阿拉伯聯合大公國（United Arab Emirates, UAE）並非中東大國， 但卻是世界重要產油國及海灣國家合作理事會創會成員之一。其自 1971 年獨立建國以來，除有內政危機外，同時還需因應周遭強權摩 擦及區域衝突，這些挑戰均係其國家安全之威脅。然而，阿拉伯聯合 大公國在首任總統翟伊德（Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan）的領 導下，充分發揮其務實且具彈性之外交政策面對外來的挑戰，成功確 保國家利益及生存。 本文分析重點在於闡釋阿聯外交政策之特色及實踐，並探討影響 其外交政策之內外因素，以對其外交政策有完整概念。 / United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a small state in the Middle East. But it is an important oil exporter in the world and an initial member of Gulf Cooperation Council. Since the seven members of UAE federation was established in 1971, the UAE government has been spontaneously dealing with the internal political crisis, frictions between major powers, and conflicts in this region, which were crucial threats to its national security. Nevertheless, under the leadership of the first President, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the UAE government was capable to cope with these challenges with the practical and flexible foreign policy, and successfully safeguarded its national interests. The content of this thesis is first to analyze the features and conduct of UAE’s foreign policy. Then, how the internal and external factors affected the formulation of the policy will be followed.

專利聯盟（patent pools）可以創造龐大的促進競爭效益，但是同時也可能產生妨礙競爭與創新之疑慮，若法律完全不對專利聯盟之運作進行規範，專利權人將得以利用專利聯盟制度作為提昇自己市場獨占力量，抑制市場競爭，甚至是濫用專利排他權的工具。為了畫下專利權人正當行使權利之界限，維護專利制度的政策目的，以規範專利聯盟所產生之專利權濫用問題，美國的法制上遂逐漸發展出以專利權濫用原則（patent misuse doctrine）與競爭法（即美國之反托拉斯法），對專利聯盟進行管制的結構。美國法上之專利權濫用原則創設之初係為了限制輔助侵權理論之適用，此理論最初與競爭法制並無交集，判斷的重點在於專利權人是否逾越其權限，之後隨著1988年美國專利法之修正，以及學理實務的改變，現今專利權濫用原則的認定已牽涉競爭法「合理原則」之判斷，然而，許多爭議也逐漸浮現，例如應如何判斷專利權人在專利聯盟中所為之限制競爭行為是否成立濫用，專利權濫用原則與競爭法之間之關係為何，甚至專利權濫用原則本身是否仍有必要存在，這些問題都尚待解決，因此現今正是對專利權濫用理論進行全面檢討之時機。 本文以下將針對專利聯盟所涉及之專利權濫用問題進行研究，對於實務上專利權人利用專利聯盟所進行之搭售、包裹授權、聯合訂價、競業禁止條款等行為進行觀察，並對其所涉及之專利權濫用問題進行初步分析。基於此一研究所獲得之基礎，本文將嘗試指出專利權濫用理論值得檢討之處，並指出專利權濫用理論兼具專利制度和競爭法制之特質，也反映了兩者間之衝突，其亦具有能夠與時俱進，以及反映專利制度政策公益之特質，因此仍有繼續存在價值。尤其係在專利聯盟成員利用彼此間競業禁止協議抑制新生替代性技術發展之情形，法院在適用競爭法合理原則時，往往因為專利聯盟所創造的促進競爭效益，以及新生技術未來發展的不確定性，而傾向認定此種契約條款為合法，忽略其所產生之抑制創新問題，此時即有適用專利權濫用原則之空間。此外，更可以考慮以我國民法第148條所規範之誠信原則與權利濫用原則作為將專利權濫用理論引入我國法之基礎，而在尚未引入以前，對於專利聯盟所涉及之專利權濫用問題，我國實務可以將美國法專利權濫用原則之理論基礎作為操作民法第148條、專利法第60條、公平交易法第18條及第19條以及其他相關規定時之指導原則。本文之意旨並非在完全以專利權濫用原則取代競爭法規範的角色，而係期待實務上應當設法對專利權濫用原則之價值進行重新評估，以賦予專利權濫用原則嶄新之生命，讓專利權濫用原則與競爭法共同形成一個完善、合理的專利權行使規範體系。 / Patent pool licensing can both create enormous pro-competitive and anti-competitive effects. Without legal intervention, the patentee would be able to manipulate the patent pool system as a mean to increase his own monopoly power, suppress competition in the market, and even misuse his patent exclusive power. In order to prevent the misuse of patent rights, protect patent policy and regulate patent misuse issues in patent pools, the U.S law system employs the “patent misuse doctrine” and competition law (antitrust law) to deal with the above issues. The patent misuse doctrine was initially designed to limit the overexpansion of the contributory infringement theory and has no relationship with competition law. The essential factor to constitute patent misuse is that the patentee extends the patent monopoly over the statutory scope of his patent right. Nevertheless, in pace with the Patent Misuse Reform Act of 1988 and the conversion of the legal practice, the patent misuse doctrine has begun to intertwine with competition law’s “rule of reason” analysis. Gradually, many disputes have emerged, such as how to determine whether the patentee’s conduct constitutes patent misuse in patent pools, what is the relationship between the patent misuse doctrine and competition law, and whether the patent misuse doctrine itself is necessary to exist. Therefore, it is high time to conduct a comprehensive review of the patent misuse theory. This article will provide insights to patent misuse issues in patent pool licensing, such as tie-in arrangement, package licensing, price fixing, non-competition agreements, etc, and review the theoretical basis of the patent misuse doctrine. This article will also submit that the patent misuse doctrine is a doctrine which has both the characteristics of patent law and competition law and can compromise the interests of these two areas of regulations. It can also reflect patent policy and grow and change with time. Therefore, it is a doctrine which should continue to exist. Particularly, in the situation which patent pool members use non-competition agreements to suppress the development of nascent substitute technologies, courts would often consider this kind of agreement to be legal because of the enormous pro-competitive effects created by the patent pool and the uncertainty of the future development of the nascent technology. At this moment, it is necessary to apply the patent misuse doctrine to deal with the problem. In addition, the principle of good faith which is encoded in article 148 of the civil code may be an appropriate medium to introduce the patent misuse doctrine into our legal system. Even if it is not yet introduced into our system, the patent misuse doctrine could be the guiding principle for our legal practitioners to apply article 148 of the civil code, article 60 of the patent act, article 18 and article 19 of the Fair Trade Act in order to deal with patent misuse issues in patent pool licensing. This article supports that the patent misuse doctrine should be refined and cooperate with competition law in order to form a complete regulation of patent misuse conducts, but it does not submit that current competition law should be entirely replaced by the patent misuse doctrine.

汽車產業早期在台灣一直都屬於重點產業，早從1950年代以前，台灣政府便開始發展汽車產業(陳釧瑤，1997)，然而若按照原定計畫，台灣汽車產業早該在1985年以後就邁入國際化以及自有品牌，不過現今大多數的台灣汽車廠商仍處於通路代理商和零組件代工製造階段，為了避免淘汰，本研究認為台灣汽車廠商應著手發展自有品牌，不過因為台灣廠商大多欠缺品牌知名度，謂此本研究認為台灣廠商可採行品牌聯盟策略。然而考量到市場未來趨勢與消費者需求的多元化，本次研究將以強調運動、休閒的SUV休旅車作為本次研究主要探討的車種，並希望能藉由品牌聯盟讓台灣汽車廠商得以自創品牌。 本次研究貢獻在學術方面有三，其一是產品屬性與產品屬性水準之詮釋、二是研究品牌聯盟議題時，需建立在品牌是否能替代某產品屬性的議題上，三是消費者在從事消費行為時確實會產生退縮或是漸進策略。在管理實務上，本研究所給予的建議有七，其一是品牌知名度高低將會影響消費者做出正確決定，其二是當消費者無法有效處理資訊時，車商品牌的重要性將會提升，其三是低辨識度品牌有動機發展成份品牌，其四是台灣汽車廠商自創品牌確實有其利基市場存在，其五是品牌自創過程中，必須不斷地做自我評估，其六是傳遞正確且為消費者所能承受並理解的正確資訊是價值創造的重要一環，其七是品牌建立本身即是策略規劃。 / Motor industry is one of the most important industry that Taiwan government energetically have developed and invested lots of resources since 1950(陳釧瑤，1997). Indeed, Taiwanese motor firms should have had their own brand and made it internationalized in 1985. However, most of Taiwanese motor firms are still on the stage of OEM or ODM. We regard this condition as a threat that will obstruct the profit growth and weaken the competitiveness of them. Therefore, we consider branding is one of the effective alternatives to strengthen the competitiveness of Taiwanese motor industry. Because of the low brand awareness of Taiwanese motor firms, brand alliance may be the best way that can help them to build their private label. Considering the trend of lifestyle in Taiwan, this literature will focus on “brand alliance of sport utility vehicle” and try to find some important attributes that will support them to select their partners and satisfy the consumer needs. As a result, this studying has three contributions to academic researcher. First, we redefine the meanings of product attribute and product attribute level that many academics confuse. Second, the consistency between the brand awareness of ingredient firms and product attribute should be considered when motor firms are finding the partners of alliance. Third, we verify either behavioral progression or behavioral depression may happen in purchase process (Alderfer, 1972). In practice, we find the fitness between product attributes and partner’s brand awareness will affect the result of brand alliance. The finding implies that ingredient firms which have great brand equity in B2B market may have low equity in B2C market. Second, the weight of car brand will be more important when asymmetric information exists. Third, the ingredient firms which have great equity in B2B market and low awareness in B2C market have the motive to cooperate with private label brand firms. Fourth, there are some niches in Taiwanese SUV market. Fifth, branding can’t success without self-audit. Sixth, delivering the appropriate and correct information to consumers is one of the most important things of value creation. Seventh, strategy is the nature of branding, so it will be very hard to brand without strategic planning.

鹿特丹規則自1996年開始草擬，歷經大小數十次會議，迄2008年12月11日於聯合國第63屆大會第67次會議於紐約審議通過，該規則首次確立「海運加」（海運階段加上海運前後其他運送方式階段）之適用範圍，較諸傳統海上運送公約之適用範圍，變化甚鉅。「海運加」制度將鹿特丹規則之適用範圍擴大到傳統海上運送階段以外之其他領域，包括與海上運送連接之陸上運送，鐵路、公路、內陸河道運送甚至航空運送都包括在內。 因此，為因應鹿特丹規則適用範圍之延伸，鹿特丹規則創設了「海運履行輔助人」制度，意指「凡從貨物到達裝載港至貨物離開卸載港期間履行或承諾履行運送人義務之履行輔助人」。內陸運送人僅在履行或承諾履行其完全在港區範圍內之服務時方為海運履行輔助人。海運履行輔助人一方面承擔鹿特丹規則中運送人之義務及賠償責任，另一方面則同時享有運送人之抗辯及賠償責任限制。 我國雖然尚未加入鹿特丹規則，但該規則已明確規定，只要海上貨物運送契約之裝、卸載港或收、交貨地所在國已經批准、接受或核准公約，抑或該當事人適用或援引該公約，則將使其他任一當事人，不論其所在國是否批准、接受或核准該公約，同樣受到鹿特丹規則之約束。因此，我國海商法未來之修正方向，應深入了解並正確把握鹿特丹規則之原則及要領，以維持我國海運在國際市場上之競爭力。

本論文以優選理論分析六家饒平客語和寧都田頭客語雙音節詞之連讀變調，並藉由聲調內部結構說明變調的動機。在六家饒平客語方面，主要是呈現位置變調(positional tone sandhi)，較有標(more marked)的聲調位於前字時發生變調。另外，此方言的陽平和陽去因歷史演變，兩者的本調(citation tone)同為HH，但兩者因不同的變調形式而產生不同的變調(sandhi tone)。陽去的變調形式為位置變調，而陽平的變調形式為環境變調(contextual tone sandhi)。本文採用聯合制約(Local Constraint Conjunction)捕捉環境變調制約運作的環境。另外，運用「詞素特定音韻」(morpheme-specific phonology)標記聯合制約，解釋陽平和陽去不同的變調規則。在寧都田頭客語方面，變調受詞法結構影響，且兩個音節皆有可能發生變調。本文利用標記制約理論(indexed constraints approach)解釋不同結構的變調情形。另藉由位置信實制約不同的排序，嘗試說明聲調的保留屬於類型差異(typological differences)。而此方言的變調類型包含位置變調和環境變調，同樣要求較有標的聲調改變，並使用聯合制約說明在環境變調的情況下制約運作的環境。 / This thesis investigates the tone sandhi in Liujia Raoping Hakka and Ningdu Tiantou Hakka under the framework of Optimality Theory. The internal structure of the tone reveals the motivation and the mechanism of tone sandhi. In terms of the tone sandhi in Liujia Raoping Hakka, the universal tonal markedness tendency could be regarded as the motivation triggering the positional tone sandhi in the left syllable. Moreover, the morpheme-specific phonology is adapted to account for the tone sandhi of historical merged tones, Yangping and Yangqu. Yangping and Yangqu are both high level tones; however, they display different tone sandhi patterns. Yangping displays the contextual tone sandhi whereas Yangqu displays the positional tone sandhi. Local conjunction constraints are posited to restrict markedness constraints to specific contexts in order to account for the mechanism of contextual tone sandhi. On the other hand, in terms of the tone sandhi in Ningdu Tiantou Hakka, the tone sandhi is construction sensitive and takes place in both syllables. The indexed constraint approach is adopted to explain the tone sandhi in different constructions. In addition, the preservation of tone is argued to be the typological difference according to different rankings of the positional faithfulness constraints. Finally, the tonal markedness tendency motivates the positional tone sandhi and the conjoined constraints are posited to govern the contextual tone sandhi in this dialect.

近來非傳統(Non-banks)金融機構(非銀行機構)，不論在聯合貸款市場或是在一般貸款市場所參與的程度愈來愈多，所承作的借款金額也逐年增加。這樣的趨勢尤其以歐美市場更為明顯。而一般文獻對於非銀行機構在聯合貸款市場與傳統金融機構在貸款條件差異的相關研究較少，因此本文研究非銀行機構利用1995至2007年美國企業在聯合貸款市場的資料，透過結合「Thomson Reuters LPC’s Dealscan」以及「Compustat」資料庫，分析包括融資公司(Finance Company)、投資銀行(Investment Bank)、保險公司(Insurance Company)、機構投資者(Institutional Investors) 的聯貸條件，實證結果發現非銀行機構參與的聯貸案件，通常都會要求較高的借款利率，其中又以保險公司所要求的借款利率為最高，可見非銀行機構是屬於追求較高風險的中介機構，但是本文也發現非銀行機構卻也會承作貸款期間較長的契約。 本文同時探討2000年美國通過金融服務業現代化法案是否對於非銀行機構造成影響，實證結果發現母公司為金融控股公司的非銀行機構在通過金融服務業現代化法案後，會放款給較高風險的公司，說明了在允許跨業經營下，隸屬金控的非銀行機構子公司承做風險較高的貸款業務非銀行機構。 / Non-bank institutions have participated in the commercial lending market and syndication market in recent years, especially in the U.S market. However, the literature addressing this issue is sparse. This paper aims to analyze the effects of participation by Non-bank lenders in the syndicated loan markets.We examine the loan contracts which started from 1995 to 2007, and use 「Thomson Reuters LPC’s Dealscan」and 「Compustat」datasets to analyze the lending behavior of Non-banks. Empirical results show that when the Non-banks participate in the loan market, they tend to charge higher credit spreads. However, when Non-banks participate in the facility, they also provide longer-maturity loans. Furthermore, this research also examines the effect of Financial Services Modernization Act‘s influence on lending behavior. The results show that after the Act was put into force, non-banks that are associated with Financial Holding Company tend to be more risk-taking. We find that Financial Holding Company would transfer the more risky operation into non-bank subsidiaries after they are allowed to cross sell their products.

兒童少年權益保障向來是社會福利服務法制著重之處，蓋我國憲法基本國策章節第156條作為憲法委託條款，即課予立法者積極建置完善兒童福利法制之義務。從1973年制定兒童福利法後，迄至2011年以「兒童及少年福利與權益保障法」，兒童福利服務相關之法制已趨向完備，尤可見證兒童從「保護客體」至「權利主體」地位轉變之過程。而社工人員基於其對兒童少年發展、家庭政策之認識，以及資源引介與諮商等專業技巧，成為兒少福利服務主要提供者，立法者期待社工發揮賦權功能，協助身心未臻成熟之兒少實踐其權益。 然而，福利服務法制雖高度規範社工職責，卻仍可耳聞因社工人力不足，或專業判斷缺失導致之重大虐兒案件，本文以此為觀察基礎，並提出問題意識：社工專業與兒少權益保障之關係為何？社工人員於行政與司法程序之定位又是如何？而從事社會工作業務者，可能來自公部門行政機關，或是來自私部門民間團體，故本文以「兒少保護安置」與「兒少收出養案件」為研究範疇，前者釐清公部門社工於緊急保護安置公權力行使之界限，及其與司法審查間之關係；至於兒少收出養案件，本文則探討民間兒少福利團體受法院囑託所出具之訪視建議，對於法院裁判有如何拘束力，又如何定性該受託法律關係等問題。 對於社工人員應如何認知自身權利與義務，應如何積極執行履行其法定職務並有效落實兒童權利，本文以英國兒童法制為借鏡，說明英國兒童法對於兒童保護安置有其細膩之評估標準與程序，同時強調多元專業參與之觀點，至於英國收養審判程序中，則由專門機構進行訪視並提出建議。英國法制同時強調司法與行政程序中皆應考量兒童自主意見，並著重兒童與父母家庭生活權之保障。反思於我國，本文具體指出，於兒少保護安置措施中，公部門社工員就法律不確定概念之涵攝及決定安置與否，應透過與法院之對話發展出更完善之準則，避免濫權或怠於行使職權等影響人民權利之憾事發生；至於兒少收出養案件，本文則認為政府應積極建置司法社工，避免囑託委外契約之紊亂，同時應兼顧當事人程序事前事後聽審權保障，又司法與社會工作實務工作者應留意專業自主判斷空間與界限，方能達成跨專業合作保障兒少權益之目的。

自中國在1949年建立起，台灣已面臨激烈的有關於國際地位認同的外交爭論。已有許多研究都在討論中國在拉丁美洲的崛起以及其如何影響台灣。讓拉丁美洲的國家與台灣維持長期穩定的關係的原因是什麼? 本研究分析了美國在冷戰期間與台灣及中美洲對抗共產主義的重要性，這讓我們了解為什麼這些國家依然支持台灣。從研究結果可得知美國的政策主要導向中美洲而不是中國，這也成為維持中華民國與中美洲之間的主要因素。有三個變數皆已被用來說明為什麼中美洲國家承認臺灣是一個國家: 外交政策、 經濟因素和政權類型。透過本研究，我發現了承認台灣地位的問題根源，也同時瞭解美國、中美洲及台灣間的關係。 / Since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, Taiwan has faced a fierce diplomatic battle against China for international recognition. There have been many studies regarding the growing presence of China in Latin America and how that affects Taiwan. What are the reasons for these countries to maintain this long-standing relationship with Taiwan? This study has covered the Cold War years to analyse the importance of the United States and their battle against Communism for Taiwan-Central America relations and it also allowed us to understand the reasons why they still support Taiwan. The result of the analysis showed us how the U.S. policy towards Central America, but not the growing presence of China, has been the main factor to shape the relations between the ROC and Central American countries. Three variables have been used to explain why Central American countries recognize Taiwan as a state: Foreign policy, economic factors and regime type. Through this study, I came across the roots of the problem with Taiwan’s status and also acquired a better understanding of the dynamic in U.S. – Central America – Taiwan relations.

近年來，超高大樓型式之指標性建築，逐漸成為城市行銷的重點，並作為許多新興國家重新建立城市品牌，提升國際地位的利器。成功的指標性建築不僅可以吸引外國訪客，為當地增加觀光收入，更可以作為居民情感上的依歸，加強社群連結，增加歸屬感。本研究主要是以台北101為例，採用個性契合度為主軸，探討指標性建築與訪客間之關係如何影響其本身對於訪客的吸引力。而指標性建築是否真能增加城市之吸引力，而又應該與城市如何合作，始能增加雙方的吸引力，達到互蒙其利的效果。 本文研究架構主要包含台北101與消費者個性契合度、台北101與台北市個性契合度、以及旅遊知識分別與台北101、台北市之喜愛度、未來造訪意願以及推薦意願彼此間的交互關係。 研究結果顯示，對外國訪客而言，真實自我(理想自我)與指標性建築之個性契合度愈高，則對於指標性建築的未來造訪意願以及推薦意願(喜愛度)愈高。而對於指標性建築的喜愛度愈高，則對城市的喜愛度以及城市與指標性建築本身之未來造訪意願以及推薦意願有正向影響。而指標性建築與所在城市之個性契合度愈高則對於指標性建築的喜愛度、未來造訪意願以及推薦意願有正向影響。此外，旅遊知識多寡，對於城市與建築的喜愛度與未來造訪、推薦意願皆有正向影響。另一方面，對於本國居民而言，真實自我與指標性建築個性契合度愈高對於指標性建築之喜愛度有正向影響而對於推薦意願有負向影響。而指標性建築的喜愛度愈高對於城市的喜愛度、未來造訪意願以及推薦意願有正向影響。此外，指標性建築與所在城市個性契合度愈高，對於指標性建築之喜愛度、未來造訪意願以及推薦意願有負向影響，而對於城市之喜愛度與推薦意願則有正向影響。

聯合國維持和平行動自1948年至今（2004），已經成立了五十九次行動。本文為這五十九次行動的內容作一分類，提出「維持和平」（Peace-keeping）、「製造和平」（Peace-making）、「重建和平」（Ppeace-building）三大類型。每一次的聯合國維和行動其任務內容有涵蓋一類者，也有同時或前後涵蓋兩類者，也有同時或前後涵蓋三類者，再進一步根據維和行動的成立背景、聯合國安理會的授權、與維和行動執行的實際內容，來歸納整理這三類型的維和行動。 本文除了序論與結論外，內容簡介如下： 第二章簡述聯合國維持和平行動的發展，從其起源到冷戰期間和後冷戰期間的轉變。 第三章回顧有關維和行動的相關類型定義。有關維和行動的類型定義多見於和平研究中，並且在後冷戰時期始多這方面的研究。本章並整理歸納各家的分類及其定義，以為「維持和平」、「製造和平」和「重建和平」下一個通盤的定義。 第四章至第六章則分別探討「維持和平」、「製造和平」和「重建和平」三種維和行動類型的內涵。每一類型再劃分其執行的次要類項，在每一個次要類項中逐一探討每一次聯合國維和行動的成立背景和經過、安理會的授權內容和實際上的運作情形。「維持和平」的次要類項包括監視停火/停戰/撤軍/脫離戰鬥協議、駐守緩衝區/安全區/非軍事區、監視警察的值勤、預防部署部隊；「製造和平」的次要類項包括提供安全維護/使用武力、監視自由公平的民主選舉、監視/協助國家行政單位的正常化、協助恢復法律與秩序、監視人權/建立保護人權能力、提供人道援助/清除地雷、解除武裝/復員/遣返/重新安置和重返社會；「重建和平」的次要類項包括透過選舉成立民主新政府、臨時統治/行政機構、民事行政管理、協助建立現代化軍隊、協助建立民警部隊/司法體系、建立人權保障制度、基礎設施/經濟重建、資訊/宣傳 第七章則進一步探討影響維和行動內容演變的因素，分聯合國內、外因素來一一加以說明。最後並比較「維持和平」、「製造和平」和「重建和平」三種維和行動類型的演變過程。