退休金是退休人未來生活的依靠，確保在退休後能得到適足的退休給付，政府在退休金上實施保證收益制度，此制度為最低保證利率與投資報酬率連結。本文探討退休金給付標準為確定提撥制，當退休金的投資報酬率是根據其連結之股價指數的表現來計算時，股價指數報酬率的模型假設為馬可夫調控跳躍過程模型，考慮市場狀態與布朗運動項、跳躍項的跳躍頻率相關，即為Elliot et al. (2007) 的模型特例。使用1999年至2012年的道瓊工業指數與S&P 500指數的股價指數對數報酬率作為研究資料，採用EM演算法估計參數及SEM演算法估計參數共變異數矩陣。透過概似比檢定說明馬可夫調控跳躍過程模型比狀態轉換模型、跳躍風險下狀態轉換模型更適合描述股價指數報酬率變動情形，也驗證馬可夫調控跳躍過程模型具有描述報酬率不對稱、高狹峰及波動叢聚的特性。最後，假設最低保證利率為固定下，利用Esscher轉換法計算不同模型下型I保證之確定提撥制退休金的評價公式，從公式中可看出受雇人提領的退休金價值可分為政府補助與個人帳戶擁有之退休金兩部分。以執行敏感度分析探討估計參數對於馬可夫調控跳躍過程模型評價公式的影響，而型II保證之確定提撥制退休金的價值則以蒙地卡羅法模擬並探討其敏感度分析結果。 / Pension plan make people a guarantee life in their retirement. In order to ensure the appropriate amount of pension plan, government guarantees associated with pension plan which ties minimum rate of return guarantees and underlying asset rate of return. In this paper, we discussed the pension plan with defined contribution (DC). When the return of asset is based on the stock indices, the return model was set on the assumption that markov-modulated jump diffusion model (MMJDM) could the Brownian motion term and jump rate be both related to market states. This model is the specific case of Elliot et al. (2007) offering. The sample observations is Dow-Jones industrial average and S&P 500 index from 1999 to 2012 by logarithm return of the stock indices. We estimated the parameters by the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm and calculated the covariance matrix of the estimates by supplemented EM (SEM) algorithm. Through the likelihood ratio test (LRT), the data fitted the MMJDM better than other models. The empirical evidence indicated that the MMJDM could describe the asset return for asymmetric, leptokurtic, volatility clustering particularly. Finally, we derived different model's valuation formula for DC pension plan with type-I guarantee by Esscher transformation under rate of return guarantees is constant. From the formula, the value of the pension plan could divide into two segment: government supplement and employees deposit made pension to their personal bank account. And then, we done sensitivity analysis through the MMJDM valuation formula. We used Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the valuation of DC pension plan with type-II guarantee and discussed it from sensitivity analysis.

我國勞工退休金新制自2005年7月1日開始實施，由過去的確定給付制改為具有確定提撥特色的「個人帳戶制」。對於勞工而言，確定提撥制和過去確定給付制不同之處在於承擔退休金投資風險的責任將由雇主轉由個人承擔。如何透過退休機制的設計以降低退休金的投資風險是近年來的重要議題，因此本文主要從個人偏好與風險的觀點探討保證投資收益率制度與制度轉換選擇權等兩個降低確定提撥制投資風險的重要配套措施。 在本論文的第一篇研究中發現，資產配置與國際投資對保證成本的影響頗大，在個人可選擇資產配置的情況下，高投資風險的資產選擇將造成政府未來龐大的或有負債。為了解決政府保證成本過高造成代內與代間的財富移轉，本文從使用者付費與個人效用的觀點探討保證投資收益率制度的設計，發現藉由設立保證投資收益上限可提升風險趨避者、損失趨避者與後悔趨避者等偏好下的預期效用，且能降低個人管理下方風險所需的提撥成本與退休計畫參加者所需繳交的保證費用，故建議政府可將投資收益率上限納入保證投資收益率制度，供退休計畫參加者選擇合於本身偏好的保證收益率上限。 在近來許多國家的公、民營退休體系由過去以確定給付制改為確定提撥制，為了降低在確定提撥制下的退休金投資風險，在美國的佛羅里達州之公務人員退休體系中，存在著可供個人選擇是否轉換到確定給付制的機制。在我國勞退新制中除了從過去的確定給付制改為確定提撥制外，亦輔以「年金保險制」供勞工選擇與轉換，若年金保險制具有確定給付制的特徵，則勞工等於是擁有一個從確定提撥轉換轉到確定給付制的選擇權，因此制度選擇權的探討對我國而言亦是相當地重要。在本論文的第二篇研究中發現，當風險趨避程度越高則轉換至確定給付制的機率越高，轉換到確定給付制的高峰期會出現在開始工作的初期與屆臨退休之際等兩段期間。隨著工作期間的延長，個人轉換到確定給付制的機率越低，但仍可有效地提升退休金的所得替代率與達到降低退休金下方風險的效果，在加入退休制度初期不得轉換的限制之後，會降低轉換到確定給付制的機率。 / The Labor Retirement Pension Act enacted in 2005 introduced defined contribution (DC) pension plan for substituting the traditional defined benefit (DB) pension plan. In the defined contribution pension plan, the investment risk is transferred to the participants. However, the design of rate of return guarantee makes the investment risk less severe for participants. In the first essay, we find that the asset allocation and foreign investment have large impact on the guarantee cost: the high risky investment may result in large potential liability of the government in the future if participants have the investment portfolio choice. This study develops a framework to analyze design of rate of return guarantee from the financial engineering and user paid principle view. We find that the cap of investment return guarantee not only increases the expected utility of risk aversion, loss aversion and regret aversion, but also decreases the contribution cost to participant associated with managing the downside risk. Around the world, the defined contribution (DC) plans have been the primary trend of pension reform in the both public and private sector. In an attempt to decrease the investment risk associated with DC plan, the public employees are provided with an option to buy back DB plan in the Florida State of U.S.A. In the second essay, we find that the higher level of risk aversion is, the higher probability to buy back DB plan is. During the employee’s early years of service and as the employees near retirement, the probability to exercise the option is the highest. The probability to exercise the option is decreasing with the years of service being increasing; the option also increase the pension replacement rate as well as decrease the downside risk of pension. The probability to exercise the option is lower, when the option to buy back the DB plan is prohibited during the employee’s early years of service.

本文係在我國勞退新制改以個人帳戶制及年金保險制中併行下，針對其中年金保險制度之爭議、規範缺失做一整理研究，並參酌美國ERISA對於企業退休計畫之相關法制提出相關建議。 自立法機關確定勞退新制將揚棄過去確定給付制之設計，改以確定提撥制作為企業退休制度之主軸起，勞動法學者即針對確定提撥制對勞工之保障不足，新舊制轉換等爭議提出諸多質疑與討論，但對於其中年金保險制之規劃多僅止於條列介紹而未多加著墨。本研究以敘述性、回顧性之方式將我國與美國之退休金制度作歸納探討，針對目前年金保險制中較有疑義之部分，以比較法之方式進一步檢討，最後提出若干建議。 本研究共分為四個部分，第一部份為我國勞工退休制度之變革。針對我國由確定給付制發展為確定提撥制之風險轉換作一分析，次介紹新制之規範內容。第二部分以美國ERISA法案為中心，對美國企業退休計畫之發展及基本實質規範進一步整理探討，以為後續我國年金保險規範分析之參考。第三部份探討我國企業年金保險之法制爭議，以現行之勞工退休金條例年金保險實施辦法及企業年金保險保單示範條款為基礎，剖析其與保險法及相關子法間之互動。並針對其中有關最低保證收益、非退休給付及退休金運用管理人之忠誠義務等議題，參酌美國之規定進行深入探討。第四部份為結論及相關立法建議。 / This thesis analyzes and examines various issues regarding the anuuity insurance scheme under the modified Taiwan Labor Pension Act (hereinafter the “Act”), which together with the individual account scheme forms the keynote of the retirement scheme under the Act. Moreover, this thesis also provides several suggestions on the Act and relevant regulations with special reference to the Employment Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. Beginning with the announcement that the prevailing defined benefit retirement program previously in effect under the Act would be discarded and replaced by a new retirement program adopting the spirit of the defined contribution program, scholars specializing in labor law ceaselessly questioned and discussed the inherent deficiency of the proposed defined contribution program as well as various issues regarding transitional measures. Most articles pertaining to the newly presented annuity insurance scheme, however, merely introduced its operation mechanism and provided little commentary. This thesis descriptively and retrospectively studies the pension system of Taiwan and the United States and reviews the discrepancy and other issues in a comparative way. Finally, this thesis will provide several suggestions for relevant issues. This thesis is organized into four parts. First is the reformation of the labor retirement scheme in Taiwan. This section begins with a risk analysis between a defined benefit and defined contribution program and further elaborates on the related content of the Act. The second part introduces the development of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) in the U.S. and discusses the fundamental regulations of the plan. The third portion of this thesis probes into the legal issues arising from the current annuity insurance scheme, mainly the Enforcement Rules of the Annuity Insurance Scheme under the Labor Pension Act and the Example of the Annuity Insurance Clauses, both being promulgated by the Financial Supervisory Commission, Executive Yuan, and how those regulations coordinate with the Insurance Law and its ancillary regulations. Issues arising from guaranteed minimum returns, non-retirement benefits and fiduciary duty were analyzed through comparative research with special reference to the similar provisions under ERISA. The final portion of this thesis contains concluding statements on the above analyses and offers several suggestions with respect to the current regulations of the annuity insurance scheme.

本論文於第二章討論信用卡法律關係及其交易流程，發卡機構與持卡人間之法律關係性質是消費借貸契約或委任契約？與循環利息、滯納金、違約金及手續費等問題相關。 第三章以發卡人與持卡人之契約相關規範及契約條款為研究範圍。如信用卡定型化契約範本、仍在研擬之信用卡應記載及不得記載事項、消保法等。信用卡定型化契約條款未規定審閱期間及猶豫期間條款，前者對於持卡人之契約內容資訊有重大意義，後者對持卡人之契約權益提供保障；信用額度，持卡人超過信用額度之應付帳款仍應負清償責任；帳單寄送乃發卡機構之義務，持卡人不得因遲延寄送而生給付遲延。關於信用卡紅利優惠，發卡機構可否任意終止相關紅利優惠；持卡人已取得之紅利優惠請求權，發卡機構可否任意縮減兌換期限，須從紅利優惠之契約性質認定為贈與契約或委任契約。信用卡之冒用於我國常發生，發卡銀行對此風險以定型化契約條款分配，依時間先後可分為：銀行概括免責條款、二十四小時風險分配條款、自負額條款。以此為基準，輔以各銀行之契約條款與法院判決進行分析檢討。亦將在之前討論持卡人與發卡銀行、發卡銀行與特約商店法律關係之性質基礎下進行討論。 第四章討論持卡人之債務履行及保證問題。循環利息：發生卡債問題，多數認為目前契約條款之循環利息利率過高，但論述理由與對於民法第205條之解釋適用有歧異。遲延繳款之違約金：發卡銀行可否於收取循環利息外，再以違約金向持卡人請求費用或損害賠償？應界定違約金性質，且考慮金錢債務之懲罰性違約金約定是否違反消保法之精神。逾期滯納金、手續費條款：性質究竟是懲罰性違約金或遲延利息，是否應與一般循環信用利息合計後受民法第205條限制。持卡人於發卡銀行有債權時，發卡銀行以定型化契約條款使自己取得抵銷權利對持卡人及持卡人之其他債權人是否合理。消費關係之討論，影響連帶保證及正附卡人之連帶責任，涉及保證行為可否適用消保法之爭議。正附卡人持卡人連帶清償責任之基礎為何，且附卡人與發卡銀行是否成立契約關係亦有疑義。

於契約成立以後，債權人得按約定內容請求債務人依約履行其義務。若義務不能履行時，法律賦予債權人依債務不履行之規定請求損害賠償之權限。然而損害賠償原則上僅用於填補財產上損害，無法擴及所有值得保護之非財產法益。縱然損害為財產上損害，損害數額之計算與證明經常為雙方當事人所爭執。因此，違約金經常成為當事人簡化損害計算及確保契約履行之工具。 惟自定型化契約條款廣泛使用以來，條款使用人經常濫用其形成契約內容之優勢地位以成就其絕對利益。在許多情況下，定型化違約金條款已然偏離其制度之初衷，成為條款使用人於對價關係外牟取不正利益之工具。如何杜絕定型化違約金條款之濫用，在現代契約法中業已成為不可忽視之重要議題。 本文先從違約金之法律性質出發，參酌德國學說及實務見解確定我國違約金制度之基本內涵，並澄清其相互間之關係。除瞭解國內外法制之內涵外，並藉此確定各種性質之違約金條款間之制度目的及法律規範之模範類型，探求定型化契約條款效力審查之基礎。隨後再分別針對在工程契約、消費者金融契約以及預售屋交易契約中所常見之違約金條款予以類型化分析，透過雙方當事人之利益衡量定性系爭條款之法律性質，並據以歸納出條款效力控制之標準。並期望透過本文之研究，能夠為法院實務與範本制訂提供具體可行之建議。

從知識經濟到創意經濟，我們看到一個新的產業典範來臨，主導現階段經濟發展的正是創意，並且能不斷生成、運用、及永續發展。 創意經濟時代，創意產業以智慧財產權為核心，是文化與商業的結合，要真正形成產業，進而產生效益並創造產值，在產業價值鏈的建構、智慧財產的創造、保護、流通與運用等面向，需要進一步探討與落實。 電影產業是創意產業的火車頭，是十分複雜的綜合體，談到電影，一般人應該是直接想到好萊塢，最近幾年，印度寶萊塢與韓流可能也映入腦中，後臥虎藏龍時代，華語電影則迅速竄起，吸引各界目光。 惟典型的關於電影討論與研究，多集中於電影發展的歷史、電影類型、電影風格、電影導演或演員的藝術成就、以及電影市場展介紹等。 電影創造的過程是最複雜的創意管理，電影的保護、流通與運用的過程，更是最複雜的智慧財產權管理，透過電影產業價值鏈當中契約交易過程，將可作為經濟財的智慧財產權的價值極大化，並經由多元管道及平台重複運用，是一項繁複的產業化的跨領域整合。 近年來，我國開始逐漸重視智慧財產相關理論研究與實務運作，惟相當程度仍侷限於所謂高科技產業的適用，就型態、內涵、及營運模式迥異的創意產業，由於其本身具有不同邏輯的產業特性，是否或如何適用，或是如何創新，相關研究仍屬缺乏。 從智慧財產權的創造、保護、流通與運用的角度，深入探究創意產業當中的電影產業，必須先了解電影產業的發展歷史、現況、與趨勢，並應同時針對產業特性以及產業價值鏈進行分析，才能夠清楚探討電影產業的智慧財產權管理相關議題。 對於高度變動性、內部價值鍊密切結合、混合複雜的創意團隊或個人的電影產業，實則是由各類型的契約組成，因此，透過交易契約內容之審視，將是分析及了解現代化電影產業結構及發展的重要切入面向之一，也才能真正活化電影產業並促進發展。 具有現代商業概念及操作的管理機制，在電影產業中已經同等重要，這項具有創意性的管理，即是由電影製片所擔綱，電影製片就如同一位新創事業的創業家，要致力於如何將促成一部成功電影的所有必要元素統籌成一份專案事業計畫，促成投資者投資，籌募足夠資金，並協調創意人完成電影專案並推向市場。 面對文化與藝術的體驗性、創意工作者對其作品的高度重視性、創作的不可確定性、成本的變動性、消費者及市場的不可預測性等，本研究從經濟運作及市場交易法則切入，探討電影產業背景、發展趨勢、產業價值鏈、與產業特性，並以製片觀點，分析電影產業的智慧財產權管理與相關實務契約，將商業及管理概念導入文化創意產業當中，以形成具體的產業發展典型。 文末並提出研究與研究建議。 以創意產業中相對複雜的電影產業作為研究對象，本研究希望除了促成並強化電影產業本身商業與藝術結合的健全發展之外，也期望可以作為其他創意產業領域發展的重要典範。 尤其是，創意產業由於具有無體性特質及外溢效果，在流通與應用本即具有多元化面向與特質，不能以傳統意義上的單一產業視之，而是藉由跨越多個產業多樣平台的價值實現過程，將相關產業連結在一起，包括動畫電影、影視與數位內容、數位影音、數位典藏、行動應用、表演藝術、流行音樂、品牌授權、甚至文化創意園區發展、閒置空間再造、文化觀光、城市及國家行銷等，將是跨越領域與界線的融合。 / In the transition from a Knowledge-Based Economy to a Creative Economy, we see the advent of a new industry mode. What dominates present-day economic development is Creativity, which is able to be regenerated, applied and developed in a sustainable fashion. In the age of the creative economy, the creative industries are centered on intellectual property rights, and are a union of culture, art and commerce. In order for them to become real industries, generate profit and create output value, we need to further explore the establishment of an industry value chain, and create, protect, circulate and apply related intellectual property. The film industry is the driving force of all creative industries. Film is an extremely complicated synthesis. The process of making a film involves the most sophisticated creativity management expertise, while the process of protecting, circulating and utilizing a film requires the most complex intellectual property right management skills. Through the contract negotiation process within the film industry’s value chain, the value of intellectual property rights as economic goods are maximized. With multiple channels and repeated use of application platforms, film-making is a complex multidisciplinary integration process. In recent years, Taiwan has begun to pay more attention to the study of the theory and practice of intellectual property. However, this study has so far been limited to applications of the high-tech industries. With regards to the creative industries, whose forms, contents and operating modes are rather different from those of the high-tech industries, little study has been conducted due to their different industry characteristics. To investigate the film industry from the angle of creating, protecting, circulating and applying intellectual property rights, one needs to first understand the history, current status and trends of the film industry as well as analyze the industry’s characteristics and value chain before investigating issues concerning management of the industry’s intellectual property rights and revitalization of the industry. Modern-day business concepts and management mechanisms are equally important to the film industry. The producer is charged with this creative management task. The producer is like the entrepreneur of a newly established business, who endeavors to turn all the elements a successful film contains into a business plan, raise sufficient funds and coordinate efforts to complete the film and release it. From economic and market perspectives, this study examines the film industry’s historical background, trends, value chain and characteristics. In addition, from the producer’s viewpoint, the study analyzes the industry’s management of intellectual property rights and contracts, and introduces business and management concepts into creative industries in order to form a concrete industry development model. At the end of the study, it puts forward its research findings and suggestions for future research. With the film industry, a relatively complicated industry within the creative industries, as the subject, the study hopes to promote integration of commercial and artistic aspects, as well as aspiring to set an example for other creative industries. As a result of their intangible nature and spillover effects, the circulation and application of creative industries possess diverse facets and qualities and therefore cannot be viewed as a single industry from a traditional perspective. Rather, through a value realization process spanning several industries and a variety of platforms, relevant industries that include animated features, visual and digital content, digital videos, digital archives, mobile applications, performing arts, popular music, and brand authorization are linked. Creative industries even include development of cultural parks, rejuvenation of disused spaces, cultural tourism, and city and national marketing. They are a fusion of different fields and boundaries.

我國考察先進國家之金融體系架構，發現外國非銀行業務（Non－bank business）已行之有年、蓬勃發展。是以開放融資公司設立，為民國八十四年亞太營運中心計畫（金融中心部分）執行事項之一，嗣於八十七年因受亞洲金融風暴之影響而暫緩辦理。九十一年間考量國內外經濟環境之變化，為使企業與個人融資管道多元化，並發展國內非銀行業務等因素，爰再研究開放融資公司設立相關事宜。經建會乃透過二階段之委託研究，邀請專家、業者，與經濟部、財政部等相關機關研擬後，於九十三年五月間完成「融資公司法」草案之確定版本，六月十四日經行政院經建會第1178次委員會議討論通過，八月十九日於行政院院會完成初審，而九十四年三月三十一日經濟部修正後再送行政院，俟行政院最後審議。 融資公司法制對法律人而言，係一全新之領域，本文乃係探討融資公司法制之理論體系，釐清相關規範之基本內涵與概念，以提供後續學理討論及與本議題相關之專業人士參考。又他山之石，可以攻錯，故本文整理分析外國立法例，尤其是日本法，以做為我國融資公司法草案之借鏡，俾利提出最適於我國情狀以及需求的法解釋論與立法論，亦可成為訂立相關法規及面對實務問題之酌參。在比較法例上觀察鄰近我國的日本，因其「非銀行（Non-bank）業」（稱「貸金業」）發展歷史已有相當時日，故對之制訂有所謂的「貸金三法」。該等法律因應著日本貸金業制度陸續產生的社會、法律問題，屢屢增加規範密度，此應可對我國尚在法制化過程的融資公司法草案帶來許多啟發。至於我國融資公司法草案興利防弊之立法芻議，本文將由淺而深的參酌日本法與我國相關財經法律以對照表形式廣為比較說明。並就融資公司制度實務，不僅針對融資公司法架構下之融資業務，甚至是雖非受融資公司法草案規範，惟咸信為將來主要業務者之經營型態及法律關係做研究分析，藉以理出一套最適於我國國情之融資公司法制。最後點出將來制度調整之方向及展望。 綜觀民國八十四年討論融資公司相關議題至今業已十個年頭的法制化過程，隨時空環境之轉換下，融資公司法草案內容迭有變遷。惟檢視目前經濟部融資公司法草案，似仍有未臻完善、尚須補足之處。諸如融資公司法草案第三、第十二條「融資性交易」之定義是否妥適？相關配套措施能否與實務運作情形配合？現行實際經營融資業務之公司改制為融資公司誘因為何？主管機關依融資公司法草案所採之管理模式是否適宜？對金融秩序之建構又有無正面之效應？凡此種種，除於經濟層次上有其重要性外，法律層面上之探究即為本文觀察建議重點所在。