra till stigmatiseringen av religiösa elever?○ Vilka direkta och indirekta budskap finns i partiernas textproduktion gällandereligion och religiösa människor? Undersökningen visar att problemet är väldigt komplext, och att ett enkelt svar inte går attutröna. Det finns dock ett tydligt samband mellan Riksdagspartiernas uttalanden och religiösaelevers vardag i skolan, samt mellan detta arbetes resultat och den tidigare forskningen.

Tim Randberg and Filip Lindahl carried out this study under the institution for pedagogy, didactics and educational studies at Uppsala University. In relation to the lack of research regarding students’ perspectives regarding the legitimizing aspects of the school subject of social science(samhällskunskap), and in contrast to the existence of such research regarding teachers’ perspectives, this study is an attempt at contributing to the lack of previous research and note the importance of working towards a reality in which students’ and teachers’ attitudes, regarding the importance and the purpose of social studies, aligns.  This didactic study, which analyzes which attitudes are connected to a small group of students (age 18), as well as a small group of social science teachers, regarding what legitimizes studying social science, along with the key differences between these two groups, is an interview study in which a didactic theory formed by Gert Biesta was applied in relation to the results of the interview. Biesta’s theoretical framework, which is central for this study, categorized the legitimizing aspects of education into three categories: qualification, socialization and subjectification, in which every relevant analytical finding was categorized into each of Biesta’s three categories. This study concludes that both teachers and students found the internalization of democratic values as well as citizenship development to be the central legitimizing aspects of civic studies. The results regarding the teachers’ comments aligned with most previous research, except for the aspect of power, which in contrast to previous research was absent in the results for this study. Regarding the three theoretical categories, no significant differences were to be found but rather smaller differences that could be considered noteworthy. Teachers discussed the legitimizing aspects of civic studies from a qualification-related point of view more than the students did. In contrast, the students made comments that were connected to the concepts of socialization as well as subjectification in a greater sense compared to the teachers. Regarding the concept of qualification, both teachers and students related the purpose of civic studies to skills and knowledge necessary to engage politically in society, or to prosper in society. Connected to the concept of socialization, students found that it was important that people internalized democratic values and norms related to democracy, which aligns with the teachers’ responses, only that the latter as a group further discussed the legitimizing aspect of civic studies as it being a means to prevent extremism, racism as well as other anti-democratic aspects that a few students were described as gravitating towards. In relation to the concept of subjectification, students, unlike the teachers, noted the importance of becoming global citizens. Both groups argued for the importance of developing a culturally adaptive mindset as well as forming an individual political opinion. Most teachers discussed the importance of students, along with the civic studies, becoming less self-centered and more focused on their role in relation to a social, collective context. In contrast, several students made individualistic claims; that a legitimizing aspect of civic studies, regarding certain skills and abilities that comes with the subject and that was regarded as a key element in a modern, democratic social context, is that they develop a sense of what others think of them and how successfully they present themselves to other people, groups and institutions. One conclusion is that there is a reason for the didactic research-field to investigate whether there needs to be a function in Swedish education which investigates whether students and teachers share the same idea of why they are studying a subject or various content related to a subject,

Denna studie undersöker hur fyra gymnasielärare i samhällskunskap reflekterar över nationalism i deras undervisning. Fenomenet nationalism går att förstå som ett såväl snävt som brett begrepp och i denna studie intervjuas lärarna om hur de upplever att nationalism förekommer i deras undervisning som kunskap, perspektiv, fenomen och didaktisk utmaning. Studien är explorativ och använder Sandahls (2015) teori om samhällsvetenskapligt ämneskunnande samt begreppsklassifikationer om sunt förnufts-uppfattningar och naturaliserade axiomer. De teoretiska perspektiven används för att bringa klarhet i vad lärarna ser som relevanta kunskaper och erfarenheter av nationalism i undervisningen och för att belysa vilka didaktiska utmaningar fenomenet kan skapa. Resultaten visar att nationalism är ett återkommande perspektiv i samhällskunskapsundervisningen, som ibland berörs öppet och direkt, i andra fall mer subtilt och indirekt. Fenomenet beskrivs av lärarna som en byggsten i elevernas utveckling av de kunskaper och färdigheter som Sandahl (2015) beskriver som samhällsvetenskapliga tankeredskap. Lärarna beskriver nationalism på ett likartat sätt men skildrar i intervjuerna hur fenomenet ges olika stort utrymme och förmedlas på olika sätt beroende på faktorer såsom gymnasieprogram, gruppsammansättning och mängden samhällskunskap som eleverna läser. De lärare som primärt undervisar på högskoleförberedande program beskriver en mer indirekt förmedling av nationalism som perspektiv och förlitar sig på historieundervisningens innehållskunskaper och den kunskapsprogression eleverna genomgår under deras tre gymnasieår. Lärarna på yrkesprogrammen beskriver snarare att de på ett direkt sätt ger utrymme åt innehållskunskaperna om nationalism i deras undervisning. Resultaten visar även att nationalism upplevs som ett kontroversiellt ämne i klassrumssituationer, där en del elever ger uttryck för antingen sunt förnufts-uppfattningar eller naturaliserade axiomer vilka utgör didaktiska utmaningar i undervisningen. Slutligen visar resultaten på att det finns flera utmaningar kopplat till lärarprofessionen i undervisning om nationalism. Dessa utmaningar rör såväl värdegrund, vetenskaplighet och elevers förförståelse som kräver didaktiska övervägningar i samhällskunskaps­undervisningen. / This study examines how four high school social studies teachers reflect on nationalism in their teaching. The phenomenon of nationalism can be understood as both a narrow and broad concept and in this study the teachers are interviewed about how they perceive that nationalism occurs in their teaching as knowledge, perspective, phenomenon, and didactic challenge. The study is exploratory and uses Sandahl's (2015) theory of second order concepts of Social Science as well as the conceptual classifications of common-sense notions and naturalized axioms. The theoretical perspectives are used to bring clarity to what the teachers see as relevant knowledge and experiences of nationalism in teaching and to highlight the didactic challenges the phenomenon can create. The results show that nationalism is a recurring perspective in social studies teaching, which is sometimes touched upon openly and directly, in other cases more subtly and indirectly. The phenomenon is described by the teachers as a foundation block in the students' development of the knowledge and skills that Sandahl (2015) describes as second order thinking concepts. The teachers describe the concept of nationalism in a similar way but describe in the interviews how the phenomenon is given varying amounts of time and conveyed in different ways depending on factors such as the high school program, group composition and the number of social studies classes that the students attend to. The teachers who primarily teach in university preparatory programs describe a more indirect conveyance of nationalism as a perspective and rely on the content knowledge of history teaching as well as the knowledge progression the students undergo during their three years of high school. The teachers on the vocational programs rather describe that they directly give time to the content knowledge about nationalism in their teaching. The results also show that nationalism is experienced as a controversial topic in classroom situations, where some students express either common-sense notions or naturalized axioms which pose didactic challenges in teaching. Finally, the results show that there are several challenges linked to the profession in teaching about nationalism. These challenges relate to foundation of values, scientific rigor, and students' pre-understanding, which require didactic considerations in social studies teaching.

The thesis studies power and gender in textbooks used to teach Social Science in upper secondary school. The purpose of the study was to investigate how men, women and sexual orientations are portrayed in textbooks. In this investigation, seven Social Science books have been studied. Four of them were published before 2011 and three were published after 2011. The theory used is the gender system formulated by Yvonne Hirdman, Judith Butler's discussion of social and biological gender, and Virginia Sapiro's thoughts on representation. The research method used is discourse analysis, in which an expanded text concept is used; the expanded concept covers images and illustrations in addition to texts.   Among other things, the results show that women are described as taking more responsibility for the home and the children, even though men are said to take more responsibility than before. The textbooks mainly use gender-neutral language, but that is not always the case. The use of gender terms risks creating incorrect perceptions and norms. The study has shown that each book has both strengths and weaknesses regarding gender. However, the study does not recommend any book in particular. Thus, the teachers are urged to critically study the textbooks they use in order to problematize parts of the content.

The Covid-19 pandemic was a transformative period for Sweden's upper secondary schools. During a period in social studies, teachers have not been allowed to talk about or reflect on these experiences. As future social studies teachers, we saw a need to investigate this issue. How a complex and vital subject like social studies, which is supposed to form democratic citizens, was affected by all the social changes that covid-19 contributed to in society. Therefore, we aimed to investigate how social studies teachers experienced the covid-19 pandemic, how their professional role, the relationship with the students, and the social studies subject was affected. We have used a qualitative methodological approach through a narrative interview method to interview social studies teachers at upper secondary schools in southern Sweden. The empirical work was analyzed using Pierre Bourdieu's capital- and field theory and Basil Bernstein's concepts of classification and framing. The study results show that social studies teachers' professional roles and relationships with students changed during the covid-19 pandemic. The teachers lost confidence, control and questioned their professional choice when the interaction between teachers and students deteriorated during distance learning. Consequently, the professional role changed, and the teachers have become more caring actors for the students. Social studies teaching was overcrowded and challenged by the social changes brought about by the covid-19 pandemic. The relevance of the social studies subject was strengthened and gained greater importance in a society in crisis. The school has returned to old habits as before the pandemic, and school organizations have yet to take advantage of the social studies teachers' experiences during the covid-19 pandemic.

Denna studie undersöker samhällskunskapslärares professionella och didaktiska förhållningssätt till artificiell intelligens (AI) som verktyg i samhällskunskapsundervisningen. Fokus ligger på verktyget ChatGPT och hur detta kan användas i undervisningskontext. Syftet med studien är att öka kunskapen kring AI-verktyg i undervisningssammanhang och samla data om lärares åsikter kring dess användbarhet i utvecklingen av elevers förmågor och i relation till måluppfyllelse enligt läroplanen. En systematisk litteraturgenomgång genomfördes för att identifiera relevant tidigare forskning och utveckla inklusions- och exklusionskriterier. Gruppintervjuer genom ett informerande och utforskande seminarium genomfördes för att förstå lärares problemområden i relation till AI i undervisning. Detta ledde till teman av begrepp och problemområden som utgjorde grunden för en analys. Slutsatsen presenterar att ChatGPT har potential att användas som ett verktyg i undervisningen i samhällskunskap i svenska gymnasieskolor. Lärare kan använda verktyget för att effektivisera sitt arbete med att konstruera lektionsinnehåll, planera undervisning, anpassa kunskapsinnehåll till enskilda elever och på så vis stödja elevers måluppfyllelse i samhällskunskap. Verktygets funktionalitet förstås vara flexibelt och samtidigt visa förmåga att förstå innehållet i användarens budskap, generera text som är språkligt korrekt i sin struktur, erbjuda relevant information och besitta ett pedagogiskt värde baserat på användarens syfte. / This study examines social science teachers' pedagogical and didactic approaches to artificial intelligence (AI) as a tool in teaching civics. The focus is on ChatGPT and how it can be used in educational contexts. The purpose of the study is to increase knowledge about AI tools in teaching and to gather data on teachers' opinions on their usefulness in developing students' abilities and meeting curriculum goals. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify relevant the researchbase. Group interviews through an informative and exploratory seminar were conducted to understand teachers' problem areas in relation to AI in education. This led to themes of concepts and problem areas that formed the basis for an analysis. The conclusion presents that ChatGPT has the potential to be used as a tool in the teaching of social studies in Swedish high schools. Teachers can utilize the tool to streamline their work in constructing lesson content, planning instruction, adapting knowledge to individual students, and thus support students' achievement of goals in social studies. The tool's functionality is understood to be flexible while also demonstrating the ability to comprehend the content of the user's message, generate text that is linguistically correct in structure, provide relevant information, and possess educational value based on the user's purpose.

The purpose of this study is to analyze and describe perceptions and strategies of social studies teachers regarding students' norm-breaking behaviors during the teacher's teaching. The study's basic approach was based on a qualitative method with semi-structured questions that were designed according to the survey's theoretical framework, deviant behaviors and value pedagogy. The interviews were conducted by six teachers who teach the subject of social studies, both at primary- and high school, where they had the opportunity to contribute with their life experience, thoughts and experiences within school operations.All respondents in the study feel that they have at least once come across students who exhibit norm-breaking behavior in their working time as teachers. In addition, all participants feel that they have a greater obligation, because they are trained teachers with the subject of social studies, to educate and nurture students according to the mission of democracy. This in turn leads to the teacher reflecting on her/his role as leader and role model, which is based on ethics and morality, what is right and wrong, how one should behave and act.The school's values and mission are highlighted in the curriculum, where it is stated that all education must be based on democratic working methods and preparation for students to develop personal responsibility. According to the respondents, there are different types of norm-breaking behavior among students, which in this study are finally characterized as physical and verbal norm violations. All teachers relate to basic value issues continuously, through hidden or direct teaching methods. It can be anything from deliberately provoking students by highlighting the importance of democracy, to using different tools such as signs of various kinds. Respondents felt that the majority of students' attitudes were temporary and others could be long-lasting. The result was that teachers considered that these provocative norm-breaking behavior of the students need varying efforts more individually, than collectively ie. in a whole group of students, from teachers and the school activities part. Which, among other things, can be effectively counteracted by the teacher self-reflectively analyzing her-/himself and her/his role as a leader, in order to then reflect her/his behavior and actions on the students.

ChatGPT och artificiell intelligens har hastigt tagit plats i utbildningsmiljöer. Verktyget har till skillnad från andra sökmotorer, möjlighet att generera svar som liknar en människas språkbruk och kan föra en interaktiv dialog.  Denna undersökning syftar till att förstå hur ChatGPT påverkat undervisningsmetoder inom ämnet samhällskunskap på gymnasiet och hur lärare anpassat sig till denna teknologiska förändring.   Frågeställningen för undersökningen är ”På vilket sätt anser samhällskunskapslärare att införandet av ChatGPT och artificiell intelligens påverkar deras metoder och arbetsuppgifter? ”.  Undersökningen bygger på kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Sex samhällskunskapslärare   som arbetar på gymnasiet har intervjuats. För att förstå det komplexa sambandet mellan teknik, pedagogik och ämneskunskap har TPACK används som teori.Studien visar att ChatGPT ställt krav på förändrade undervisningsmetoder och strategier bland annat genom att lärare behövt förändra sina examinationsformer och examinationsfrågor för att minska risken för plagiat och fusk. Lärarna visar på en god teknisk pedagogisk kunskap, eftersom de förstått hur ChatGPT kan effektivisera deras tid genom att utforma uppgifter, frågor eller planera lektioner.  Inom ämnet samhällskunskap utgör ChatGPT en risk för spridning av falska nyheter och den källkritiska förmågan blir allt viktigare att utveckla. Lärare har fått ett förändrat ansvar genom att finna strategier för att upptäcka plagiat. Den sista slutsatsen för undersökningen är att ChatGPT kan ha kommit att utmana synen på hur elever lär sig.  Resultatet påvisar att lärare bör få bättre kunskap om hur teknik, pedagogik och ämneskunskap samspelar för att kunna utnyttja ChatGPT ’s fulla potential att effektivisera undervisningen. / ChatGPT and artificial intelligence have rapidly found their place in educational environments. Unlike other search engines, this tool has the capability to generate responses resembling human language and engage in interactive dialogue. This study aims to understand how ChatGPT has influenced teaching methods within the subject of social studies in high schools and how teachers have adapted to this technological change. The research question guiding this investigation is, "In what ways do social studies teachers perceive the introduction of ChatGPT and artificial intelligence affecting their methods and tasks?"The study employs a qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews. Six social studies teachers working in high schools were interviewed. To comprehend the intricate relationship between technology, pedagogy, and content knowledge, the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework is used as a theoretical foundation. The findings reveal that ChatGPT has necessitated changes in teaching methods and strategies. For instance, teachers have had to modify their assessment methods and questions to reduce the risk of plagiarism and cheating. Teachers demonstrate sound technological pedagogical knowledge, as they understand how ChatGPT can streamline their work by creating assignments, questions that could be used for educational purpose, or lesson plans. Within the field of social studies, ChatGPT presents a risk of spreading fake news, highlighting the importance of critical thinking and source evaluation. Teachers have assumed a new responsibility in developing strategies to detect plagiarism. The conclusion of this study is that ChatGPT may have challenged the perception of how students learn. The results suggest that teachers should gain better knowledge of how technology, pedagogy, and subject knowledge interact to harness ChatGPT's full potential for enhancing education.