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俄羅斯婦女的政治參與─以國家杜馬為例 / Political participation of Russian women: the case of state Duma曾冠綸 Unknown Date (has links)
以學者Pamela Paxton對於「女性參與民主」的形式作為本研究的主軸──依照參與程度劃分了「正式的代表性」、「書面上的代表性」、「實質上的代表性」這三種層次。作者藉由Paxton的研究成果作為研究途徑,並參考文獻資料、統計數據、新聞報導,及國際組織之研究報告,對俄羅斯婦女參與國家杜馬運作的情形進行分析與研究。
本論文的內容劃分成三大部分:首先概括性從全球各區域及後共歐洲國家的國會女性代表現況作為開頭,再以Paxton對於「女性參與民主」的形式來檢視俄羅斯國家杜馬當中的女性代表參與程度。第二部分將以「微觀」的角度來探討歷屆國家杜馬女性代表的背景研究,包含:當選年齡、教育程度及職業背景、委員會的選擇,以統計數據及表格的方式來探討其特性及變化趨勢。最後的部分,探究了國家杜馬女性代表的貢獻與困境,當中以提升婦女權利的法案制定與列出表現傑出的女性代表以肯定女性代表的貢獻;再由「選舉制度與政黨」與「政治文化」兩種面相來探討俄羅斯婦女投身於國家杜馬選舉時所面臨的困境。
整體而言,俄羅斯國家杜馬當中的女性代表需要更積極性的替廣大的俄羅斯女性制訂出對她們有益與利的相關法案,並且也需要積極地改變父權觀點,進一步改變傳統的角色定位,以能發揮影響俄羅斯政治圈及社會的力量。 / The main approach of the thesis is Pamela Paxton’s research for “women's representation in democracy”. In Paxton’s view, there are three levels of different degrees of representation: formal representation, descriptive representation, and substantive representation. With the purpose to analyse the the contempoary situation and trend of Russian women’s political participation in State Duma, so this thesis is composed of literatures, statistics, Russian news websites, and reports from international research institutions.
This thesis is divided for three main topics: At first, the article starts from general introduction of global and Post-Communist Europe women political participation in the parliaments. The second part is with “microcosmic” way to review the background of female deputies of State Duma from the first convocation (in 1993) to the sixth convocation (in 2011), inclusive of age, the educational level, occupation before being elected, and committees choosing. The final part discusses contributes and predicaments of Russian female deputies of State Duma.
Generally speaking, the female deputies of State Duma have to be more positive to legislate for bringing benefits to a large number of Russian women. Moreover, they also have to be more positive to overcome the viewpoint and redirect the gender role from traditional political culture of patriarchy society. Therefore, the female deputies of State Duma will have more influences on the Russian politics and society.
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中國古代女性倫理觀--以先秦兩漢為中心宋昌基, SONG, CHANG-JI Unknown Date (has links)
男女愛情問題方面,東洋古來鮮有公開研究。東西方文化之差異,此為其中一原因。
余在此論文主研討中國古代男女關係─亦可謂女性倫理觀─、以便了解中國文化之特
質及其生成。不但中國、即受儒家思想影響的韓國李朝,亦頗有關係。今試分析評價
男尊女卑思想,為將來中國與韓國之社會前途作一參考並有所展望,此固吾之所願也
。
第一章緒論:論及本論文寫作之目的。在於研討中國支代婦女在中國文化發展上之役
能,地位與男性關係之變遷。換言之,亦即探求所謂「三從四德七出」之形成背景,
以其結果,以展望以後之男女與夫婦關係。
第一節中國倫理觀
一、中國倫理觀之特質:
二、中國倫理之起源:(一)由於對自然之敬畏。(二)由於對死亡之恐懼。(三)
人性之發展。(四)行動之節制。
第二章先秦時代之倫理觀
第一節三皇五帝之傳說時代:推想當時,母權社會、在女尊男卑之觀念之下,男女之
關係,只屬異性關係。
第二節首述歷史初期─夏殷─之男女關係:據地下材料,例如仰韶、龍山及甲骨等
之資料,可推想當時倫理,即為(1) 家族制度業已確立。(2) 男女有別。(3) 有尊重
婦女之風俗。(4) 有孝親敬老之風俗。(5) 有互助合群之美俗。男女之間強弱之關係
。
第三章漢代女性倫理觀
第一節、政治社會及宗教思想與婦女倫理觀之影響。
第二節、劉向列女傳之女性倫理觀。
第三節、班昭女誡之女性倫理觀。
第四節、後漢書列女傳之女性倫理觀。
第五節、漢代女性倫理觀之實況。
第四章結論:中國婦女向以順服於丈夫,盡事於舅姑為己務,只為維持中華傳統,
鞏固宗法社會與政治組織。因而中國婦女不得不百般忍受而成政治上之犧牲。中國男
女平等權之獲取雖較西歐為晚,但中國婦女以柔順、貞靜、遵禮之態度協助男性創造
中原大一統之國,人口繁衍,民族愛好和平與中庸,不可分裂,進而形成中華五千年
之傳統文化。若中國婦女未耐於如上所述之政治犧牲,至今不能產生如此偉大民族。 /
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我國女性選民投票行為之研究-2004年總統選舉分析吳家蕎 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要目的係探討2004年總統大選,我國女性選民個人社會背景特徵、政治態度及投票行為,並分析影響女性選民投票抉擇的重要因素。
本研究採用二手資料分析法,資料來源為行政院國家科學委員會補助研究計畫 「2004年總統選舉台灣選舉與民主化調查」(TEDS 2004P)資料,使用的統計方法主要為次數分配、卡方檢定、t值檢定、變異數分析及洛基廻歸模型。
經分析後主要研究發現:
一、女性選民的政黨認同傾向「中立」;對候選人的評價,女性選民認為陳水扁的形象優於連戰,而連戰的能力優於陳水扁,整體而言,女性選民較喜歡陳水扁;政策議題方面,女性選民首重「經濟性議題」;2004年總統大選,女性選民表示投票給陳水扁的比例多於連戰。
二、女性選民的個人背景因素及政治態度等變數,單獨地與女性選民的投票抉擇皆有顯著的關聯性,惟將諸多變數一同納入模型比較其相對影響力時,發現「教育程度」、「政黨認同」及「候選人評價」等三個變數最具影響力。
三、「教育程度」是影響女性選民投票行為的重要因素,顯示社會學研究途徑同樣和社會心理學研究途徑對女性選民的投票抉擇具解釋力及預測力,惟高教育程度女性選民的投票率並不高。
四、2004年女性選民「偏泛藍」及「偏泛綠」比例差距不大,與1992年相較,女性選民對國民黨的支持度下滑,對民進黨的認同則大幅提升,而無政黨傾向比率縮小,顯示女性的政治意識逐漸提升。
五、女性選民重視候選人個人特質,尤其女性佐理人員及家庭主婦更有「選人不選黨」的傾向,且形象的影響力更勝於能力。
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國民中學女性校長與家長會主動經驗研究趙靜菀 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在從國中女性校長與家長會互動之實際經驗,以微觀之角度深入該場域現象,來探討女性校長與家長會互動之脈絡。首先探討八位女性校長與家長會互動之實際個別經驗,其次分析女性校長與家長會互動之方式與策略,最後提出結論與建議,供女性校長作為辦學之參考。
本研究係採質性研究方法,先尋求願意受訪校長,以訪談方式進行深入對話。共計八位分別任職於小型、中型及大型位居臺北縣市國中女性校長,採取深度的匯談,繼而分析並探討其與家長會互動之情形。
據此,本研究歸納出女性校長與家長會互動之實務經驗有兩部分:(一)互動共同部分;(二)互動不同及特殊部分。國中女性校長與家長會互動策略有:(一)塑造學校眾望所歸的願景與發展學校特色;(二)協助家長會組織健全發展,並提供其所需資源;(三)利用溝通管道,增進彼此雙方了解建立共識;(四)建立學校與家長會的合夥關係,共同討論校務發展;(五)和諧形塑學校優質文化;(六)落實學校本位管理與經營;(七)落實學校與家庭相關親職教育的訓練與進修活動;(八)建立家庭與學校之間的信賴與支持;(九)建立網際網路提昇管理效能的領導。互動策略之分類亦歸納如下:(一)逃避型-保持距離以策安全;(二)整合型-表面層次的合作;(三)單向型-一廂情願有溝沒有通;(四)合作型-攜手共創願景。
最後本研究提出下列建議:(一)對教育行政機關建議(二)對學校行政建議(三)對家長會建議(四)對師資培育機構建議(五)對女性校長建議(六)對後續研究建議 / This study discusses about the atmosphere of interaction models between female junior high school principals and parent-teacher association (PTA). The research approach is microscopic point of view from the practical experiences of the interactions between the two groups. Firstly it observes the personal practical experiences interacting with the PTA of eight female junior high school principals and secondly analyzes the strategies and means used within the communication between the two communities. Conclusions and suggestions are made in order to provide a future assistance for female principals.
The research is based on qualitative research methods by holding up intensive discussions with the volunteering principals. Eight female junior high school principals from small, medium, and large-scaled junior high schools of either Taipei-city and Taipei-county attended the discussion by sharing with their own experiences.
After generalizing these practical experiences we divide interactions types into two: 1) Similar Interaction Type, 2) The Different Interaction Type.
The strategies within these interaction types may include:
1) Modeling a recognized future vision of the school and developing an academic feature
2) Assisting the PTA to be organized appropriately and offering needed resources
3) Increasing the understanding between each other in order to reach for certain consensus by using available communication interchannels
4) Building up a companionship between the school and the PTA and sharing the discussion of future development of the school
5) Modeling an harmonically high-graded school-culture and atmosphere
6) Ensuring a management of a school-centered management and administration
7) Ensuing a familial-parental education further trainings and related activities
8) Establishing the trust and support between the families and the school
9) Establishing inter-nets to increase the management leadership efficiency
The generalization upon these strategies can be classified into four types:
1) The Run-Away type: Keep in distance for safety
2) The Integrating type: A corporation that is only skin deep
3) The Single-way type: Communicating without communication
4) The Cooperating type: Building up a future vision together.
Keywords: parent-teacher association, PTA, female junior high school principals, female principals, interaction experiences
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訴說的身體:內衣電視廣告的符號學研究 / Narrative of female body: semiological study of lingerie TV commercials楊青婉, Yang, Qing Wan Unknown Date (has links)
本文對台灣2010-2015.6期間的女性內衣電視廣告進行符號學研究,探討其中的符號與敘事規則,女性及其身體的符號意義、以及符號結構如何建構內衣的消費迷思。研究認為,廣告多元地講述了女性在男女關係、公共關係、朋友關係和個人關係中所體驗的情緒和情感,呈現較為豐富的女性角色和個性,很多文本亦表現出對傳統陰柔特質和男性權威的挑戰,藉由女性個人風格和獨立意識的展現,內衣廣告積極透過文本的搭建闡釋女性自主。研究文本將身體謀劃運作為自我認同的過程,女性因為身體資本而獲得肯定和賦權, 但同時也不斷重複著女體標準的階級化霸權,符號擇用透露了新舊結構的拉扯中,父權體制、資本主義商業邏輯與女性消費者進行著女性主體性的協商。內衣之為符號,被塑造成與外界發生關連的媒介(medium),同時是許多正面積極意義的載體(vehicle),內衣電視廣告繼續深化內衣的性感迷思、美麗迷思,還敘述了自信自主的迷思、自我意識的迷思,個性化迷思,滿足女性對主體性的想像,對生活夢想的期望。 / This is a semiological study of lingerie TV commercials in Taiwan from 2010 to June 2015, which explores the symbolic structure and narrative rules, symbolic significance of women and their bodies, and how lingerie myth constructs. Research suggests that ads show the various emotions and feelings females experiencing in different relationship, including male-female relationship, friendship, public relations and self-relation, while females appearing in relatively rich characters and personalities. Many ads present the challenge to traditional femininity and masculine authority. Though demonstrating the personal style and sense of independence, lingerie ads attempt to bulid a positive interpretation of female autonomy. Self-identity is shaped during practising one`s body plan, as a result, women get recognition and empowerment because of the physical capital in these ads. However, we can see the repetition of the body standard, which constructs hegemony of body. Overall, the research finds the wrestling between the old and the new social and cultural structure, in other words, a negotiation of expressing subjectivity among patriarchy, capitalist business and women customers in lingerie TVC. In terms of its symbolic value, lingerie is portrayed as a medium to connect females with the external world, and a vehicle carrying lots of positive implication. Furthermore, these ads deepen sexuality myth and beauty myth of lingerie, at the same time, add the myth of self confidence, independency and personality to it, meeting women's imagination of subjectivity and expectations for life.
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女性新聞工作者勞動與流動之初探: 以洛杉磯華文媒體為例 / The Study on Female Journalists’Labor-ship and Labor Turnover: An Example of Chinese Media in Los Angeles俞振儀, Yu, Cheng Yi Unknown Date (has links)
論文摘要
本研究主要以探討在洛杉磯地區的華文媒體中的女性新聞工作者之勞動經驗
與流動因素,以深度的訪談法共訪問美國南加州洛杉磯地區35 位華裔女性新聞工作者,並由女性角度的觀點切入、並結合參與觀察法探討在海外的少數媒體生態中的工作經驗、以及針對走入家庭的女性工作者,嘗試深入瞭解影響她們在面臨工作與家庭的衝突時所作的抉擇及規劃的背後主因。
研究發現,在洛杉磯華文媒體的特殊生態、報導取材、新聞製作及分配,
使女性新聞工作者在新聞產製上佔有優勢。而華裔女性的性別特質,如富有同理心的的刻板印象,使她們在與受訪者建立關係、以及採訪軟性新聞和撰寫上受到重視。在勞動經驗中,許多電視媒體的女性新聞工作者須面臨美感勞動的實踐及適應。
除了語言適應問題和移民身份問題外,許多華裔女性新聞工作者曾遭遇性騷
擾的困境。雖然美國在立法保護及執行上相當徹底,但因國籍背景、文化融入和合法需留權的不同,華裔女性新聞工作者在面對性騷擾問題時,會作出不同的反應及抵抗策略。影響華裔女性新聞工作者流動的因素可分為工作環境、個人因素、及家庭因素。而因美國政策與教育制度對家庭主婦的肯定、職場生態對於婦女再就業給予支持、和家庭結構的不同與經濟因素的考量,使在美的華裔女性新聞工作者,選擇回歸家庭的自主性意願高。 / Abstract
This research primary discusses the working experience and labor turnover of the Chinese female journalists in Los Angeles Chinese news industry. The research utilized
semi-structured Interview method to interview thirty-five Chinese female journalists in greater Los Angeles area. Through the female’s point of views, observation of work
experience in oversea minority media; we will discuss the influence and reasoning of decision when they encounter conflict from their career and family.
The research revealed that female journalist have an advantage over male in the news production industry due to the Los Angeles Chinese media special ecological, reports drawn, news production and distribution. Chinese women gender traits, such as stereotype of sympathy will enable them to establish bonding with the interviewee easier,
as well as advantage in soft news interviews and editing. In the labor experience, many women television journalists have to face with "aesthetic labor" practices and adaption.
Beside the language barrier and immigrant status, many Chinese female journalists have been suffered sexual harassment. Although United States legislature has
a sufficient system for protection and enforcement; however, due to the nationality background, cultural integration and the residence right difference, many Chinese
female journalists are not able to fight back when they are suffering from sexual harassment. They have to react with different strategy and approach.
Generally speaking, working Environment, personal factors, and family factors are three main categories influencing Chinese female Journalists job turnover. On the other hand, United States political policy and education system supports homemaker reemployment. Depends on the economic considerations and family structures; Chinese female journalists Are willing to leave their jobs and stay at home instead.
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午夢堂家族女詞人研究──以酬唱詞為討論中心陳怡貝, Chen, Shells Unknown Date (has links)
明代女性詞介於宋、元與清代之間,於女性詞史上呈現出「單一詞家」與「詞人群體」兩種不同女性創作型態之過渡。本論文以午夢堂家族為範圍,午夢堂家族女詞人之酬唱詞為討論之核心,探討其家族「婦姑姐娣,更唱迭和」之現象對女詞人、家族乃至於文壇之多種面向影響,並透過明清女性群體創作之共相與個殊的分析,追尋明代女詞人創作對清代女性群體創作影響之線索,釐清詞學史上明代女詞人創作之所以不同於宋、元與清代之緣由,並且梳理明代女性詞於詞學史上之承傳地位。
午夢堂家族女詞人在明清女性文學創作群體/女詞人群體上,屬於初放啼聲之先驅,其家族女詞人之酬唱以「婦姑姐娣,更唱迭和」為主,酬唱之目的在於娛樂生活、情感慰藉、交流情誼以及抒發情緒,相較於明清其他女性創作群體而言,其創作並無統一之核心精神,而其酬唱與交往對象仍以閨閣為主,少有閨閣外之創作與對象,屬於相對封閉性的閨閣酬唱,此皆昭示其於女性群體創作之發軔地位。而由午夢堂家族與其他女性詞人家族之對照可發現,明清女性詞的發展脈絡是由親族而向外延伸之歷程、由封閉而轉向開放之發展,是以可將明代女詞人群體創作視為清代女性詞繁盛之先聲。
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女性董事如何影響公司價值? / How Do Female Directors Affect Firm Value?陳彥伶, Chen, Yen Ling Unknown Date (has links)
We employ S&P 1500 firms from 2000 to 2013 to investigate how female directors affect firm value. We explore two possible channels, the monitoring effect and the risk management effect, through which female directors can have material effect on firms. While the prior research shows a negative relation between female directors and firm value, we find that such a relation diminishes in the post-SOX period (2004 to 2007). More importantly, female directors enhance firm value in the crisis period (2008 to 2013). Our findings suggest that the way female directors affect firm value changes depending on the external environment. Female directors benefit firms mainly by monitoring in the post-SOX period but by risk management in the crisis period.
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玻璃天花板效應:中央行政機關女性公務人員陞遷障礙因素之研究 / Glass Ceiling Effect:An Empirical Research on the Factors of Promotion Barriers of Female Public Officers in Central Government Agencies廖捐惠, LIAO, JYUAN HUEI Unknown Date (has links)
知識經濟時代,人力素質的良窳是組織致勝關鍵因素,隨著社會經濟發展與教育水準的提昇,女性就業能力及意願亦隨之大幅提高,使得職場的性別議題亦愈顯重要。近年來,在兩性平權呼聲高漲的氛圍下,兩性在政治、經濟、社會地位的差距已隨著社會多元開放而日益縮小,女性逐漸能在各個領域嶄露頭角,然而,「玻璃天花板」(glass ceiling)現象卻普遍存在於公、私部門組織,使女性受到各種無形的﹑態度的或組織的偏差所造成的障礙,無法獲得公平機會與男性同儕競爭,而造成「男性職等高、女性職等低」的性別不平等現象。本研究希冀藉由玻璃天花板相關理論的探討及女性管理議題相關文獻的檢閱,了解目前女性公務人員所面臨的陞遷障礙因素及兩性間的差異情形,並依研究結果及發現研提具體可行建議,提供未來人事政策制定及執行的參考,期使女性公務人力資源運用效益極大化。
本研究以文獻探討法探究包含社會心理、系統結構及入性別主流化政策等三大面向,並以性別角色特質、工作與家庭衝突、師徒關係、社會網絡關係、性別主流化政策認知為次變項建立研究架構,以行政院暨所屬中央一級行政機關為研究範圍,針對行政院暨所屬部會處局署等37個機關薦(派)任級以上男、女公務人員進行問卷調查,以各機關人數、官等(薦任、簡任)及性別(男、女)比例作為抽樣分配數之依據,再以行政院人事行政局2009年5月編印之行政院暨所屬各機關職員錄作為抽樣架構,取得有效樣本數411人,包含男性218人及女性193人,再以SPSS for Windows 12.0中文版套裝統計軟體進行描述性統計分析、t檢定、單因子變異數分析及皮爾森積差相關分析,經歸納分析及假設驗證,獲得以下結論:
一、公務人員個人變項的不同,其在陞遷、社會心理、系統結構及性別主流化政策等構面認知上均有顯著差異
二、公務人員之社會心理因素(性別角色特質及工作與家庭衝突)與陞遷具有顯著相關
三、公務人員之系統結構因素(師徒關係及社會網絡關係)與陞遷具有顯著相關
四、公務人員之性別主流化政策看法(政策認知及政策認同)與陞遷具有顯著相關性
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線上遊戲廣告「童顏巨乳殺很大」之性別文化解讀 / The Gender Study for Online Game Advertisement of Baby Face-Big Breast-Big Kill楊曼芬, Man-Feng Yang Unknown Date (has links)
本研究嘗試透過傅柯系譜學的架構,從台灣哈日迷思到數位傳播生態,由歷史、符號、語言等三面向檢視線上遊戲「殺Online」延燒之童顏巨乳現象蘊藏的性別文化與符號意義,從內隱到外顯、從他者到再現,跳出性別二元對立之窠臼,反覆辯證此一女體性象徵符號如何在父權巧妙操控下,孕育滋長壯大卻又悄然銷聲匿跡,以及其與國家機器、社會菁英「論述、權力、知識」間之微妙接合(articulation,闡述與扣連)關係。 / Genealogy as the framework to Foucault, from Taiwan Japanophile myth to digital television environment, using history, symbols, language, three for viewing online game "kill Online" big phenomenon spread of 「Baby Face -Big Breast」 hidden meaning of the gender culture of the times, from the implicit to explicit, from the other to representation, beyond gender dualism of mold, and repeated the dialectical nature of body of women in the patriarchal symbol how clever manipulation, breeding grow stronger but quietly disappeared, and its state apparatus, social elite "discourse, power, knowledge," the delicate bonding between articulation and buckle set relationships.
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