The construction sector accounts for a large use of the world's natural resources and for a large part of the waste generated. An alternative to dealing with this problem is for the construction sector to change to a circular way of thinking where recycling is a method that has been identified. This essay therefore aims to identify driving forces and prevent individuals in the construction sector who today work with recycling and, by extension, development potential. To do this, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 5 respondents who have different roles, this to get a broad insight into the subject. The material collected from these respondents is presented and then discussed in relation to previous research. Economic factors are an obstacle in recycling work, but this is considered to be based on the fact that knowledge and experience are not optional. / <p>G</p>

Dagens samhälle belastas av transportrelaterade utsläpp av växthusgaser, trängsel i tätorter och ohälsa på grund av stillasittande, något som cykelpendling skulle kunna motverka. Syftet med denna rapport har därför varit att kartlägga pendlingsvanor hos anställda vid Region Blekinges sjukhus i Karlskrona, samt ta reda på vilka faktorer som hindrar respektive främjar cykelpendling till arbetsplatsen. Resultatet av undersökningen skulle kunna användas av arbetsgivaren inför beslut av olika främjande åtgärder för ökad cykelpendling.För att erhålla erforderliga data till resultatet togs en webbenkät fram, som sedan varit tillgänglig för samtliga regionanställda inom sjukhusområdet. Enkätsvaren har därefter analyserats och presenterats i form av ett antal diagram med tillhörande beskrivning, så kallad deskriptiv statistik.Resultatet visade att en större andel av de manliga respondenterna cyklade, jämfört med de kvinnliga respondenterna, där större andel åkte bil till arbetsplatsen. Enkätsvaren påvisade också skillnader i pendlingsvanorna mellan de olika förvaltningarna. Flest och störst andel cyklister återfanns hos Hälso- och sjukvård (vårdpersonal). Denna grupp hade också i genomsnitt kortast avstånd till arbetet, vilket har en stark koppling till benägenheten att cykelpendla. De främsta angivna hindren till cykling var avståndet och vädret, medan de främsta skälen som angavs till att cykelpendla var hälsoskäl och miljöskäl.De faktorer som skulle kunna öka cykelpendlingen till Blekingesjukhuset i Karlskrona, enligt enkätundersökningen, var främst: säkrare färdväg för cyklister, säkrare/tryggare cykelförvaring på arbetsplatsen, friskvårdstimme som kunde användas till cykelpendling, möjlighet att medföra cykel på lokalbuss och bättre ombytes- och duschmöjligheter på arbetsplatsen. / Today's society is burdened by transport - related greenhouse gas emissions, congestion in urban areas and health problems due to sedentary living, something that bicycle commuting could counteract. The purpose of this report has been to map commuting habits among employees at Region Blekinge Hospital in Karlskrona, and to find out which factors prevent and promote bicycle commuting to the workplace. The results of the survey could be used by the employer before decisions are made on various supporting arrangements for increased bicycle commuting.To obtain the necessary data for the result, an online survey was produced, which was then available to all regional employees in the hospital area. The questionnaire responses were then analysed and presented in the form of several diagrams with an accompanying description, so-called descriptive statistics.The results showed that a larger proportion of the male respondents cycled, compared with the female respondents, where a larger proportion were travelling by car to the workplace. The survey results also showed differences in the commuting habits between the different administrations. Most and largest proportion of cyclists were found at Health and Medical Care (care staff). This group also had on average the shortest distance to work, which has a strong connection to the tendency to commute by bicycle. The main stated obstacles to cycling were the distance and the weather, while the main reasons given for cycling were health and environmental reasons.The factors that could increase bicycle commuting to Blekinge Hospital in Karlskrona, according to the survey, were mainly: safer route for cyclists, safer / safer bicycle storage at the workplace, fitness hours that could be used for bicycle commuting, the opportunity to bring a bicycle on a local bus and better exchanges and shower facilities in the workplace.

In January 2022, a new requirement will be introduced for declaration of building’s carbon footprint, which is a comprehensive requirement compared with previous regulations. This will hopefully lead the industry in the direction to achieve a net zero carbon footprint by 2050. This study explores the challenges and opportunities of this new requirement to serve as an approach to make more environmentally friendly choices. Many companies currently lack relevant knowledges to perform and evaluate building’s carbon footprint and thus may find this requirement challenging. The purpose of the study is to motivate construction companies and explore the benefits of this requirement in reducing CO2 emissions. This research work is focused on a building case which was built recently by a small construction company. The company runs by some craftsmen and it can therefore be a challenging task to understand and fulfil this requirement. In this study, a life cycle analysis is performed using the documents and materials obtained from the construction company. The declaration requirement concerns mainly the materials used in the building envelope as well as interior walls and load-bearing structures. The requirement is set on the CO2 emitted from production of building materials and components off-site along with on-site production of buildings (i.e. modules A1-A5 in a building's life cycle). The same scope is also applied in the study to analyze CO2 emissions. The analysis was performed in accordance with the recommendations of the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning, in the OneClickLCA (LCA tool) and by using specific data (ie environmental product declarations) and also more generic data that best represented the case. The results showed that modules A1-A5 were contributed to approximately 94.8 kgCO2e/m2 floor area. The materials with order of high to low CO2 emissions were respectively metal, insulation, wood and gypsum boards. Replacement of the insulation and gypsum boards to more environmentally friendly alternatives provided significant carbon footprint reductions. In addition, the CO2 emissions caused by the transport of wood materials could be reduced through replacement to more local alternatives. As a result, the new scenario which adopted all these alternative solutions could result in approximately 77.68 kgCO2e/m2 floor area which was almost 18% lower than the CO2 emitted from as-built design of the building case.   The conclusion of the study could be summed up that (1) there is an environmental benefit by using locally produced materials, (2) significant reductions in carbon footprint could be obtained by replacing materials to more environmentally friendly ones, which were also produced locally. All these indicated that the requirement on climate declaration can form the basis for making more conscious choices and reduce the carbon footprint of buildings from a life cycle perspective.

The building sector has attributed a significant focus on improving its sustainability performance, as it contributed to almost 38% of global carbon dioxide emissions in 2019, and is estimated to be the least environmentally friendly industry worldwide. Life cycle analysis (LCA) is considered a rewarding method for evaluating the environmental impact caused by buildings or individual building components, based on various environmental indicators such as carbon dioxide emissions. A life cycle analysis can be performed in different ways depending on the purpose of the analysis. Screening LCA is a method which can be used to get an overview of the environmental impact associated with different life cycle stages. The method accounts for the environmental impact caused by value chain and the physical flow in production of materials and systems. This method can also be useful to analyze the carbon footprint of a building during its production phase, A1-A3, and transports of materials to the construction site, A4. This can enable to peruse and reduce building’s carbon footprint by replacing materials with more environmentally friendly ones before the building is built.Besides the aesthetical benefits, green solutions such as green facades (or living facades) can create the possibility to obtain more environmentally friendly buildings. Although green facades are not a new concept, such system has increasingly been adopted on the facades of buildings in recent years. While, it has been proven that green facades have the ability to absorb pollutants and carbon dioxide from the air, their production serves additional CO2 emissions.This study has been conducted in collaboration with Ramboll Sweden AB, the division of sustainable buildings. The study aims to increase knowledge regarding green facades and their impact on the exterior walls, both thermally and environmentally. In the study, 8 models were created and analyzed to explore the CO2 impact of green facades on different alternative exterior walls. In this study, an LCA was performed, and the impact of living facades on the heat transfer coefficient, the U-value, was analyzed for each of which models. Furthermore, an estimation of possible carbon dioxide capture by green facades was carried out to explore the potential benefits of such facade systems from a life cycle perspective.The results show that a living façade can result in approximately 27.9 kgCO2e/m2 compared with an exterior wall without a living façade. However, the ability of such facades to capture carbon dioxide can make it possible to compensate this additional carbon dioxide emission during almost 93 years, if a linear CO2 capture is assumed.

Trädgårdsdammen utgör en naturlig oas där både människor och djur kan söka vila och skydd. Den lugna miljön eller innovativa vattenleken skänker observatören både glädje och inre lugn. Idag finns det en uppsjö av material och hjälpmedel på marknaden för att konstruera dammar och vattensystem. Men informationen om materialen och produkternas ursprung och tillverkningsprocess är inte lika lätt att få tag på och därför ämnar jag med denna uppsats ge en övergripande bild av de vanligaste materialen som används vid konstruktion av trädgårdsdammar. De material som tas upp i jämförelsen är bentonit, betong, polyeten, polyvinylklorid och syntetgummi. Materialen jämförs därefter utifrån sina respektive koldioxidutsläpp från råvarukällor till färdiga dammaterial eller produkter. Målet är således att på ett överskådligt sätt påvisa de olika materialens klimatpåverkan. Resultatet visar att de dammdukar som baseras på olja och gummi påverkar miljön mindre i form av koldioxidutsläpp, vilket beror på att det krävs mindre material för att anlägga en trädgårdsdamm med dessa material jämfört med bentonitlera och betong. Detta kan dock i viss mån vägas upp av de respektive materialens hållbarhet på längre sikt.

Domestic road transport is currently responsible for a third of Sweden's total greenhouse emissions. At the same time, freight transport is not being used efficiently. Full load carriers enable reduced environmental impact, reduced costs and the release of vehicles on the roads. In order to achieve sustainable supply chains, cooperation between actors is important. In the light of this, this study aims to analyze the restructuring of the logistics flow between three actors and what environmental and economic savings can be achieved. Furthermore the collaboration between the parties has been analyzed. To answer the purpose of the study, the authors conducted semi-structured interviews and collected quantitative data that formed the basis for calculating cost and environmental savings. Conclusions drawn are that the restructuring generates environmental savings of 3 724 kilograms of carbon dioxide emissions and cost savings of SEK 46,000 per month. Finally, it is concluded that restructuring of the logistics flow requires increased accuracy in orders and forecasts as all actors will be drawn closer together and given the opportunity to streamline the joint logistics flow through better communication and geographical proximity. / Inrikes vägtransporter står idag för en tredjedel av Sveriges totala utsläpp av växthusgaser, samtidigt som godstransporter i nuläget inte används effektivt. Fulla lastbärare möjliggör minskad miljöpåverkan, minskade kostnader och minskat antal fordon på vägarna. För att uppnå hållbara logistikflöden är samverkan mellan aktörer en central del. Mot bakgrund till detta syftar denna studie till att analysera en omstrukturering av logistikflödet mellan tre aktörer och vilka miljömässiga och ekonomiska besparingar som kan uppnås. Vidare har även samarbetet mellan aktörerna analyserats. För att besvara studiens syfte har författarna genomfört semistrukturerade intervjuer samt insamlat kvantitativa data, vilket utgjort underlag för beräkning av kostnads- och miljöbesparingar. Slutsatser som dras är att omstruktureringen genererar miljöbesparingar på 3 724 kilogram i koldioxidutsläpp samt kostnadsbesparingar på 46 000 kronor per månad. Slutligen konstateras att en omstrukturering av logistikflödet kräver ökad noggrannhet i beställningar och prognoser då samtliga aktörer kommer att dras närmare varandra. Sålunda skulle aktörerna ges möjlighet att effektivisera det gemensamma logistikflödet genom förbättrad kommunikation och geografisk närhet.

Byggbranschen ställs nu inför en stor förändring. EU-kommissionen har bestämt att det ska byggas nära-noll energibyggnader från och med 31 december 2020. Boverket har försökt anpassa reglerna utifrån svenskt byggande och försökt årligen sätta hårdare krav gällande energihushållning. Ett sätt att minska energianvändningen är genom att bygga passivhus. Byggherrar är de som beställer byggnader och bestämmer i hög grad byggkonstruktionen av sina byggnader. Efter hårdare energikrav från myndigheterna behöver byggherrarna reda ut alternativ som kan gynna dem i framtiden både ekonomiskt och miljömässigt. Ekonomin och kostnader, men nu även miljöpåverkan, har stor påverkan för val av byggnad. Passivhus är en byggnad som visat sig ha lägre livscykelkostnader och lägre energianvändning jämfört med konventionella hus. Det genomfördes en enkätundersökning där målet var att ta reda på vad byggherrarna tänker och gör vid nyproduktion, andelen producerade typer av byggnader och organisationernas preferenser gällande nyproducerade byggnader. I enkätundersökningen har det ingått byggherrar som arbetade i kommunala lokalförvaltningar, allmännyttiga bostadsbolag, privata, regionala och statliga fastighetsbolag. Majoriteten av respondenterna för de olika byggherrarna anser att sina organisationer föredrar en högre produktionskostnad som medför lägre driftkostnader. De byggherrar som inte bygger passivhus (80 %) förklarar att det är bland annat på grund av höga nybyggnadskostnader, ny och ovan teknik och höga krav på byggnaden. Men en stor del av dessa organisationer kan tänka sig bygga passivhus i framtiden. Passivhus är dyrare att uppföra men har lägre driftkostnader och har i en stor majoritet av fall lägre livscykelkostnader. Genom lägre energianvändning och certifierat passivhus, är konceptet även bättre miljömässigt än för konventionella hus. Byggherrarna väljer dock att mest uppföra konventionella hus. Det används livscykelanalys i hög grad, som beräknar en byggnads totala miljöpåverkan. Verktyget leder dock mer till att alternativet ”typ av miljöcertifierad byggnad” väljs före passivhus. Svaren på enkätfrågorna skulle gynna nyproduktion av passivhus då de flesta byggherrarna har en hög prioritering av både miljöpåverkan och livscykelkostnader. Passivhus är dock minst lika komplicerad och omfattande att bygga än konventionella hus och de flesta byggherreorganisationerna ger en rad olika orsaker till att de inte bygger passivhus. Beställare av färdiga passivhusprojekt har dock haft positiva kommentarer om sina passivhus. / The construction industry is now facing a major change. The European commission has decided that near-zero buildings will be built from 31 December 2020 onwards. Boverket has tried to adapt the rules based on Swedish construction and has annually tried to set stricter requirements regarding energy management. One way to reduce energy use is by building passive houses. Building customers are those who order buildings and largely determine the construction design of their buildings. Following stricter requirements from the authorities, building customers need to sort out alternatives that can benefit them in the future, both economically and environmentally. The economy and costs, but now also the environmental impact, have a major impact on the choice of building. A survey was conducted where the purpose was to find out what the building customers think and do in construction of new buildings, the proportion of types of buildings produced and the organizations preferences regarding new buildings. The survey included building-customers that worked in municipal local administrations, public housing companies, private- and state real estate companies and in the region. Most of the respondents for the various building customers believe that their organization prefer a higher production cost which entails lower operating costs. The building customers who do not build passive houses (80%) explain that this is partly due to high production costs, new technology and high demands on the building. But a large amount of these organizations can imagine building passive houses in the future. Passive houses are more expensive to build but have lower operating costs and in a large majority of cases also lower life cycle costs. Through lower energy consumption and certified passive houses, the concept is also better environmentally than for conventional houses. Life cycle analysis is used to a great extent, which calculates a building’s total environmental impact. However, the tool leads more to the option “type of environmentally certified building” being chosen before passive houses. Building customers’ answers to the questions do not show up in the buildings that are erected. The answer alternatives seem to favor new construction of passive houses. However, passive houses are at least as complicated and extensive to build as conventional buildings and most of the building customers organizations give several different reasons of why passive houses are not built. Clients of completed passive house projects have, however, had positive comments about their passive houses.

For a long time, frames have been built with traditional materials such as concrete and wood but there are newer, less tested alternatives. Posi-Joist is a new kind of hybrid beam which means that it consists of different materials that work together to form a stronger frame. Posi is a collective name for the different parts of the beam. Because Posi-Joist is a new beam, it hasn’t been tested as much as the more traditional materials. The purpose of this report is to investigate if Posi-Joist is an acceptable frame to use on larger constructions since it hasn't been investigated before. In order to investigate this, a hybrid frame consisting of Posi-Joist beams will be compared to a concrete and a wooden frame. When choosing a material there are different parameters that matter. The different materials will demand different spans, have different environmental impact, and have different costs. To investigate which frame is the optimal choice, different software will be used. Autodesk Revit will primarily be used to draw the frames’ different designs. Frame Analysis and FEM-Design will be used to perform calculations on the strength of the frames. One Click LCA will be used to obtain LCC and LCA. The wooden frame was the most expensive since the concrete frame’s price was just 40 % of the wooden frame's total cost. The hybrid frame’s price was 52,4 % of the wooden frame’s price and was therefore more expensive than the concrete frame but cheaper than the wooden frame. The wooden frame had less environmental impact since it emits 11,2 % of the concrete frame’s emissions. The hybrid frame emits 90 % of the concrete’s total emissions. The hybrid frame can manage the largest spans. The conclusion is that the concrete frame is the best option when it comes to design and price but has the most environmental impact. The wooden frame had the least environmental impact but could not manage compatible spans. The hybrid frame could manage the largest spans but was neither the worst nor the best in any of the other categories.

Syftet Syftet med denna studie är att ge en ökad förståelse försvenska ekoturismföretagens hantering av transportfrågor.Studien syftar vidare till att identifiera förändringsmönstergällande transport till och inom ekoturismdestinationer.  Frågeställningar ➢ På vilka sätt arbetar ekoturismföretag för att främja hållbartransport till och inom destinationerna? ➢ Vilka förändringar har skett inom ekoturismföretagenstransportplanering de senaste åren? Metod För att uppnå syftet och svara på frågeställningarna har vi valt attgenomföra empiriinsamlingen med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod. Detkvalitativa materialet utgörs av sex semistrukturerade intervjuer medsvenska ekoturismföretag.  Slutsatser Studiens resultat har visat att svenska ekoturismföretag intearrangerar transport för turisterna till destinationer, om detta inteefterfrågas. Turisterna uppmuntras att alltid välja de mestmiljövänliga transportalternativen till och inom destinationer. Lokalaaktörer är engagerade i arrangerandet av transport inomdestinationerna och efterfrågan på hållbara transporter har ökat.Svenska ekoturismdestinationers lokalisering orsakar attkollektivtrafiken har otillräckligt många åkturer till dessadestinationer, därtill blir kollektivtrafiken ett olämpligttransportalternativ för turisterna.

The building construction business in Sweden stands for approximately a third of greenhouse gas emissions nationally. Great focus on environmental work and a good attitude towards a climate-smart construction process have today evolved to a genuine discussion about the way that fits in to secure future generations. Wood construction, an old but continuous method are today under a growth process to cater for the need of housing. Wood construction on a high level however has its difficulties environmentally and economically, where high wood construction buildings have possibly been seen as unnecessary especially in higher apartment buildings. But with time and development forward has it been found that concrete has a high carbon dioxide emission value when producing apartment buildings and the thought of using wood instead has been increasing in the business.  The municipality of Eskilstuna is planning a new residential area in Norra Årby, where three apartment buildings is planning on being built on a deserted parking lot. The designers of these three apartment buildings are examining the possibility to use wood as a main construction material instead of concrete. As a mission of Kommunfastigheter i Eskilstuna AB explores this study this possibility using LCA and LCC over a period of 50 years on one of these buildings that can be later used for future projects. Out of documents on the designers thought of construction has LCA och LCC been produced in the shape of global warming potential per square meter living space and price per square meter living space. The results of LCA and LCC showed that it is cheaper building the apartment building in wood in comparison to concrete, and that the global warming potential was significantly smaller even though the building is designed to be 9 levels. Wood can therefore be used as a substitute for concrete even though the building is high. To secure the results a sensitivity analysis was produced to see of changing the parameters of the study had an impact on the results. This showed that the most significantly economical parameter was the discount rate of the projects.