The Master's thesis describes and analyses the legislation of the on-site inspections conducted by the Czech Office for the Protection of Competition and the European Commission. The competition authorities may investigate business and other premises in order to find evidence proving the violation of competition rules. The on- site inspection or so called dawn raid is a main investigative and the most effective tool of the competition authorities in proceedings concerning the possible breach of competition law. The main aim of this thesis is to provide a detailed description of the relevant legislation and case law, to highlight any legal issues connected with on-site inspections and offer solutions of these issues, and finally to examine guarantees of the fundamental rights of the undertakings during the inspection. The thesis consists of eight chapters. Chapter One and Two are introductory and describe basic terms connected with the competition law. In Chapter Three the thesis deals with the scope of relevant Czech and EU legislation. Chapter Four is concerned with the guarantees of fundamental rights within on-site inspections. This chapter comprehensively describes and analyses relevant decisional practice of the European Court of Human Rights, Czech and EU courts, in which those courts...

L’entreprise naît en Droit d'un alliage complexe de notions juridiques (le contrat de travail, la personnalité morale, la représentation collective des travailleurs, etc...). L'ordonnancement systématique de celles-ci s'impose pour percevoir la cohérence de l'organisation juridique de celle-là. Des lignes de force se dégagent. Le contrat de travail oppose deux parties aux intérêts antagonistes. Mais la libération de la force de travail du salarié, partie de sa personne, et la pérennisation du lien contractuel les obligent à coopérer. Ce mouvement est renforcé par certains mécanismes étrangers à la nature du contrat de travail. Sont organisés le partage du contrôle de l’entreprise (lequel suppose d’assurer la représentation collective des travailleurs) et celui de ses utilités. Les salariés deviennent alors des quasi-associés. L'organisation juridique de l'entreprise n'est toutefois pas figée par le dogme. Des idéologies concurrentes en façonnent les contours. Certaines s'attachent aux fins. L'entreprise est alternativement mise au service de l'emploi et de l'activité d'entreprendre. D'autres s'intéressent aux moyens. Juristes et économistes prétendent à l'organisation scientifique de l'entreprise. / In Law, the firm is the result of a complex amalgam of legal concepts (employment contract, legal personality, collective representation of workers, etc.). The systematic ordering of these ones is needed to perceive the coherence of the legal organization of that one. Guidelines emerge. Employment contract is the meeting of two parties whose interests are antagonists. But the release of the labor force of the employee, part of his person , and the sustainability of the contract require them to cooperate. This trend is reinforced by some mechanisms non implied by the nature of the employment contract. Are shared the control of the company (which involves the collective representation of workers) and of its benefits. Employees then become nearly considered as the stockholders are. The legal structure of the firm , however, is not fixed by dogma. Competing ideologies are shaping it. Some focus on purposes. The company is alternately used as a means for employment and for the will of the enterpreneur. Others focus on methods. Lawyers and economists try to organize the firm scientifically.

Le droit international de la bioéthique, construction récente affiliée au système des droits de l'homme, s'élabore au carrefour de plusieurs ordres normatifs et sollicite, du point de vue de sa mise en œuvre, l'intervention d'une multitude de systèmes de régulation et de systèmes juridiques. Dans le contexte d'une crise de la régulation et compte tenu de la complexification et de la fragmentation du droit international, cette thèse propose de reconstruire une ontologie unitaire de l'ordre juridique international à partir d'une critique de l'épistémologie positiviste et de la conception de la mécanique normative qu'elle suppose. La bioéthique qui se conçoit comme une discipline de questionnement critique des principes qui fondent l'action humaine, opère tel un révélateur des contradictions normatives qui agissent au cœur de la structure des systèmes et des ordres juridiques. Ainsi, à partir de l'étude des conflits de valeurs, des conflits de normes, des conflits de droits, des conflits de systèmes juridiques et compte tenu de l'analyse des méthodes de neutralisation et de résolution mise en œuvre, au sein des différents systèmes juridiques, pour les traiter, cette thèse démontre la nécessité de concevoir le droit international comme un système dynamique, composé de normes et d'institutions entretenant entre eux des rapports de légitimité et d'effectivité, dont l'évolution générale est caractérisée par la non-linéarité. Dans cette perspective, cette thèse invite à concevoir la constitutionnalisation du droit international comme un processus dialectique impliquant une multitude de systèmes juridiques et institutionnels. / Bioethics in the field of human rights is a recent corpus of the international law. Biolaw instruments' had been elaborated at the crossroads of several normative orders.Their implementation requires the mobilization of a multitude of regulation systems. In the context of a crisis of legal regulation and considering the complexity and fragmentation of international law, this thesis suggests reconstructing a unified ontology of international law based on a critical appreciation of positivist epistemology. Bioethics, conceived as a critical discipline used to question principles which orient and justify human actions, reveals normative contradictions embedded in the structure of legal systems. Based on the study of conflicts between ethical values or between fundamental rights, norms conflict, conflict between legal systems and after having analyzed the methods used by international institutions to neutralize or resolve such contradictions, this thesis demonstrate the necessity to conceive international legal order as a dynamic system composed with heterogeneous norms and institutions linked by legitimacy and effectivity relationships. The evolution of international law can be characterized by non linearity and constitutionalization of international legal order appears as a dialectical process which requires the intervention of multiple international institutions and legal sub-systems.

Le droit international privé est éprouvé par les droits fondamentaux. Les données à partir desquelles la discipline a été pensée ont d’abord évolué. Les droits de l’homme créent une connexion entre les ordres juridiques étatiques et protègent la mobilité internationale des personnes. Si cette évolution ne remet pas en cause l’existence du problème de droit international privé, force est d’admettre que les droits fondamentaux modifient aujourd’hui son analyse. Tandis que les conflits d’ordres juridiques sont transformés en conflit de valeurs, la hiérarchie des intérêts du droit international privé est remplacée par leur mise en balance. Les solutions de droit international privé sont, ainsi, perturbées par l’application contentieuse des droits fondamentaux. La proportionnalité est plus précisément à l’origine de cette perturbation. Technique de réalisation des droits de l’homme, la proportionnalité a une incidence inégale sur la discipline. Si le contrôle de proportionnalité épargne ses méthodes, il bouleverse en revanche ses solutions. Les Cours européennes ont tendance à privilégier la continuité des situations juridiques sur la défense de la cohésion interne. Aussi pressent-elles le droit international privé à libéraliser ses solutions. L’application contentieuse des droits fondamentaux doit, dès lors, être rationalisée pour préserver l’autorité et la prévisibilité des solutions du conflit de lois et de juridictions. C’est en dissociant l’application des droits de l’homme de l’exception d’ordre public international et en corrigeant la mise en œuvre du contrôle de proportionnalité que l’équilibre du droit international privé pourrait, nous semble-t-il, se reconstruire. / Fundamental rights put private international law to the test. First, the context in which private international law operates has evolved. Fundamental rights have created a better, closer, intertwining of the separate state legal orders and have achieved a higher protection for the persons as they experience international mobility. If this evolution does not threaten, as such, the existence of private international law, it must be acknowledged that fundamental rights modify its analysis. Whereas the conflicts between legal orders are transformed into conflicts between values, the hierarchy of interests protected by private international law is replaced by a balancing of these interests. The solutions of private international law are thus disrupted by the enforcement of fundamental rights through litigation. Proportionality is at the source of this disruption. Being a case by case technique of enforcement of fundamental rights, the influence of the proportionality test on private international is uneven. If the proportionality test is found to be overall indifferent to the methods of private international law, its main impact is on the solutions of PIL. The European courts are indeed prone to favour the continuity in the legal situations of the persons, over the defence of the internal cohesion of the state legal orders. As a consequence, private international law is invited to reach liberal solutions. The enforcement of fundamental rights through litigation must hence be clarified so as to maintain a mesure of authority and predictability of the solutions of the rules of conflict of laws, international jurisdiction and recognition of foreign judgements. It is, on the one hand, by methodologically dissociating the enforcement of fundamental rights from the public policy exception and, on the other hand, through an amendment to the proportionality test, that the balance of private international may hopefully be restored.

Les données à caractère personnel sont appréhendées par le droit comme des objets distincts de la personne à laquelle elles se rapportent. Ce statut particulier serait justifié par la transformation résultant du traitement de données. La loi du 6 janvier 1978 suggère pourtant un rattachement en définissant la donnée personnelle comme une « information relative à une personne physique identifiée ou qui peut être identifiée, directement ou indirectement ». Lesdites données sont donc des éléments identifiants, et en cela, par une interdépendance des éléments subjectifs et objectifs, des composantes de l’identité. Elles forment l’identité numérique de la personne, toujours plus sollicitée et collectée. L’hypothèse intuitive de l’identité est contrariée par le droit positif français, au sein duquel la loi Informatique et libertés marque son autonomie par rapport à l’article 9 du Code civil, matrice des droits de la personnalité. Le droit de l’Union européenne isole également, au sein de la Charte des droits fondamentaux, la protection des données à caractère personnel de la protection de la vie privée. Cette autonomisation permet l’accélération de la patrimonialisation des données à caractère personnel, visées comme éléments isolés par une multitude de contrats d’adhésion autorisant le traitement. Le sectionnement du lien entre la personne et ses données n’est toutefois pas inéluctable : la protection de l’autonomie de la personne peut maintenir cette connexion. La Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme, qui intègre la protection des données à celle de la vie privée, affirme le lien entre ces informations personnelles et l’identité. En outre, sa jurisprudence relative à la protection de l’autonomie personnelle peut constituer une réponse à l’objectivation des personnes. Dans le même sens, la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel relative à la liberté personnelle, vecteur du droit au développement de la personnalité et de la protection de l’identité en France, a déjà accueilli favorablement la protection des données à caractère personnel. Une réflexion qui prend l’identité comme point de départ de l’étude d’un droit à la protection des données met en lumière le véritable enjeu de la collecte exponentielle des données à caractère personnel et du profilage qui s’en suit : l’autonomie des personnes, dont la préservation est assurée à travers le concept de personne humaine, sujet des droits fondamentaux. / French law approaches personal data and the person they are related to as separated objects. This special status would be justified by the transformation resulting from the data processing. However, by defining personal data as "information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person, directly or indirectly", the law of 6 January 1978 suggests that they are in fact connected to each other. Therefore, those data are to be understood as identifying elements. Following the interdependence of subjective and objective elements, they are components of identity. They form the person’s digital identity, which is increasingly solicited and gathered. The intuitive assumption of personal data as components of identity is thwarted by French positive law, within which the Data Protection Act marks its autonomy in comparison to Article 9 of the Civil Code – the latter being the matrix of rights related to personality. The same way, protection of personal data is distinguished from protection of privacy in the European Union’s Charter of Fundamental Rights. This increasing autonomy allows the accelerated conversion of personal data into assets. In a multitude of conventions, they are regarded as isolated elements of which processing is allowed. Yet the split between the person and their data could be avoided: protection of the autonomy of the person can ensure a connexion. The European Court of Human Rights considers data protection as part of the right to privacy, hence asserting the existence of a link between personal data and identity of the individual. Moreover, its case law regarding the protection of personal autonomy may constitute an answer to the objectification of individuals. Correlatively, the French Constitutional Court has already taken data protection as a part of personal freedom, the latter being considered in its case law as the embryo of the right to the development of personality and the protection of identity. By taking identity as the starting point of a study examining a right to data protection, it is possible to reveal the stakes of exponential gathering of personal data and ensuing profiling: the autonomy of the individual. Therefore, the latter can be protected by the concept of human person as subject of fundamental rights.

O objetivo desta dissertação é expor as características centrais da teoria do filósofo norte-americano Ronald Dworkin sobre a natureza dos direitos fundamentais ou morais. A referida teoria é aqui compreendida como uma defesa da noção de direitos fundamentais, tal como aparece no sistema constitucional norte-americano, contra os ataques do utilitarismo e do juspositivismo. A concepção dworkiniana dos direitos fundamentais como razões de justiça (ou princípios) que operam como trunfos contra a utilidade geral é contrastada com duas teses adversárias: a concepção utilitarista dos direitos morais de John Stuart Mill e a tese juspositivista das fontes sociais. A famosa querela entre Ronald Dworkin e os juspositivistas é analisada em um enfoque normativo, como uma disputa sobre o conceito de autoridade política: Dworkin compreende os direitos fundamentais como a fonte última da autoridade jurídica, enquanto os positivistas sustentam que uma das funções da autoridade jurídica é precisamente estabelecer quais são os direitos das pessoas. / The purpose of this research is to expound the main characteristics of Ronald Dworkins theory of fundamental (or moral) rights. Dworkins theory is herein considered as a defense of the idea of fundamental rights, as it appears in the United States Constitutional System, against the attacks advanced by the doctrines of utilitarianism and legal positivism. Dworkins conception of fundamental rights as reasons of justice (or principles) that function as trumps against the general utility is contrasted with two defiant theories: John Stuart Mills utilitarian conception of moral rights and the positivist social sources thesis. The well-known debate between Ronald Dworkin and the legal positivists is approached as a normative dispute concerning the concept of political authority: Dworkin regards fundamental rights as the ultimate source of legal authority, whereas legal positivists argue that one of laws main functions is precisely to settle peoples rights.

Dans l’Union européenne, la nécessité de mieux protéger les droits fondamentaux favorise la recherche d’un nouvel équilibre entre équité et efficacité procédurales. La thèse examine les incidences de ce phénomène en droit des aides d’État, qui se caractérise par sa technicité et sa sensibilité politique, puisqu’il confie à la Commission le droit exclusif d’autoriser ou d’interdire les aides que les États membres projettent de verser à certaines entreprises. Bien que celles-ci soient en principe reconnues comme des sujets de droit fondamental, le contrôle des aides d’État fait figure d’exception, puisqu’il n’offre quasi-aucune garantie procédurale lors de la phase administrative, apparaît souvent imprévisible aux entreprises et retient une norme de contrôle juridictionnel largement perfectible, tant en matière de légalité que d’exécution. Ce constat plaide pour une réforme, dont l’étude examine quelques pistes. / In the European Union, the need to better protect fundamental rights calls for research into finding a new balance between procedural fairness and efficiency. The thesis examines the impact of this phenomenon in State aid law which is characterized by its technical nature and its political sensitivity since it confers on the Commission the exclusive right to authorize or prohibit aids that Member States plan to grant to certain companies. Although these businesses are in principle recognized as legal persons in regards to fundamental rights, the State aid control is an exception since it offers almost no procedural guarantees during the administrative phase, often appears unpredictable to companies and maintains a standard of judicial control that could be considerably improved, both in terms of legality and enforcement. This observation argues for a reform that the study examines in the following lines of thought.

The diploma thesis deals with ethical dilemmas, which social worker ordinary experiences during his work at the OSPOD (Service for the Protection of Children's Rights). The aim of the thesis is to present OSPOD, documents which are part of this work and ethical connection with social work. The aim of the research is to identify the most serious ethical dilemmas and the possibilities how to solve them. The qualitative method of research using semistructured interviews is used to realize the aim of the thesis. The research is carried out at the OSPOD in Český Krumlov.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaHemiliaFonseca.pdf: 2656512 bytes, checksum: aebfeefb5fb86e73a1f74707d4d5951d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In view of the importance and meaning placed on work presently when there is unemployment everywhere, the right to work arises again to the world scene grounded on the support and promotion of human dignity. Assuming that the right to work is a universal right of all men, and that its acknowledgement as a fundamental right is conditioned to the guidelines drawn up by every legal system, the study herein searched to show that the right to work in the Brazilian legal system (i) is acknowledged as a fundamental social-economic right , (ii) it adopts the structure of a principle in the constitutional text dated back to 1988, that is, it is shown as an optimization commandment which imposes prima facie rights and duties , and thus it demands that it is carried out according to the phatic and legal possibilities foreseen in each concrete case , based on the theory about rules and principles developed by Robert Alexy; (iii) its analysis can be performed on an individual and collective dimension , which are closely related to the distinct application fields of the fundamental rights, that is, the one that involves the State and its citizens and the one that is centered in the relations among the private ones; (iv) in its individual range , it is shown circumscribed by the work contract and in the collective range it is associated to the objective of full employment, especially the public policies of work and employment; (v) its accomplishment is a needed consequence of the legal system of special protection that the Constitution has granted to these rights , and this can be done through political and legal mechanisms. It was checked , therefore, in the Brazilian scene , that the right to work is not an unrealizable chimera. There are, indeed, different political and legal mechanisms for its accomplishment; will and courage in small doses are required to overcome old paradigms / Ante a importância e o significado que o trabalho humano adquiriu nos tempos atuais de desemprego, o direito ao trabalho figura no cenário mundial como base de sustentação e de promoção da dignidade humana. Partindo do pressuposto de que o direito ao trabalho é um direito universal de todos os homens e que o seu reconhecimento como um direito fundamental está condicionado às diretrizes traçadas por cada ordenamento jurídico, o presente estudo procura demonstrar que o direito ao trabalho no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro (i) é reconhecido como um direito econômico-social fundamental; (ii) assume a estrutura de um princípio no texto constitucional de 1988, ou seja, apresenta-se como um mandamento de otimização que impõe direitos e deveres prima facie, exigindo, assim, a sua realização segundo as possibilidades fáticas e jurídicas previstas em cada caso concreto, nos moldes da teoria sobre regras e princípios desenvolvida por Robert Alexy; (iii) a sua análise pode se dar em uma dimensão individual e em uma dimensão coletiva, que têm correlação direta com os distintos campos de aplicação dos direitos fundamentais, ou seja, aquele que envolve o Estado e seus cidadãos e aquele que se centra nas relações entre os particulares; (iv) em seu âmbito individual aparece circunscrito ao contrato de trabalho e no âmbito coletivo associado ao objetivo do pleno emprego, especialmente às políticas públicas de trabalho e emprego; (v) a sua efetivação é uma conseqüência necessária do regime jurídico de proteção especial que a Constituição concedeu a estes direitos, e esta pode se dar através de mecanismos políticos e jurídicos. Verifica-se, portanto, que no cenário brasileiro o direito a trabalhar não se trata de uma quimera irrealizável. Existem, sim, distintos mecanismos políticos e jurídicos a serem utilizados para a sua efetivação, bastando um pouco de vontade e coragem para ultrapassar velhos paradigmas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Guilherme Lemos Jorge.pdf: 517315 bytes, checksum: 4a4d0a0917509a5848d9dcdc92707c0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-10 / The objective of the following essay is to demonstrate how the constitutional principles of the rights to contest and of legal defense should be applied to the acts within the public prosecution. This kind of process is based in inquiring examination, which requires secrecy. To support the adversary practice here would, therefore, be an incongruent statement. After studying the evolution of the study of legal principles, we traced an epistemological division, to present the value and the reach of the laws constitutionally originated as fundamental rights. Now, appears the conflict between national security, represented by the secret investigation, against the due process of law, guarantied as an individual liberty. As an immediate consequence of the due process of law, we find the right to contest and the right of legal defense, concluding that the State of Law will only achieve its plenitude when all aspects of legitimate defense become effectively guarantied. Intending to penetrate profoundly within the inquisition instrument, centered as object of this essay; we drove through the roads traced by experts in Public Law, in innumerous attempts to define the series of acts and facts bonded in the heart of the Public Administration. The administrative process is a conquest of conceptual revolution, aroused after many debates, mainly when we determined the exact limits between the State functions. The Public District Attorney Office, once born to cohibit arbitrary acts, originated from the concentration of inquisitor and decision making powers in the hands of the sovereign one, now tends to insert itself in this power concentrating position. One of its most powerful instruments, the public prosecution, attributes to each member of the D.A. Office a compound of immense investigatory powers, a fact that per se, is enough to embrace the present theory. The conclusion arrived, giving prestige to modern public process policies and demanding the effectiveness of constitutional principles, lines itself in a parallel position to the world search for the materialization of human rights / O presente trabalho tem por finalidade demonstrar que os princípios constitucionais do contraditório e da ampla defesa devem ser aplicados aos atos que se encadeiam durante o curso do inquérito civil. Buscou-se em toda a dissertação demonstrar a incongruência presente na afirmação de que, por ser inquisitorial o processo, inexistiria espaço para a concretização de diversos aspectos da contrariedade. A partir do estudo da evolução da principiologia, foi traçado um corte epistemológico, para enfim apresentar o valor e o alcance das normas erigidas constitucionalmente como direitos fundamentais. Surge o embate entre a segurança social, representada pela inquisitoriedade pura e, de outro lado, o devido processo legal, assegurador da liberdade individual. Como decorrência imediata do devido processo legal, encontram-se o contraditório e a ampla defesa, pelo que a conclusão será que o Estado de Direito somente atingirá sua plenitude quando se garantir a efetividade plena a todos os aspectos da defesa. A fim de adentrar em definitivo no instrumento inquisitorial objeto do trabalho, serão percorridos os caminhos traçados pelos administrativistas, nas inúmeras tentativas de definir a sucessão de atos e fatos ocorridos no seio da Administração Pública. O processo administrativo é uma conquista da evolução conceitual, após infindáveis debates, sobretudo quando delimitamos o exato limite entre as funções do Estado. A instituição do Ministério Público, nascida para coibir arbitrariedades advindas da concentração de poderes investigatórios e decisórios nas mãos do soberano, acaba por se inserir no espectro das atividades estatais. Um de seus instrumentos mais poderosos, o inquérito civil, atribui a cada membro do parquet, uma gama imensa de poderes investigatórios, fato que, por si só, seria suficiente para embasar a presença da defesa. A conclusão a que se chega, ao prestigiar a moderna processualística administrativa e exigir a efetividade dos princípios constitucionais, alinha-se à busca mundial pela concretização dos direitos humanos