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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
491

盧曼社會系統理論的去主體化問題 — 從自我同一性弔詭與環境同一性弔詭出發

胡育祥 Unknown Date (has links)
這篇論文的目的是為盧曼社會系統理論中的一個難題提供可能的解決之道。此難題即為:社會系統既是去主體化的,又是主體化的。這個難題的出現,乃肇因於盧曼認為系統既是自我透明的,也是自我不透明的,既是環境透明的,也是環境不透明的。這兩種弔詭就是盧曼社會系統理論的自我同一性弔詭與環境同一性弔詭。因此,為了解決社會系統理論的去主體化問題,首先就必須解決自我同一性弔詭與環境同一性弔詭。對此,我們建議從盧曼與胡塞爾的比較開始。藉由此種比較以及隨之而來的清洗與重組,我們可以從他們那裡擷取有利於解決上述弔詭的概念與命題。這些概念與命題是:一、存在著諸系統;二、新的觀察概念:構造;三、社會作為內在於意識系統中的社會行動秩序,而溝通系統則作為內在於理解系統中的社會溝通秩序。 / This thesis is aimed at solving a dilemma in Luhmann's theory of social systems.The delimma is: social systems are both desubjectized and subjectized. This is because in Luhmann's theory, they are both transparent and intransparent to itself, and the environments are both transparent and intransparent to systems. These two paradoxes are self-identity paradox and environment-identity paradox. Therefore, if we want to solve the problem of desubjectization in Luhmann's theory, we must solve the self-identity paradox and environment-identity paradox at first. We suggest that it can begin with the comparison between Luhmann and Husserl. Through this comparison, and correspondingly, cleaning and recombination, we can take concepts and propositions which can be used for resolving the above-mentioned paradoxes. The concepts and propositions are: 1. there are systems; 2. new concept of observation; and 3. society as the order of social actions in a consciousness system, and communication system as the order of social communications in a understanding system.
492

動態環境(下)企業成長時的策略與核心能耐演化之研究 -- 以台灣本土醫藥X公司為例 / A Study of the Evolution of Strategy and Core Competence during a Corporate Growth under the Dynamic Environment – A Case Study of a Local Pharmaceutical Company

陳澤民 Unknown Date (has links)
策略的目的是在特定的競爭環境中,憑藉企業的特質條件為它創造競爭地位或發展的方向,也就是創造具競爭性的差異優勢,使企業得以順利發展和持續成長。在競爭的環境中,組織能耐常會隨著時間經過而演化;演化的方式會隨著技術本身的特性、外部市場競爭強弱、與內部的組織與管理特性的差異,而有所不同。除此之外,體制環境會影響整個產業內的創新速率,因而對廠商的能耐演化造成影響。但是在環境急速變動的情況下,組織能耐要完全由內部產生不但不可能,而且其速度亦嫌過於緩慢,再加上現代企業的專業分工網絡,企業必須與客戶、供應商、甚至競爭同業合作,以獲得相關的資訊與技術;在企業的發展歷程中,如何有效提升內部經營管理及促進組織之間的知識交流與能耐移轉,便成為組織管理的重要課題。 本研究以一家台灣本土醫藥公司,在台灣生技製藥產業的架構下,創業、轉型、成長的發展歷程,仔細描述影響企業發展的關鍵因素 ─ 企業策略轉變、環境變動、能耐演化,以及企業內部管理提升,彼此之間如何相互配適,並塑造出企業的獨特發展路徑;茲藉由個案公司過去的回顧,描繪其成長的軌跡,作為其未來發展路徑的參考。 / Under the favorable government policy support and a well-established regulatory environment, there are more and more new start-up companies established in Taiwan biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry in the past dacade. However, most of the new emerging companies are still facing very difficult situation. New drug discovery is one kind of long-term time-consuming and heavily cash-investment-needed business. Besides, Taiwan is a small market in the world. The market potential can not afford to develop a R&D based local pharmaceutical company. However, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry is a very diversified and versatile industry. Under such circumstances, how does a biotech and pharmaceutical company make use of the limited resources and scarce capital assets to identify the niche market, create a new business model, develop the corporate competence, and construct the internal operation to strengthen the core business and secure a sustainable growth in the industry? Besides, due to the evolution of the modern tools including genomic science, bioinformatics, high-through-put screening machine, and gene therapy, the speed of new drug discovery becomes much faster and much more efficient, but the product life cycle also becomes much shorter. How does a local company play in such a highly competitive, technically professional, and dramatically changed environment? This study tracks the growth path of a local pharmaceutical company to show how the key factors, which are, environmental uncertainty, the development of core competence in the firm, and the choice of a successful strategy by top management and the organization, can be manipulated in the entrepreneurial firm that grows rapidly and formalizes its structure and internal operation. The growth path of the company in the past years could be interpretated as the mutual interactions (dynamic fit) of those key factors. Evenmore, the interaction consequences influence the strategic intent to confront the changing environment, and facilitate the practice of the law and the establishment of a government policy. Besides, in order to improve the whole healthcare system in certain medical care, the company develops a new operation model to run the specific business. Traditionally, most pharmaceutical companies are pursuing market-oriented product management, instead of sales-oriented business management. Nowadays, most multi-national firms are actively involved in disease management to expand the market share of certain disease. However, how to integrate the healthcare system and strengthen individual disease management under the specific healthcare system has become a new operation model of a pharmaceutical company to a specific market segment. The company has to work together and closely with the stakeholders, such as health authorities, medical societies, patient associations, healthcare personnel, and the patients themselves to improve the whole healthcare system and even the policy of the law, regulatory, social, and welfare system in the specific medical care, as well.
493

環境經濟學的三篇論文 / Three Essays in Environmental Economics

龐雅文 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文由三篇獨立論文組成,討論的議題為經濟成長與環境保護。第一篇論文以環境顧至耐曲線研究1992至2004年中國大陸經濟發展與空氣品質的關係。第二篇論文分析綠色租稅改革的健康效果,與其對最適環境稅率的影響。第三篇論文研究在經濟體系扭曲之下的次佳最適排放稅稅率。 / This dissertation consists of three independent essays which focus on the issue of economic growth and environmental protection. The first essay examines the relationship between economic development and air quality by examining Environmental Kuznets Curves from 1992 to 2004 for Mainland China. The second essay analyzes the health effect of green tax reform and its impact on the optimal environmental taxes. The third essay examines the optimal second-best environmental tax rate in the presence of pre-existing distortions by taxing emissions.
494

從日本製造型企業探討價值創造導向之企業轉型 / The Value-Creation-Driven Organization Change of Japanese Manufacturing Companies

蔡玄, Tsai, Victor Hsuan Unknown Date (has links)
台灣的製造型企業目前正處於腹背受敵的窘境,先進國家之企業以巨資和科技應用優勢持續地擴大其市場空間,開發中國家之企業也運用其充沛的勞力資源而逐漸地擴充其規模,台灣製造型企業之生存空間因此受到嚴重的壓迫,為低毛利生產陷入了生產效率和成本導向之惡性競爭中。此時,台灣製造型企業所需要的是一套超越競爭的思考模式,而價值創造導向的策略思維正是破局而出的關鍵。它不依循過去的成功經驗,也不受制於競爭者之作為,反而聚焦於本身核心能力的延伸,使競爭與自己無關,並透過與顧客和關係夥伴合作、與自然環境和社會共生的方式,以及價值創造導向的組織轉型,來為企業開創全新的價值網域和生存空間。本論文提出顧客價值、企業價值、環境價值、社會價值等四種價值創造導向,配合變革三部曲的策略性再思考、組織轉型、變革管理等三項進程,來呈現日本製造型企業的價值創造導向之企業轉型內涵。企業可以顧客需求為思考點,提供整合性的解決方案,創造顧客價值;以關係夥伴的利益為考量,整合價值網絡的總體流程,創造無疆界事業,提升企業價值;以自然環境的長期發展為出發,創造環境價值;或以增添社會福祉為目標,創造社會價值。論文中的個案顯示,任何價值創造導向所產生的結果,最終都可以有利於企業本身;其中顧客價值應是價值創造的近程目標,而環境價值與社會價值的創造才是價值創造的長期根本。
495

威權領導與知識分享意願相關性研究 - 知識分享文化的干擾效果

張瓊玉, Chang,Chiung Yu Unknown Date (has links)
資訊科技的蓬勃發展,地球村世界的來臨,提供現代人快速取得知識的平台,也促成了急速轉變的全球性競爭的環境,使企業面臨了非常重大的挑戰,迫使企業開始重新思考組織核心能力,以滿足隨時可能產生變動的市場需求;企業必須作出更快速的決策,以適應全球化腳步發展。越來越多的企業警覺到知識分享對於員工累積經驗與企業正向發展的重要性,因而透過不同的方式來鼓勵員工知識分享建構具競爭力的學習型組織。 多數的研究報告皆在探討轉換型領導風格 (transformational leadership) 和交換型領導風格 (transactional leadership) 對於組織文化、組織策略執行力…等的相關性研究,尚未有探討過威權式的領導風格對於員工知識分享意願的影響。威權式的領導風格是否影響員工知識分享意願、企業具備知識分享的氛圍,是否干擾在威權式領導風格之下之員工分享知識與經驗意願 ? 有鑑於此,本研究針對威權式的領導風格如何影響員工知識分享意願,並以知識分享之企業文化為干擾因素,尋找過去相關文獻資料加以整理,歸納出假設與模型,並依照此模型進行分析與探討,以提出對實務界有效的建議與學術界未來的研究方向。 本研究採問卷調查法,在不同產業中挑選頗具盛名的公司,針對其員工進行便利抽樣,並採用Lisrel 和 SPSS軟體來進行資料的分析。從威權式領導風格、知識分享企業文化、知識分享意願三個構面,探討主管威權式的領導風格如何影響員工的知識分享意願,並以知識分享的企業文化為干擾因素。以研究結果歸納出相關結論,以提供相關建議,供實務界在推行知識管理時一個主要的關鍵成功因素,以提高知識分享的可行性。亦供學術界進行組織氛圍研究之參考。 本研究結論如下: 1. 威嚴式領導與員工知識分享意願呈現負相關。 2. 知識分享的企業文化與員工知識分享意願呈現正相關。 3. 知識分享的企業文化,干擾在威權領導風格下之員工知識分享意願程度。 / In the past, research on the knowledge-sharing behavior of indi-viduals lacked discussions on authoritarian leaderships. Therefore, this research demonstrates how authoritarian leadership and or-ganizational culture affect the knowledge-sharing behavior of indi-viduals. The purpose of this research is to focus on an authoritarian leadership’s effect on the knowledge-sharing behavior of individu-als that is influenced by innovation and a sound organizational climate. Questionnaires were administered to employees from various in-dustries in order to gather information regarding individuals’ be-havior under an authoritarian leadership. The author used conven-tional sampling methods and 233 out of 250 participants provided relevant information. The findings of the research were as follows: 1. The more a leader tends to express authoritarian leadership, the less an individual exhibits knowledge-sharing behavior. 2. The more an organization demonstrates a knowledge-sharing culture, the more an individual exhibits knowledge-sharing be-havior. Such a culture, especially, encourages ‘innovation, sharing and learning’. 3. Organizations that possess a culture that is highly oriented to-wards knowledge sharing influence the knowledge-sharing be-haviors of individuals under authoritarian leaderships.
496

企業生命週期與進入模式關聯性之研究 / The research of connection between business life cycle and entry mode

簡吉龍, Chein, Allan Unknown Date (has links)
『國際化』對於台灣企業而言,已是必然的趨勢。因此,如何成功地進入國外市場?可以說是目前台灣企業最重要的課題。而對一個想要進入國外市場的企業而言,除了選擇所要進入的國家外,更重要的是『進入模式』的決定。一個適當的進入模式對於企業往後的國際營運影響深遠,不僅直接影響到該市場的成敗,對於企業的其他市場亦具有間接的效應。因為在全球整合性的競爭下,市場間的競爭關連性上升,一個市場的成敗往往是在另一個市場上優、劣勢的來源。 目前學者對於影響企業決定『進入模式』的因素看法並不一致。不過大致仍可歸納出內部與外部因素兩個方面(Root, 1987)。而『企業生命週期』可視為企業內部因素的表徵,因此,企業的組織階段勢必對進入模式的決定有某種程度的影響。而由於『企業生命週期』的概念較為普遍,對於台灣一般的企業而言,實用性較高。因此,本研究的動機乃是基於探討『企業生命週期』與最適『進入模式』間的關連性。而影響進入模式的因素除了組織內部因素外,還有企業外部的環境因素,尤其是地主國的環境因素,對進入模式的決策更具有關鍵性的影響。因此,本研究亦將地主國的環境變數納入考量,以提高研究模型的解釋能力。 基於以上研究動機,本研究有以下主要目的:1.探討並整理『企業生命週期』與國外市場『進入模式』相關的文獻。2.以『企業生命週期』理論為出發點,發展一個觀念架構,用以描述企業的組織階段與地主國環境變數,對於國外市場進入模式決策的影響。3.以台灣企業為對象,針對本研究所發展的觀念架構,進行實證分析,並提出研究結果以供業界及後續研究參考。 本文以郵寄問卷方式,對於台灣企業進行實證研究;所採用分析方法包括:敘述性統計、因素分析(Factor analysis)、集群分析(Cluster analysis)、變異數分析、鑑別分析(Discriminant analysis)、t-test 以及 Logistic Regression Analysis 等等。研究結果顯示: 一、目前從事國際化的台灣企業,根據其組織內部情況,我們可將其劃分為創業期、加速期、制度化期、以及再生期四個階段。 二、企業生命週期對進入模式之影響 1.再生階段相對於創業階段而言,在出口對其他、出口對生產據點、以及出口對銷售據點三種情況下,具有顯著性影響;也就是說在以上三種情況下,再生階段會比創業階段傾向採用較高涉入的進入模式。 2.加速階段與制度化階段相對於創業階段而言,只在出口對銷售據點時,具有顯著性影響;亦即,在考慮出口與銷售據點兩種進入模式時,加速階段或制度化階段均會比創業階段傾向採用銷售據點形式之進入模式。 3.若考慮銷售對生產據點,或者是合資生產對獨資生產據點時,則不論是加速階段、制度化階段或是再生階段,相對於創業階段而言,均未有顯著性影響。 三、地主國環境因素對進入模式之影響 1.關於地主國環境變動程度之因素,實證結果雖具顯著影響,但與本研究假設相衝突。因此,只可經由文獻之整理加以推論(詳見 P.98),而無法獲得明確之結論。 2.不論是考慮出口對其他、出口對銷售據點、或是出口對生產據點,當地市場之規模與文化相似性具有顯著性影響。亦即,當市場規模愈大或兩地文化相似愈高時,企業會傾向採用涉入程度較出口為高的進入模式。 3.若考慮同為生產據點的合資生產與獨資生產兩類進入模式時,企業對當地環境之熟悉程度具有顯著影響。亦即,當企業對所進入的市場環境愈熟悉,其愈傾於採用獨資生產的進入模式。反之,若企業對當地環境較陌生時,則會傾向以合資的方式進入該市場,以分散投資風險。 4.若以出口對生產據點以及銷售據點對生產據點而言,當地市場之吸引力具有顯著性影響。亦即,相對於出口或銷售據點,在當地市場吸引力愈大時,企業會傾向採用生產據點形式進入模式,以獲取在當地投資設廠之利益與優惠。 / Internationalization is the developmental trend of Taiwan business. The choice of the entry mode for foreign markets play a vital role in global competition.According to other literatures, we find that the factors effect this choice can devide into two part: internal and external factors. And the business life cycle express the internal ones. According to these reasons,our research has the following porpose: 1.Review the relevant literatures about the business life cycle and entry mode. 2.To develope a concept infrastructure to describe the influence of business life cycle and host country environment for entry mode. 3.Using the Taiwan business as empirical respondents to approve our concept infrastucture, and give some suggestions to Taiwan entrepreneur.
497

兩岸財務資訊特性及有用性之比較研究 / The comparative information content of earnings in Taiwan and China stock markets

陳珮琦, Cheng, Pei-Chi Unknown Date (has links)
本研究的目的在比較研究中國大陸與台灣股市,其上市公司的財務資訊特性,以及這些財務資訊在這兩個股市中的有用性。大陸股市迄今年齡尚輕,僅七歲。唯大陸股市的法規,散戶多,同文同種等與台灣股市相近;不同之處在於,例如國家對上市公司所持有的股份仍佔一定比例、法人極少(中國大陸自五月份始方開放共同基金的發行)、股市分為 A、B 及 H 股等。因此在不同的股市特性及股市環境下,到底公開資訊被使用的情形如何?這種比較分析可令我們深入瞭解,在不同股市特性及股市環境(包括證劵管理環境)下,投資者使用公開財資訊的深度與廣度。因此本研究以公開財務報表為例,探討並比較台灣股市與中國大陸間資訊有用性及有用程度。 本研究採用傳統盈餘/股價關係的研究設計來探討其間的關係,根據 Easton and Harris(1991)及 Lev(1989)的建議,在傳統的盈餘反應係數模式中加入二個與盈餘相關變數,一為「當期盈餘水準除以期初股價」的盈餘水準變數;另一為「當期盈餘變動除以期初股價」的未預期盈餘變數,以此二盈餘變數實證比較兩岸股市,其相對盈餘資訊內涵。其次,依據 Lipe(1986)的建議及其所建立的實證模式,本研究測試盈餘組成分子是否具備增額資訊內涵,並比較兩岸盈餘組成分子增額資訊內涵是否顯著不同。最後,本研究借用 ERC 模式,並依據 Collins and kothari(1989)加入 ERC 決定因素如公司系統風險、盈餘持續度、公司成長機會等,來增進盈餘/股會間關係的解釋能力,以期在最具解釋力的模式下,比較兩盈餘資訊內涵。本研究台灣方面以台灣證劵交所股票上市公司為對象,研究期間自民國 77 年至 85 年止,共計 9 年為樣本期間,大陸則以在上海、深圳交易所上市的股票上市公司樣本,研究期間則為 1994 年至 1996 年研究結果顯示: 1.兩岸之資訊環境存在顯著差異性。 2.兩岸之盈餘資訊皆具有用性。 3.盈餘組成項目均具增額資訊內涵。 4.考慮 ERC 模式後可增加模式之解釋力。 / This study mainly applies ERC (Earnings Response Coefficient) model to compare the information contents of earnings in Taiwan and China stock markets. In addition, this study investigates the disclosure rules of these two markets in order to develop related hypotheses. This study includes four hypotheses: (1) information environment hypothesis, (2) earning level hypothesis, (3) earnings components hypothesis, and (4) ERC determinants hypothesis. The samples strategically select from. listed companies in Taiwan and China to facilitate our comparisons. The findings can be summarized as follows. 1. In the Taiwan stock market, the firm size is not a significant factor for determining optimal return window; but in the China stock market, the response of larger firms is earlier than smaller firms to the earnings announcement (information environment hypothesis). 2. The Easton-Harris earnings level variable can significantly increase the explanatory power of ERC in the Taiwan stock market; but it cannot significantly increase the explanatory power of ERC in the China stock market (earnings level hypothesis). 3. The earnings components can increase the explanatory power of earnings/return relationship in both Taiwan and China stock markets. In addition, the non-operating components have better explanatory power than operating components in earnings (earnings components hypothesis). 4. The determinants of ERC can increase the explanatory power of earnings/return relationship; but the determinants of ERC have negative effects of the explanatory power of earnings/return relationship.
498

土壤污染與土地利用政策之研究 : 以桃園縣蘆竹鄉鎘污染事件為例

陳志仲, Chen, Chih-Chung Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要以土壤污染問題為探討對象,並採用Milbrath「新環境典範」(new environmental paradigm)之概念,以及Jacobs「後現代主義」(postmodernism)的土地利用計畫概念作為理論基礎,對土壤污染的形成原因;政府、污染者(廠商)及民眾之間在土壤污染事件的互動情形;以及土壤遭受污染後,其土地應如何再利用等問題,進行深入的思辯及探討。 為瞭解上述各項問題,本研究在研究方法上乃採取個案研究法,選擇桃園縣蘆竹鄉鎘污染事件為本研究之研究對象,經由對蘆竹鄉個案的深入研究,本研究有著如下發現及主張:首先,在政策層面上,本研究發現政府及專家們仍然習於環境問題化約為科技問題,往往以科技指標為其解決環保問題及土地利用問題的最佳憑藉。故而,本研究認為,政府此種基於主流社典範的思考模式,是造成蘆竹鄉的鎘污染問題遲遲無法解決之主因,必須予以揚棄,而試著納入新環境典範中之各項重要概念。 其次,本研究發現鎘污染的元凶「基力化工公司」乃以極為不負責任的態度來面對無辜的受害民眾,對於已發生的污染,並未設法加以補救,以致於鎘污染範圍一再擴大,其間僅象徵性的給與農民微薄的賠償及補貼金,並在民國77年停工後,完全跳脫其任何賠償責任。由此我們可以看出工業界不負責任的本質,也可以因此理解此等市場運動的可貴處與不得不然,因為法律與政策所保護的竟是污染性的工廠,在此等情況下,唯有藉由民眾的直接抗爭方足以使得生存環境不再惡化。 最後,在土地利用政策上,本研究認為政府及各界不應再奉科學方法為圭臬,並且純然的由科技專家來掌控,在新環境典範及後現代主義的階段,土地利用政策的決策權力應適度下放至地方及社區,並讓地方民眾的意見進入政策制訂過程之中,並且,土地利用政策也應該是一個政治及社會辯論的重要場域,服膺「民主」、 「公平」及「正義」等社會上的重要價值。 基於上述研究發現,本研究乃提出下列的政策建議: 一、在蘆竹鄉個案問題的解決上:環保署及政府其他單位應對蘆竹鄉當地農民將鎘污染土地予以變更使用之期盼予以回應。至於,變更之方法應採區段徵收、市地重劃、新編都市計畫等何種手段,可以與當地民眾充分進行溝通後決定。 二、在土壤污染的防治上:政府相關應該加強台灣島肉工業污染的防治,讓生產者負擔起其應負的責任與環保改善成本,不再允許其任意污染島內珍貴的環境資源。而且,不應再以科技方法,作為解決土壤污染問題的唯一手段。 三、在土地利用政策上 (一)政府應將權利適度下放:政府應拋棄「由上而下」的政策制訂模式,改以「由下而上」的方式,將權利下放適度至地方及社區,聽取地戶及民眾對土地利用政策上之意見,並可提供辯論的空間,尋求最符合民眾利益之政策走向。 (二)政策規畫者應追求社會價值:政策規畫者在參與政策制訂過程時,應是帶有價值的,應試圖將民主、公平、正義等社會價值納入政策之中,而非僅一味盲從於科技及專家之意見。 (三)專家應調整社會定位:專家們應積極涉入土地利用政策之政策制訂過程,並其中教育民眾,幫助民眾瞭解政策制訂上之問題,而非用高深的理論,將民眾意見完全排除於決策之外。
499

論浦東新區的環境衛生管理模式

章燦鋼 January 2003 (has links)
University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Government and Public Administration
500

老人居住安排-居住安排轉換、年歲增長與居住安排、居住安排滿意改變之探討 / The Living Arrangements of the Elderly: An Analysis of Living Arrangement Transitions, Aging and Living Arrangement, and Changes in Satisfaction with Living Arrangements

張桂霖, Chang, Guey Lin Unknown Date (has links)
本論文首先介紹臺灣老人的居住安排基本概況。接著,以交換理論與家庭價值觀,分析居住安排的轉換。同時,從經濟因素與需要因素的推拉作用以及家庭價值觀與交換理論,分析老人「移與子女居」和「子女回居」。再接著,應用相同樣本探討年歲增長與居住安排的關係,分析一群老人從初老經過中老到老老三個階段的居住安排。最後,以人與環境一致模式、基本生活需求滿足假說,分析老人居住安排滿意與否的改變。 以往討論老人居住安排的轉換,大多以家庭價值觀解釋,強調感情因素,當老人有最大需要時,例如,健康惡化或從有偶變成無偶,更可能發生轉換為與子女同住。但現代化社會,經濟因素轉趨重要,可能需要以交換理論補強。因此,本論文使用我國行政院衛生署與密西根大學合作之「臺灣地區中老年身心社會生活狀況長期追蹤調查」縱斷面調查資料,進行老人居住安排轉換的分析研究,觀察居住安排轉換行為,以檢視這兩種觀點對於居住安排轉換的解釋力。又,以往的相關研究大多以靜態變數為解釋變數,本論文貢獻主要在於以動態的變數-相關變數前後期的變化-為解釋變數,檢視其對老人居住安排轉換的影響。結果發現:以家庭價值觀或以交換理論解釋老人居住安排的轉換,都獲得部分支持;但沒有足夠的證據支持健康惡化或從有偶變無偶是影響老人轉換為與子女同住的關鍵因素;相反地,與交換理論相關的重大經濟決策權的改變變得比較重要,造成更可能發生轉換為不與子女同住或與子女同住。隱含著家庭價值觀對老人居住安排轉換的影響逐漸式微,而交換理論的影響力則越來越強,可彌補以家庭價值觀解釋之不足。 本論文亦使用縱斷面調查資料,以相關變數前後期的變化為解釋變數,檢視臺灣老人從不與子女同住變成「移與子女居」及「子女回居」的影響因素。結果隱含老人正向經濟因素的轉變更可能發生「子女回居」,需要因素及負向經濟因素的轉變則更可能發生「移與子女居」,而且沒有證據足認健康狀況轉差是影響轉換為與子女同住的關鍵因素。 有別於以往許多老人居住安排的文獻常將65歲以上的人當作一個群體,或有的橫斷面研究使用不同樣本,抑或即使以縱斷面研究亦使用不同樣本,進行老化研究,本論文利用相同樣本縱斷面研究分析老年人在初老、中老、老老階段的居住安排,回答「隨著年齡的增長,老人與子女共住的比例是呈U型或直線下降的關係?」、「老化對居住安排有何影響?」的問題。研究結果顯示隨著年齡的增長,老人與子女共住的比例呈直線下降。本論文發現一些因素在某階段有顯著影響,而在其他階段未發現有顯著影響,此即與老化有關;除此,對三個階段的居住安排均發生顯著影響的因素,其影響程度亦隨著年齡的增長而有不同,均為預測老人各階段居住安排決定的良好指標。 本論文為檢視究竟何因素影響老人居住安排滿意與否之改變,使用縱斷面調查資料,應用人與環境一致和基本生活需求滿足之理論基礎,以動態的變數-相關變數前後期的改變-為解釋變數,檢視其影響。結果發現:以人與環境一致或基本生活需求滿足,解釋居住安排滿意與否之改變,都獲得部分支持,同時,「愛屋及烏」假說亦獲得支持。顯示居住安排滿意與否之改變,主要歸因於環境與個體間之一致及合適與否。 總結而言,老人隨著年歲增長,居住安排從滿意變為不滿意者的比例增加,健康狀況亦呈直線下降,但不與子女同住的比例遞增,與子女同住的居住安排則呈直線下降,許多影響因素已顯示老人由家庭照護的傳統價值日漸式微。無論老人採行何種居住安排,理應以提高居住安排滿意度,提昇老人福祉為依歸。此際,除了由政府提出有效對策以為改善之外,老人宜自求多福,例如,改善居住環境、移居良好醫療環境,家庭重大決策放手由子女承擔,多多參與社交性或拜訪親友、鄰居的活動,快樂邁向成功老化。 / This dissertation, firstly, introduces the basic overview of living arrangements of the elderly in Taiwan. Then, it analyzes the transitions in living arrangements among elderly of family values and exchange theory, meanwhile, it also analyzes “moving to be with children” and “returning to the nest” from needs factors and economic factors as well as family values and exchange theory. Then, it uses a panel study to examine the living arrangements of young-old, old-old, and oldest-old. Finally, it applies a theoretical basis of person-environment congruence and basic-needs content to analyze the changes in satisfaction with living arrangements of the elderly. The value placed on family was often used to explain the influence on living arrangements transitions in previous literature. Yet economic factors have become important in modern society, therefore we need to use exchange theory to strengthen the explanation on transitions. This dissertation, therefore, attempts to compare these two explanations through analyzing transitions, and to examine the effects of these two viewpoints on transitions. Using a longitudinal data source, the Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan, produced by the Department of Health (Taiwan) and the University of Michigan, a binomial logit model is used to observe the behavior of transitions. The contribution of this dissertation mainly lies in taking the dynamic variables, the changes of related variables between baseline and follow-up, as independent variables to examine the influence on the transitions. Empirical results show that both family value and exchange theory cause the living arrangements transitions, but lack evidence to prove that a senior’s health deterioration or the loss of a spouse was the major determinant of the transition to live with children. Contrarily, transitions of living arrangements are more likely to occur when a senior changes her/his role as the economic decision-maker into the non economic decision-maker of the household or vice versa. That implies the influence of family values on transitions is decreasing, and the influence of exchange theory is increasing. This dissertation also uses a longitudinal data source and takes the changes of related variables between baseline and follow-up as independent variables to examine what factors are associated with “moving to be with children” and “returning to the nest” among those living apart from children at baseline of Taiwanese seniors. Empirical results imply that “returning to the nest” is more likely to occur when a senior’s positive economic factors are changed; while “moving to be with children” is more likely to occur when a senior’s needs factors and negative economic factors are changed, and lacking evidence to prove that health deterioration was the major determinant of the transition to live with children. Most previous research on elderly living arrangements examined all people aged 65 and over as a whole. Some cross-sectional studies on aging employed different samples, as did some longitudinal studies. This dissertation examines the living arrangements of young-old, old-old, and oldest-old in Taiwan. A panel study was used to answer the following questions: Is the proportion of coresidence with increased age U-shaped or decreased linearly? What influence does aging have on living arrangements? Analytical results show that the proportion of coresidence decreased linearly among the same samples for the young-old, old-old, and oldest-old. Empirical results show that some factors were significant at some stages, while not significant at other stages, that is, they were affected by aging. Additionally, some factors related to living arrangements for all three age groups, and their effects differed with increased age. All of them are good indicators in predicting the determinants of elderly living arrangements for the three groups. This dissertation also uses a longitudinal data source, applies a theoretical basis of person-environment congruence and basic-needs content, and takes the dynamic variables, the changes in related variables between the baseline and follow-up, as independent variables to examine the determinants of changes in satisfaction with living arrangements of the elderly. Empirical results indicate that both person-environment congruence and basic-needs content partially cause changes in satisfaction with living arrangements, and the “love me, love my dog” hypothesis is also fulfilled. This dissertation suggests that changes in satisfaction with living arrangements are mainly attributed to the congruence or fit between the environment and the individual. Summarily, the proportion of dissatisfaction with living arrangements increases as age increases, the condition of health worsened linearly and the proportion of living with children is decreased with increased age, many factors have been implied the influence of traditional values on family care is decreasing. No matter what kind of living arrangement the elderly adopted, they should improve the living arrangement satisfaction, and enhance the welfare. At this time, beyond the improvements through effective measures of the government, the elderly should fend for themselves by improving the living environment, moving to a good medical environment, transferring the power of decision-making to children, and more involving in sociability or visiting relatives, friends and neighbors. And then they achieve successful aging happily.

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