Macrobrachium australiense is a common freshwater prawn found throughout most of eastern and inland Australia. Debate has been ongoing on the systematics of this species due to high morphological variation: past studies have relied on external morphology assessments to describe genetic relationships between populations. An individual's morphological phenotype results however, from an interplay of genetic factors, environmental, and interactions between genes and the environment. The current study examined the strength of genetic constraint on morphological traits in this species. Examination of over 1000 M. australiense museum specimens collected from across the species' extensive natural range, documented high phenotypic variation with no regional pattern of variation. Within regions, 88% of variation in morphological traits in mature males and juveniles was present between local rivers. Therefore, morphological variation is not structured at the regional level. If there is a strong genetic base to morphological variation then populations in a single river system must be evolving essentially in isolation. More intensive sampling within a single river system demonstrated high morphological variation in 600 M. australiense individuals from 18 populations within a geographically connected system. Populations separated by as little as 1km showed significant morphological differences in 50% of mature male traits. If morphological variation is primarily genetically based, then populations within a river system were evolving independently at a very fine spatial scale. This hypothesis was tested by breeding morphologically divergent populations of M. australiense in a controlled environment to isolate genetic influences on morphological variation. Low heritability for morphological traits in five divergent populations raised under identical environments established that there is no strict genetic control on morphological variation in these M. australiense populations. Morphologically homogenous offspring resulted from wild parents that had exhibited significant differences at 73% of traits examined. Therefore, the fundamental assumption that morphological variation in M. australiense is dictated by strict genetic control is not supported in these representative populations. Moreover, significant variation in 41% of morphological traits was produced by raising a single population at different environmental temperatures (28oC and 22 oC). A single homogenous stock of M. australiense should not produce morphologically divergent offspring if genetic factors are the major influence of phenotypic expression. Crossing of pure line divergent stocks resulted in hybrid offspring with significant differences in 50% of female morphological traits, whereas male offspring varied for only 31% of morphological traits. This result suggests that female morphological expression is affected more strongly by genetic factors than male offspring in this trial. The growth and maturation of external morphological traits during development in M. australiense is under limited genetic constraint, especially in the later phases of growth. Only 17% of traits varied between juvenile stocks in the last three months of development when individuals were exposed to identical environmental conditions. Maturation size was homogenous, except for females in the absence of maturing males in divergent stocks exposed to identical environmental conditions. Females were much larger in size and shape of morphological traits in the absence of mature males in the population. Thus environmental factors strongly influence phenotypic expression of external morphology in M. australiense. Past problems with the taxonomy of this species are therefore understandable as many important traits used in systematics appear to be under limited genetic control. Past evolutionary studies based on morphological diversity in this species therefore may be unreliable as the traits used to identify divergent forms may not provide a true reflection of genetic divergence.

One of the principles regarding our knowledge about life on earth is that no organism can be fully understood without taking into account its surrounding environment. This study examines the extent to which ecosystem-focused field studies may be associated with students' academic performance and potential to contribute to the advancement of science and conservation. Pilot studies conducted in Panama and California established methods used in this project from 1993-2003. Two hundred and sixty-seven students conducted field studies in either Kenya or Costa Rica. Students worked in cognitive apprenticeships, in which research staff trained each student to conduct field research. At the conclusion of their fieldwork, the research staff assessed the students written field reports. The students' reports were then sorted according to the extent to which their studies were ecosystem-focused. Data analysis through nonparametric, Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests revealed no significant difference in academic performance on field study reports, in regards to whether the studies were narrow in scope (species-specific) or broad (ecosystem-focused). Marginal significance was revealed between ecosystem-focused studies and the potential for students' fieldwork to contribute to the advancement of science and conservation. Also addressed in the data were injuries, disease, and potential hazards, which were influenced by prudent and decisive leadership. Successful field studies require consideration of the content, context, and design of the intended field projects. Many of the solutions to environmental problems on the planet will come from the working hands of teachers and students that conduct explorations in the field. / Life Sciences in Education / D. Phil. (Mathematics, Science and Technology Education)

Usability studies are conducted as a part of the usability engineering process, ensuring the usability of a developing product. Such usability studies can be conducted in a usability laboratory, or at the anticipated context of use. At the School of Computing & Informatics Technology (CIT) at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda, plans for usability facilities are being evolved.This study maps what facilities are beneficial for CIT at Makerere University to adapt in order to fulfil the potential stakeholders’ needs, as well as enabling the stakeholders to conduct wanted usability studies. Furthermore, the study presents various usability engineering methods, to be compared with the needs of the stakeholders.26 potential stakeholders of the usability facilities answered two different surveys. The result shows that the stakeholders’ conceptions about usability studies in some cases are misconceptions, why educational activities about usability and usability studies should be planned alongside the development of the facilities. Further the study shows that the facilities must support usability studies conducted in field as well as studies conducted in a controlled laboratory environment. Moreover, the facilities need to provide facilities for testing mobile services, web applications, user interfaces, and provide for stress and load testing.

This study was carried out during the spring of 2013 in Cape Town, South Africa with a Minor Field Study (MFS) scholarship funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). South Africa is a country with a complex society due to the still recent history of Apartheid. South Africa faces great challenges with the gap between rich and poor, high unemployment and deep expertise gaps between the white minority and the historically disadvantaged coloureds and black majority. As a result the contemporary situation is extensive segregation and difficulties for the multicultural population to conduct a common cultural identity. The aim of this study was to find out how four South African issues of international fashion magazines deals with the representation of black, white and coloured people. Furthermore, to find out how South African women from socially diverse areas experience and perceive this representation. Quantitative content analysis, connotative and denotative picture analysis and the conduction of interviews was made in order to reach a result. Consequently, it turned out that the investigated magazines do not present a fair and equal representation of the South African society, hence highly over representing the white minority in each magazine. Additionally, South African women do not describe the fashion magazines as presenting an equal representation of race, neither that a reality based ideal is being conveyed.

Η παρούσα διατριβή πραγματεύεται το πρόβλημα της αποτελεσματικής αξιολόγησης ευχρηστίας φορητών εφαρμογών. Με τον όρο “φορητές εφαρμογές” περιγράφονται οι ηλεκτρονικές υπηρεσίες που είναι σχεδιασμένες να παρέχονται μέσω φορητών συσκευών και έχουν ως στόχο να βοηθήσουν τον άνθρωπο στις καθημερινές του προσωπικές ή επαγγελματικές δραστηριότητες. Η αλληλεπίδραση ενός χρήστη με μία τέτοια ηλεκτρονική υπηρεσία είναι μια διαδικασία πολύπλοκη που δεν υποστηρίζεται από μία μεμονωμένη εφαρμογή και δεν περιορίζεται πλέον στα στενά όρια ενός γραφείου. Αντίθετα, επιτυγχάνεται με διαμεσολάβηση σύγχρονων και συχνά πολυχρηστικών υπολογιστικών μονάδων (φορητές συσκευές, υπολογιστές) και επιμέρους συσκευών και λαμβάνει χώρα σε διάφορα φυσικά περιβάλλοντα. Σε πολλές περιπτώσεις εμπλέκει περισσότερους από έναν χρήστες οι οποίοι μπορεί να συνεργάζονται είτε εκ του σύνεγγυς είτε εξ αποστάσεως προκειμένου να εκτελέσουν μια εργασία. Η μελέτη αυτής της αλληλεπίδρασης μπορεί να δώσει πολύτιμα συμπεράσματα τόσο για την ευκολία χρήσης των σύγχρονων υπολογιστικών συστημάτων όσο και για τη χρησιμότητά τους και αποτελεί μια σημαντική ερευνητική πρόκληση του επιστημονικού πεδίου Αλληλεπίδρασης Ανθρώπου Υπολογιστή και ιδιαίτερα της Τεχνολογίας Ευχρηστίας. Οι κλασσικές μέθοδοι ευχρηστίας καλούνται να αντιμετωπίσουν την πρόκληση της επιτυχούς αξιολόγησης των φορητών εφαρμογών, δηλαδή της αποτίμησης των χαρακτηριστικών ποιότητάς τους που επηρεάζουν την εμπειρία χρήσης τους. Τόσο τα χαρακτηριστικά των χρησιμοποιούμενων συσκευών όσο και το περιβάλλον χρήσης των εφαρμογών αυτών, τις διαφοροποιούν κατά πολύ από τις εφαρμογές επιτραπέζιου υπολογιστή. Καθώς η διείσδυσή τους στις καθημερινές δραστηριότητες του ανθρώπου είναι ολοένα και αυξανόμενη, η ανάγκη για μεθοδολογίες και εργαλεία που μπορούν να βοηθήσουν την αξιολόγηση της χρήσης τους κρίνεται επιτακτική. Στην παρούσα εργασία καταρχήν περιγράφονται οι κλασσικές μέθοδοι αξιολόγησης υπολογιστικών συστημάτων και στη συνέχεια αξιολογούνται ως προς την επάρκεια των δεδομένων που μπορούν να συλλέξουν και την πληρότητα των αποτελεσμάτων που μπορούν να δώσουν στην περίπτωση χρήσης τους για αξιολόγηση ευχρηστίας φορητών εφαρμογών. Παράλληλα γίνεται επισκόπηση της βιβλιογραφίας που Περίληψη 12 Διδακτορική διατριβή αφορά την αξιολόγηση ευχρηστίας των φορητών εφαρμογών και εξετάζονται τα κυριότερα ζητήματα της μεθόδου αξιολόγησης, περιλαμβάνοντας μεταξύ άλλων την επιλογή του χώρου αξιολόγησης και τα δεδομένα που πρέπει να συλλεγούν και αναλυθούν. Στη συνέχεια προτείνεται η μεθοδολογία αξιολόγησης ευχρηστίας φορητών εφαρμογών MOBELIC (MOBile Evaluation Life Cycle methodology). Η MOBELIC υποστηρίζει την αξιολόγηση ευχρηστίας μιας φορητής εφαρμογής σε όλο τον κύκλο ανάπτυξής της. Αποτελεί συνδυασμό από υπάρχουσες μεθόδους αξιολόγησης λαμβάνοντας όμως υπόψη τη φάση ανάπτυξης στην οποία βρίσκεται η υπό αξιολόγηση φορητή εφαρμογή, την ποιότητα των αποτελεσμάτων που προκύπτουν από κάθε μέθοδο, το χρόνο και τους πόρους που απαιτούνται για τη διεξαγωγή καθεμιάς από αυτές, καθώς και το χρόνο για την ανάλυση των δεδομένων τους και την εξαγωγή πολύτιμων συμπερασμάτων. Η συνεισφορά της μεθοδολογίας MOBELIC έγκειται στο γεγονός ότι βελτιστοποιεί τη διαδικασία αξιολόγησης μιας φορητής εφαρμογής υποστηρίζοντάς την από τις αρχικές φάσεις ανάπτυξης μέχρι τα τελευταία στάδια ολοκλήρωσής της. Προκειμένου να υποστηριχθεί η μεθοδολογία ΜOBELIC, σχεδιάστηκε και αναπτύχθηκε το εργαλείο ActivityLens. Αποτελεί ένα εργαλείο παρατήρησης και ανάλυσης των δεδομένων που συλλέγονται κατά τη διάρκεια μελετών της αλληλεπίδρασης χρηστών με φορητές εφαρμογές. Το εργαλείο παρέχει τη δυνατότητα παρακολούθησης των διακριτών φάσεων ανάπτυξης μιας φορητής εφαρμογής και επιτρέπει τη σύγκριση των προβλημάτων ευχρηστίας που παρατηρούνται σε αυτές, χρησιμοποιώντας κοινό σχήμα κωδικοποίησης των προβλημάτων. Παράλληλα, ενσωματώνοντας κατάλληλα σχεδιασμένες λειτουργίες, βοηθάει τον αναλυτή να απομονώσει συγκεκριμένους τύπους δράσεων που υποδεικνύουν πρόβλημα στη χρήση των εξεταζόμενων εφαρμογών. Τέλος στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διατριβής, εξετάζεται η εφαρμοσιμότητα της προτεινόμενης μεθοδολογίας καθώς και η αποτελεσματικότητα του εργαλείου ανάλυσης, μέσα από μία μελέτη περίπτωσης που περιλαμβάνει τη διενέργεια 3 διακριτών πειραμάτων. Η αξιολόγηση αφορά μία συνεργατική εκπαιδευτική φορητή εφαρμογή προορισμένη να πληροφορεί μαθητές για τα εκθέματα ενός Μουσείου. / This thesis deals with the problem of effective usability evaluation of mobile applications. The term “mobile applications” describes the electronic services that are designed to operate under mobile devices in order to meet the everyday needs of people. There are special characteristics of mobile applications, compared to established desktop applications. Thus, the dynamic context of use and the small size of mediating mobile devices differentiate their use and increase the complexity of their usability evaluation. There are various established methods that have been extensively used in traditional human-computer interaction research in order to evaluate the use of desktop applications. This thesis, firstly examines the suitability of such methods in usability evaluation of mobile applications. The survey indicated that all these methods can be effective. However their application produces different types of data and requires different amount and kind of resources. In the frame of this thesis, MOBELIC, a new methodology for the usability evaluation of mobile applications, is proposed. The goal of MOBELIC is the optimization of evaluation process due to the short life-cycle of mobile applications. It is an effective combination of selected established methods supporting the redesign of a mobile application during its development life-cycle. The main characteristic of this methodology is that it proposes the iterative application of each evaluation method, depending on certain factors, such as the mobile application implementation phase, the quality of the expected method results and the required resources. Subsequently, the design and the implementation of a usability evaluation tool, the ActivityLens, that support the proposed methodology, are described in this thesis. ActivityLens integrates and synchronizes multiple heterogeneous data that describe the interaction of real users with mobile applications. Furthermore, the tool incorporates especially designed mechanisms for annotation and analysis of collected data in order to facilitate usability experts to extract meaningful information. The applicability of the proposed methodology and the effectiveness of the ActivityLens are examined through an extended case study in which the usability of an educational mobile application is evaluated. The case study consists of three discrete experiments including the use of different evaluation methods according to the proposed methodology.

The aim of this thesis is to examine to what extent the Convention on the Rights of the Child may be regarded as an effective instrument for a state’s aim to abolish child trafficking. An underlying aim is to examine what factors make a convention effective in general. The study is conducted through a doctrinal method with a legal sociological perspective, examining the normative aspects of law. In this sense, Ghana’s implementation of Article 35 of the CRC is evaluated, in order to reach the objective of the study. Thus, the Ghanaian legal system constitutes the base upon which the analysis is made. Hereby, the effectiveness of the CRC is measured by the extent to which the commitments made by Ghana, have led to the adoption of concrete measures to improve the rights of children as it pertains to child trafficking, since the ratification of the CRC. An underlying aim is to discover what factors may affect the effectiveness of a convention, such as inadequate legal framework, its application of it or other cultural factors.  In order to measure the effectiveness of the CRC, a normative model is applied, explaining both the notions of compliance versus effectiveness. Herein, it is clarified that: in order to measure the effectiveness of a convention in this matter, one first needs to examine if the national legal framework complies to the convention in question. Thus, in the first part, it is concluded that Ghana has successfully incorporated the CRC in its legal framework. In the second part, it is shown how, despite of the effective incorporation of the CRC, there remains a gap between what is prescribed by law and the manifestation in practice.                                                     Different factors have been concluded to influence the effectiveness of the Convention. In order for a state to implement measures to deal with an issue, there must be a clear standard set out in the convention in the first place. In this regard, it has been noted that the lack of clarity and ambiguity of the wording in Article 35 of the CRC may have affected the effectiveness of the convention. Moreover, it is noted that the nature of the issue: the phenomenon of child trafficking, in itself, is a complex issue with certain elements that makes it more challenging to regulate than “normal” human rights violations. Not least, it is proven how the socio-cultural norms of Ghana have a noticeable effect on the implementation of the Convention. At last, it is demonstrated how the process of norm-internalization in a state may affect the effectiveness of a Convention: it has been shown how Ghana’s policy-making system has not been effective in practice. Nevertheless, the conclusion remains: the effectiveness of a convention depends on the function it serves in the first place. As for the case of the CRC, it remains an effectivetool to abolish child trafficking as long as the States Parties take united responsibility to make it so. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning barnkonventionen (CRC) kan utgöra ett effektivt instrument för en stats ändamål att avskaffa barnhandel. Ett bakomliggande syfte med studien är att utreda vilka faktorer som gör en konvention effektiv generellt sett. Studien baseras på en rättsdogmatisk metod i ljuset av ett rättsociologiskt perspektiv där de normativa aspekterna av lagen undersöks. I detta avseende utvärderas Ghanas implementering av artikel 35 i CRC för att uppnå syftet med studien. Således vilar den rättsliga analysen på det ghananska rättssystemet som grund. I sammanhanget granskas barnkonventionens effektivitet med avstamp i hur de åtaganden som gjorts av Ghana har lett till vidtagande av konkreta åtgärder för att förbättra barns situation vad gäller barnhandel. En normativ modell tillämpas för att förstå vad begreppen effektivitetoch efterlevnadinnebär i sammanhanget. Här klargörs att, för att mäta effektiviteten av en konvention, måste det först undersökas huruvida det nationella regelverket uppfyller de reglerade skyldigheterna i den ifrågavarande konventionen. I den första delen dras slutsatsen att Ghana har införlivat barnkonventionen på ett tillfredsställande sätt.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                I den andra delen redovisas det hur det kvarstår en diskrepans mellan vad som föreskrivs i lag och hur lagen manifesteras i praktiken, trots det effektiva införlivandet av barnkonventionen. Det påvisas hur olika faktorer påverkar en konventions effektivitet. I detta avseende noteras det att (bristen på) tydlighet och klarhet i ordalydelsen av artikel 35, kan påverka konventionens effektivitet. För att en stat ens ska kunna genomföra åtgärder för att hantera en viss fråga måste det finnas en tydlig standard i konventionen i första hand. Vidare noteras det att problemets natur: fenomenet barnhandel i sig, är en komplex fråga med vissa element som gör det mer utmanande att reglera fenomenet än ”normala” kränkningar av mänskliga rättigheter. Inte minst anmärks det hur de sociokulturella normerna i Ghana har en märkbar effekt på tillämpningen av barnkonventionen.                                                                                                       Slutligen redogörs det för hur olika norminternaliserande faktorer i en stat kan påverka effektiviteten av en konvention: det redovisas hur Ghana brister i författandet av effektiva ”policies” för att åtgärda problematiken. Slutsatsen påvisar hur effektiviteten av en konvention beror på den funktion som konventionen har i första hand. Vad gäller barnkonventionen, utgör den ett effektivt verktyg i kampen mot barnhandel, så länge som medlemsstaterna faktiskt tar enat ansvar i att säkerställa dess effektivitet. / Minor Fields Studies, SIDA

This case study is conducted through ten weeks of field studies in South-Eastern Uganda. Both authors have received funding from Minor Field Study scholarships. These scholarships were provided by Sida, Sweden's government agency for development cooperation. This entails that the authors are contract bound to comply with the terms and regulations established by Sida and Jönköping University as well as write and submit a report to the Swedish Council of Higher Education upon return to Sweden.  Without the substantial contributions from the local community in Kamuzinda and neighbouring villages, this thesis would not have been completed. First and foremost, profound gratitude is expressed to the many people who contributed to making this study a reality, be it big or small. This includes our supervisor Åsa Westermark, who has been of great help and guidance throughout the entire research process. Secondly, we want to thank Uganda Child Care Sweden for a productive collaboration, with special recognition to Ponsiano Nyombi and Rebecca Nanyanzi for their welcoming hearts and support throughout our entire stay in Uganda. Lastly, we are forever grateful to the people who brought us into their homes and were willing to share their life stories with us. It is your participation and kindness that made this thesis possible.

Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002) war ein französischer Ethnologe und Soziologe, der von 1981 bis 2001 einen Lehrstuhl für Soziologie am Collège de France innehatte. Sein zentrales Erkenntnisinteresse richtete Bourdieu auf die Beständigkeit der sozialen Verhältnisse, deren zentralen Mechanismus er im Phänomen der symbolischen Gewalt fand. Bourdieu beschreibt dabei, wie in der sozialen Praxis über Akte des Klassifizierens Herrschafts- und Machtverhältnisse konstituiert und perpetuiert werden. Als Beispiel schlechthin für die symbolische Gewalt benennt Bourdieu die „Männliche Herrschaft“. Die Rezeption dieses Konzepts ist in der deutschsprachigen Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung bis heute jedoch eher zurückhaltend.

Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002) war ein französischer Ethnologe und Soziologe, der von 1981 bis 2001 einen Lehrstuhl für Soziologie am Collège de France innehatte. Sein zentrales Erkenntnisinteresse richtete Bourdieu auf die Beständigkeit der sozialen Verhältnisse, deren zentralen Mechanismus er im Phänomen der symbolischen Gewalt fand. Bourdieu beschreibt dabei, wie in der sozialen Praxis über Akte des Klassifizierens Herrschafts- und Machtverhältnisse konstituiert und perpetuiert werden. Als Beispiel schlechthin für die symbolische Gewalt benennt Bourdieu die „Männliche Herrschaft“. Die Rezeption dieses Konzepts ist in der deutschsprachigen Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung bis heute jedoch eher zurückhaltend.

Diese Dissertation über Epistemologie der Geographie befasst sich mit dem Problem, wie sich französische und deutsche Geographen der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts auf das Konzept der Landschaftskunde stützten, sei es um Ihre Forschungsdisziplin zu definieren, sei es bei ihrer praktischen Arbeit als Geographen. Im Rahmen der histoire croisée von Michael Werner versuche ich, die Wissenszirkulation zwischen französischen und deutschen Geographen aufzuzeigen. Zu diesem Zweck verflechte ich die semantischen, terminologischen, bibliographischen, institutionalen und thematischen Analysen zum Thema Landschaft. Ich betone dabei die Spannungsfelder, die Ähnlichkeiten und die Zusammenhängen zwischen Landschaftskunde, Länderkunde und géographie régionale. Der erste Teil stellt zunächst den Kontext der deutsch-franösischen Beziehungen hinsichtlich der Landschaftskunde dar. Dafür untersuche ich die landschaftlichen Begriffe, ihre problematischen Übersetzungen, ihre semantischen Entwicklung und ihre Rezeption durch geographischen Zeitschriften. Im Zentrum des zweiten Teils stehen die Akteure und die verschiedenen möglichen Optionen, die der Landschaftsbegriff in Deutschland und in Frankreich für die Definition der Geographie bietet. Einerseits interessiere ich mich für die akademischen Geographen: Auf deutscher Seite Banse, Gradmann, Krebs, Schlüter, Volz und besonders Passarge, auf der französischen Vidal de la Blache, Vallaux, Maurette, Dion, Clozier und Cholley. Andererseits werden die Menschen, die das Wissen übermitteln, betrachtet und typisiert, als « passeurs » / « Übermittler » (wie die Redakteure der bibliographischen Notizen), als « tiers » / « Dritte » (wie belgische oder amerikanische Geographen, die das französische und deutsche geographische Material weiterverarbeiten) und als « pivot » / « Schlüsselfiguren » (wie Davis, im Spiegel dessen die französischen und deutschen Geographen die Methodologie, Praxis und Definition der Geogaphie erörtern). Der dritte Teil analysiert schließlich, wie geographische Begriffe und Arbeitspraktiken bei wichtigen Zusammentreffen von Geographen thematisiert wurden: der Landschaftsbegriff bei den internationalen geographischen Kongressen und die Feldforschungen in der Geomorphologie bei internationalen Exkursionen. Grundlage der letzteren Analyse ist die Untersuchung von Notizbüchern der Teilnehmer. / Cette thèse en épistémologie de la géographie vise à savoir dans quelle mesure et comment les géographes français et allemands de la première moitié du XXe siècle s’appuient sur la géographie du paysage pour définir leur discipline et/ou pour la pratiquer. En utilisant la méthodologie de l’« histoire croisée » développée par Michael Werner, on examine les modes de circulation des savoirs entre géographes français et allemands, en menant des approches terminologiques, bibliographiques, sémantiques, institutionnelles et thématiques sur un ensemble de lectures croisées concernant la question du paysage et celle de la géographie du paysage. On insiste sur les mises en tension, les similitudes et les articulations entre géographie du paysage et géographie régionale. La partie 1 présente le contexte des relations franco-allemandes concernant la géographie du paysage, d’où l’étude des concepts paysagers, les problèmes de leur traduction et de leur évolution sémantique ainsi que de leur réception dans les revues de géographie. La partie 2 centre l’analyse sur les acteurs et sur les possibles options offertes par le concept de paysage, en Allemagne comme en France, pour définir la géographie. L’accent est mis d’une part sur les géographes académiques : Banse, Gradmann, Krebs, Schlüter, Volz et surtout Passarge, ainsi que Vidal de la Blache, Vallaux, Maurette, Dion, Clozier et Cholley. D’autre part, cette partie est consacrée à des auteurs qui assurent une circulation des savoirs, des filtrages ou une reconfigurations, et que je définis comme des « passeurs », des « tiers » et des « pivots ». Enfin, la partie 3 permet d’aborder deux scènes privilégiées de la rencontre franco-allemande : la section Paysage des Congrès internationaux de géographie et l’analyse paysagère effectuée en géomorphologie, via les excursions internationales et l’étude des carnets de terrain. / In this doctoral thesis of epistemology of geography, I would like to know how French and German geographers in the first half of the XXe century use landscape geography to define and / or to practice geography. In the methodology of histoire croisée developed by Michael Werner, I’m trying to show the knowledge circulation between French and German geographers. In this aim I study the crossing approaches of landscape concept in the semantic, terminological, bibliographical, institutional and thematic fields focusing on the strained relationships, the similarities and links between the landscape geography and the regional geography. The first part deals with the context of the French-German relationships regarding the landscape geography, hence the study of landscape concepts, its translation problem and its semantical evolution as well as its reception in geographical reviews. The second part focuses upon actors and the possible given options in France and Germany through the landscape concept to define geography. The emphasis is put on academic geographers on one hand : Banse, Gradmann, Krebs, Schlüter, Volz and mostly Passarge in Germany, as well as Vidal de la Blache, Vallaux, Maurette, Dion, Clozier and Cholley in France. On the other hand, I emphasize geographers who ensure a knowledge circulation of landscape geography and that I see as « passeurs », « tiers » and « pivots ». At least, the third part analyses two priviledged scenes of the French-German meetings : the landscape session at the International Geographical Congress, and the landscape on the field of geomorphology thanks to international excursions and notebooks. / História cruzada (histoire croisée) entre os geógrafos franceses e alemães na primeira metade do século XX: a geografia da paisagem (Landschaftskunde) em questão. Nesta tese, na epistemologia da geografia, eu quero saber como os geógrafos franceses e alemães da primeira metade do século XX contam como base na geografia da paisagem para definir a geografia e / ou praticá-la. A geografia da paisagem, que tem o objetivo principal do conceito de paisagem, é tanto uma metodologia que uma prática. Usando a estrutura da história cruzada, desenvolvida por Michael Werner, eu tento mostrar a circulação de conhecimentos entre os geógrafos franceses e alemães: por isso cruzo dados da semântica, terminologia, bibliografias, institucional e temática da paisagem . Parte 1 discute o contexto das relações franco-alemãs sobre a geografia da paisagem, por isso estudo os conceitos de paisagem, os problemas de tradução e seu desenvolvimento semântico, bem como a sua recepção através de revistas de geografia. Parte 2 foco a análise sobre os atores e as opções disponíveis na Alemanha como na França, para definir o conceito de paisagem na geografia. A ênfase é colocada sobre aqueles que fornecem a circulação do conhecimento: os « intermédiarios » (« passeurs »), « o terceiro » (« tiers »), « o pivô » (« pivot »). Por fim, a Parte 3 permite abordar duas cenas previlegiadas pelo o encontro franco-alemão : a paisagem ao Congresso Internacional de Geografia e a geomorfologia através excursaos internacionais e estudo dos cadernos de campo. / Histoire Croisée entre géografos Franceses y Alemanes en la primera mitad del siglo XX : la geografìa de dicho paisaje ( Landschaftskunde). Esta tesis en Epistemología de la Geografìa apunta a saber en qué medida y cómo los geógrafos franceses y alemanes de la primera mitad del Siglo XX se apoyan en la geografìa del paisaje para definir su disciplina y/o para practicarla. Utilisando la metodología de la Histoire croisée desarrollada por Michael Wener, se examina los modos de circulación del saber entre los geógrafos franceses y alemanes, valiendose de aproximaciones terminológicas, bibliogràficas, semànticas, institucionales y temàticas sobre un conjunto de lecturas cruzadas concernientes al tema del paisaje y al de la geogafìa del paisaje. Se insiste sobre las tensiones, las similitudes y las articulaciones entre geografìa del paisaje y geografìa regional. La parte 1 presenta el contexto de las relaciones franco-alemanas que conciernen la geografìa del paisaje; de ahí el estudio de los conceptos destinados a producir un efecto de paisaje natural, los problemas de su traducción y de su evolución semàntica, al igual que la recepción en las revistas de geografìa. La parte 2 centra el anàlisis sobre los actores y sobre las posibles opciones ofrecidas por el concepto de paisaje tanto en Alemania como en Francia para definir la geografìa. El énfasis por una parte, està puesto en los geógrafos académicos: Banse, Gradmann, Krebs, Schlüter, Volz y sobre todo, Passarge, al igual que Vidal de la Blache, Vallaux, Maurette, Dion, clozier y Cholley. Por otra parte, el texto està consagrado a los autores, que aseguran una circulación del saber, de las filtraciones y de las reconfiguraciones, y que yo defino como los « passeurs », los « tiers » y los « pivots ». Para terminar, la parte 3 permite abordar dos escenas privilegiadas del encuentro franco-alemàn: la sección, Paisaje de los Congresos Internacionales de geografìa y el anàlisis del espacio cercano efectuado en geomorfologìa, via las excursiones internacionales y el estudio de cuardernos de campo.