Esta pesquisa insere-se nos estudos de ciências da sustentabilidade, com foco no desenvolvimento territorial sustentável. O objetivo foi identificar a contribuição do capital social, expresso por meio da rede social Colab, para o desenvolvimento territorial sustentável, no contexto dos 14 municípios que compõe o Núcleo Urbano Central da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba. A pesquisa teve como base conceitual a utilização dos três capitais: natural, social e construído. Como procedimentos metodológicos, foram realizados: catalogação dos dados do Colab; categorização conforme modelo analítico e caracterização do capital social. Os resultados apontam para expressiva participação dos usuários do Colab no município de Curitiba. Dos 12.531 seguidores do Colab, 93,77% são de Curitiba, 94% homens, com idade entre 30 e 39 anos. Das 9.338 demandas recebidas pelo Colab, 8.724 foram de fiscalizações, 578 de propostas e 36 de avaliações. Em relação à categoria fiscalização, a maior demanda foi por fiscalização de estacionamento irregular (capital social - normas e valores). Em relação às propostas, a maior demanda foi por fiscalização de trânsito (capital construído - serviços da administração pública). Em relação às avaliações, a maior demanda foi em relação à rodoviária (capital construído - infraestrutura pública e sistemas de transportes). Quanto o somatório dos dados do Colab, o resultado foi a predominância do capital construído (macrocategoria infraestrutura pública e serviços da administração pública). A partir dos resultados foi possível identificar a contribuição do capital social, expresso por meio do Colab, para o DTS da RMC. Essa contribuição ocorre por meio de: a) A própria participação, cidadania e engajamento por meio do Colab; b) Da criação e fortalecimento dos laços sociais; c) Ao apontar mobilidade urbana como principal demanda. Praticamente não apareceram demandas em relação ao capital natural. Do ponto de vista prático, os resultados quantitativos e qualitativos são um alerta para a administração pública, para a necessidade de discutir e implantar políticas públicas que contemplem um sistema de mobilidade urbana sustentável. / This research is part of sustainability science studies, with a target on sustainable territorial development. The objective was to identify the social capital contribution, expressed through the Colab social network, for sustainable territorial development in the context of the 14 municipalities that make up the Central Urban Center of the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba. The research had as a conceptual basis the use of three capitals: natural, social and built. As methodological procedures, the Colab data were cataloged; categorization according to the analytical model and characterization of social capital.The results indicate the significant participation of Colab users in the city of Curitiba.Of the 12,531 Colab followers, 94% are males, between 30 and 39 years old, 93.77% from Curitiba.Of the 9,338 complaints received by Colab, 8,724 were inspections, 578 of proposals and 36 of evaluations. In regard to the inspection category, the greatest demand was due toinspection of irregular parking (social capital - standards and values).In regard to the proposals, the greatest demand was for traffic control (built capital - public administration services).In regard to the evaluations, the greatest demand was in relation to the road (built capital - public infrastructure and transport systems).As for the sum of the Colab data, the result was the predominance of constructed capital (macrocategory of public infrastructure and public administration services).From the results it was possible to identify the contribution of social capital, expressed through Colab, to the DTS of the MRC.This contribution occurs through: a) The participation, citizenship and engagement through Colab; b) The creation and strengthening of social ties; c) Focusing on urban mobility as the main demand. Virtually no demands were made on natural capital.From a practical point of view, the quantitative and qualitative results are an alert for the public administration, for the need to discuss and implement public policies that contemplate a system of sustainable urban mobility.

Esta pesquisa insere-se nos estudos de ciências da sustentabilidade, com foco no desenvolvimento territorial sustentável. O objetivo foi identificar a contribuição do capital social, expresso por meio da rede social Colab, para o desenvolvimento territorial sustentável, no contexto dos 14 municípios que compõe o Núcleo Urbano Central da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba. A pesquisa teve como base conceitual a utilização dos três capitais: natural, social e construído. Como procedimentos metodológicos, foram realizados: catalogação dos dados do Colab; categorização conforme modelo analítico e caracterização do capital social. Os resultados apontam para expressiva participação dos usuários do Colab no município de Curitiba. Dos 12.531 seguidores do Colab, 93,77% são de Curitiba, 94% homens, com idade entre 30 e 39 anos. Das 9.338 demandas recebidas pelo Colab, 8.724 foram de fiscalizações, 578 de propostas e 36 de avaliações. Em relação à categoria fiscalização, a maior demanda foi por fiscalização de estacionamento irregular (capital social - normas e valores). Em relação às propostas, a maior demanda foi por fiscalização de trânsito (capital construído - serviços da administração pública). Em relação às avaliações, a maior demanda foi em relação à rodoviária (capital construído - infraestrutura pública e sistemas de transportes). Quanto o somatório dos dados do Colab, o resultado foi a predominância do capital construído (macrocategoria infraestrutura pública e serviços da administração pública). A partir dos resultados foi possível identificar a contribuição do capital social, expresso por meio do Colab, para o DTS da RMC. Essa contribuição ocorre por meio de: a) A própria participação, cidadania e engajamento por meio do Colab; b) Da criação e fortalecimento dos laços sociais; c) Ao apontar mobilidade urbana como principal demanda. Praticamente não apareceram demandas em relação ao capital natural. Do ponto de vista prático, os resultados quantitativos e qualitativos são um alerta para a administração pública, para a necessidade de discutir e implantar políticas públicas que contemplem um sistema de mobilidade urbana sustentável. / This research is part of sustainability science studies, with a target on sustainable territorial development. The objective was to identify the social capital contribution, expressed through the Colab social network, for sustainable territorial development in the context of the 14 municipalities that make up the Central Urban Center of the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba. The research had as a conceptual basis the use of three capitals: natural, social and built. As methodological procedures, the Colab data were cataloged; categorization according to the analytical model and characterization of social capital.The results indicate the significant participation of Colab users in the city of Curitiba.Of the 12,531 Colab followers, 94% are males, between 30 and 39 years old, 93.77% from Curitiba.Of the 9,338 complaints received by Colab, 8,724 were inspections, 578 of proposals and 36 of evaluations. In regard to the inspection category, the greatest demand was due toinspection of irregular parking (social capital - standards and values).In regard to the proposals, the greatest demand was for traffic control (built capital - public administration services).In regard to the evaluations, the greatest demand was in relation to the road (built capital - public infrastructure and transport systems).As for the sum of the Colab data, the result was the predominance of constructed capital (macrocategory of public infrastructure and public administration services).From the results it was possible to identify the contribution of social capital, expressed through Colab, to the DTS of the MRC.This contribution occurs through: a) The participation, citizenship and engagement through Colab; b) The creation and strengthening of social ties; c) Focusing on urban mobility as the main demand. Virtually no demands were made on natural capital.From a practical point of view, the quantitative and qualitative results are an alert for the public administration, for the need to discuss and implement public policies that contemplate a system of sustainable urban mobility.

This thesis presents the implementation of data fusion techniques for sustainable urban development. Recently, increasingly more geospatial data have been made easily available for no cost. The immeasurable quantities of geospatial data are mainly from four kinds of sources: remote sensing satellites, geographic information systems (GIS) data, citizen science, and sensor web. Among them, satellite images have been mostly used, due to the frequent and repetitive coverage, as well as the data acquisition over a long time period. However, the rather coarse spatial resolution of e.g. 30 m for Landsat 8 multispectral images impairs the application of satellite images in urban areas. Even though image fusion techniques have been used to improve the spatial resolution, the existing image fusion methods are neither suitable for sharpening one band thermal images nor for hyperspectral images with hundreds of bands. Therefore, simplified Ehlers fusion was developed. It adds the spatial information of a high-resolution image into a low-resolution image in the frequency domain through fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filter techniques. The developed algorithm successfully improved the spatial resolution of both one band thermal images as well as hyperspectral images. It can enhance various images, regardless of the number of bands and the spectral coverage, providing more precise measurement and richer information. To investigate the performance of simplified Ehlers fusion in practical use, it was applied for urban heat island (UHI) analysis. This was done by sharpening daytime and nighttime thermal images from Landsat 8, Landsat 7, and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). The developed algorithm effectively improved the spatial details of the original images so that the temperature differences between agricultural, forest, industrial, transportation, and residential areas could be distinguished from each other. Based on that, it was found that in the study city the causes of UHI are mainly anthropogenic heat from industrial areas as well as high temperatures from the road surface and dense urban fabric. Based on this analysis, corresponding mitigation strategies were tailored. Remote sensing images are useful yet not sufficient to retrieve land use related information, despite high spatial resolution. For sustainable urban development research, remote sensing images need to be incorporated with data from other sources. Accordingly, image fusion needs to be extended to broader data fusion. Extraction of urban vacant land was therefore taken as a second application case. Much effort was spent on the definition of vacant land as unclear definitions lead to ineffective data fusion and incorrect site extraction results. Through an intensive study of the current research and the available open data sources, a vacant land typology is proposed. It includes four categories: transportation-associated land, natural sites, unattended areas or remnant parcels, and brownfields. Based on this typology, a two-level data fusion framework was developed. On the feature level, sites are identified. For each type of vacant land, an individual site extraction rule and data fusion procedure is implemented. The overall data fusion involves satellite images, GIS data, citizen science, and social media data. In the end, four types of vacant land features were extracted from the study area. On the decision level, these extracted sites could be conserved or further developed to support sustainable urban development.

Samhället står inför stora utmaningar att begränsa klimatpåverkan till hållbara nivåer både globalt och nationellt. Transportsektorns klimatpåverkan är stor och vägtrafikens utsläpp dominerar. Utmaningarna är stora även för att nå annan ekologisk och social hållbarhet, inte minst vad gäller städer.  Forskningen pekar generellt på att strategier för att begränsa klimatpåverkan kan bidra till social och ekologisk hållbarhet både genom minskad klimatpåverkan och genom åtgärderna i sig. Utsläppen från vägtrafiken kan minskas genom ett transporteffektivt samhälle, energieffektivare fordon och förnybar energi och framförallt genom en kombination av dessa. De frågor som vi ställer oss här är hur olika vägar att nå klimatmålet för transportsektorn påverkar social och ekologisk hållbarhet men också hur genomförbara dessa vägar är?  För att få svar på detta utgår vi från tre olika scenarier som Trafikverket tagit fram och som alla når klimatmålet för vägtrafiken. Dessa scenarier kombinerar de tre sätten att minska utsläppen på olika vis med olika kombinationer av ekonomiska styrmedel.  Scenarierna beskrivs utförligt och hållbarheten i dessa analyseras med stöd av vetenskaplig litteratur, facklitteratur och svenska rapporter från myndigheter inom området.  Scenariernas genomförbarhet är också viktig. Vi undersöker om det går att genomföra scenarierna tekniskt, politiskt samt tids- och resursmässigt. Empirin hämtar vi genom en enkät och intervjuer med några kommuner och regioner i Sverige.  Resultatet pekar på att ett scenario som bygger på att klimatmålet för transportsektorn nås genom elektrifiering och biodrivmedel sannolikt bidrar negativt till såväl social som ekologisk hållbarhet.  Genom att komplettera ett sådant scenario med skatter på drivmedel och körd sträcka, så att trafikarbetet för personbil och lastbil minskar - kan scenariot bidra till ekologisk hållbarhet. Ett sådant scenario bidrar dock inte till social hållbarhet.  För att bidra till både social hållbarhet och ekologisk hållbarhet behöver styrmedel för att minska biltrafiken i större utsträckning riktas mot staden samtidigt som åtgärder genomförs för att effektivisera och förbättra alternativen till personbilsresor och lastbilstransporter.  Sett ur ett längre perspektiv bör även den väg som har möjligheter att hålla sig inom ekologisk och social hållbarhet också vara den väg som är mest genomförbar. Samtidigt kan konstateras att åtminstone delar av samhället inte slagit in på denna väg. Här behövs sannolikt både bättre kunskap och tydligare styrning för att hamna på rätt väg. En hållbar väg till klimatmålet. / Society faces major challenges in limiting emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) to sustainable levels both globally and nationally. The GHG emissions from the transport sector is large and road traffic emissions dominate. The challenges are also considerable for achieving other ecological and social sustainability, not least in terms of cities.  Research generally indicates that strategies for limiting climate change can contribute to social and ecological sustainability both through reduced climate change and through the measures themselves. Emissions from road traffic can be reduced through a transport-efficient society (shift and avoid), more energy-efficient vehicles and renewable energy (biofuels and electricity) and, above all, through a combination of these. Our question is how different paths of achieving the climate objective for the transport sector affect social and ecological sustainability, but also how feasible these paths are?  To get an answer to this, we start from three different scenarios that the Swedish Transport Administration has developed, and which all reach the climate objective for the transport sector. These scenarios combine the three ways to reduce emissions in different ways with different combinations of economic policy instruments.  The scenarios are described in detail and their sustainability is analyzed with the support of scientific literature and Swedish reports from authorities in the subject area.  The feasibility of the scenarios is also important. We investigate the possibility to implement the scenarios technically, politically and in terms of time and resources. Empirical data are obtained through a survey and interviews with some municipalities and regions in Sweden.  The results indicate that a scenario reaching the climate objective through electrification and biofuels is likely to make a negative contribution to both social and ecological sustainability.  Supplementing with taxes on fuel and mileage, so that the mileage for cars and trucks is reduced - can contribute to ecological sustainability. However, such a scenario does not contribute to social sustainability.  In order to contribute to both social sustainability and ecological sustainability, policy instruments to reduce car traffic need to be directed towards the city to a larger extent, at the same time as measures are implemented in the society to improve logistics and to make alternatives to car and truck more attractive.  In a longer perspective, a path that has the potential to stay within ecological and social sustainability should also be the path that is most feasible. At the same time, it can be stated that at least parts of society have not taken this path. Here, both better knowledge and policies are probably needed to get on the right path. A sustainable path to the climate goal.

I stadens förändringsprocess, ständigt präglad av nya ideal, ska många intressen förenas och beaktas vid utformningen av skolgårdar. Med utgångspunkt i naturens betydelse för barns hälsa och utveckling undersöker denna studie två skolgårdar i Malmö utifrån tre perspektiv: skolgårdarnas utformning, högstadieelevers användning av och preferenser på skolgården samt planerarens prioriteringar och tillvägagångssätt vid utformningen av skolgårdsmiljöer. Syftet är, genom förståelse för hur dessa tre perspektiv kan förenas, öka kunskapen kring hur skolgårdarna kan planeras mer socialt och ekologiskt hållbart i den föränderliga staden. Detta undersöks med en mixad metod genom platsobservationer, enkätundersökningar och intervjuer. Empirin påvisar en relativt passiv inställning till skolgården bland eleverna, oberoende av skolgårdens storlek och mängd grönska samt att de överlag prioriterar social interaktion och mobilanvändande på rasterna. Tolkningen av det empiriska materialet utifrån teorin tyder på att det är grönskans kvalitet som påverkar elevernas intresse för att ta del av miljön. Genom intervjuerna framkom det att utformningen av ett grönt ramverk som erbjuder olika rumsligheter kan bidra till en mer jämlik, inkluderande och hållbar skolgårdsmiljö. Den ideala skolgårdsmiljön, som kan anses vara en där naturen företräds, speglar dock inte nödvändigtvis elevernas uppfattning av den ideala skolgården. Elevernas preferenser kan däremot få ta plats inom det hållbara ramverket, genom aktiv gestaltning. / Within the city's transformative process, constantly tinged by new ideals, different interests must be united and considered in the planning and design of school grounds. Based on the importance of nature for children's health and development, this study examines two school grounds in Malmö from three perspectives: the school grounds design and shape, the use and preferences of the students on the school grounds, and the planner´s priorities and proceedings in planning school ground environments. The purpose is, through an understanding of how these three perspectives can unite, to increase knowledge on how school grounds can be planned more socially and ecologically sustainable in the transformative city. This is investigated with a mixed method through site observations, surveys and interviews. The empirical evidence shows a relatively passive relation to the school ground among the students, regardless of the school grounds size and amount of greenery, and generally they prioritize social interaction and mobile phone use during breaks. The interpretation of the empirical material, based on the theory, indicates that it is the quality of the greenery that affects the student’s interest in using the environment. Through the interviews, it emerged that the design of a green framework that offers different spatialities can contribute to a more equal, inclusive and sustainable school ground. The ideal environment of the school ground, which can be considered one that is characterized by natural environments, does not necessarily reflect the student's ideal of it. The students' preferences can however be accommodated within the sustainable framework through continuous design.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att öka kunskapen om vilka förutsättningar som påverkar kommunernas handlingsutrymme att styra mot ökat byggande i trä. Utgångspunkten är att ökat byggande i trä är en viktig hörnsten i Sveriges arbete för att nå klimatmål om minskade koldioxidutsläpp. I fallstudie undersöker jag Växjö och Skellefteå kommun som sedan länge arbetat aktivt med att öka byggande i trä och båda antagit kommunala träbyggandsstrategier. I fallstudie undersöker jag hur såväl kontextuella (projektspecifika och informella förutsättningar) som formella förutsättningar påverkar kommunens handlingsutrymme. Resultatet visar att processer för att identifiera planförutsättningar och överbrygga olika perspektiv är avgörande för att skapa ett kontextuellt handlingsutrymme. Resultatet visar vidare att kontextuella förutsättningar även har potential att till viss del skapa handlingsutrymme utanför det formella handlingsutrymmets ”uppenbara” ramar. / The aim of this study in to increase the knowledge of municipal possibilities and constraints to increase building in wood by examining the municipal planning conditions. Point of departure is that building in wood is a prerequisite to reach the Swedish climate targets of drastically reducing national CO2-emissions. In a case study two municipalities are examined, Växjö and Skellefteå, two municipalities with strategies to increase building in wood and with long experience in doing so. The study explores how contextual planning conditions (project specific and informal conditions) alongside formal planning conditions affects the municipal space of action. The result shows that processes to identify planning conditions and to bridge different perspectives are crucial in order to create a contextual space of action. The result further demonstrates that contextual planning condition withhold the potential to, to a certain degree, create space of action outside the presupposed boundaries of the formal planning system.

Detta examensarbete har sin utgångspunkt ihållbar stadsutveckling och inriktar sigsärskilt på social hållbarhet men även påekonomisk hållbarhet. Arbetet behandlarhuruvida den fysiska strukturen (gator,byggnader, parker, vägar) och markanvändningen(mötesplatser, funktionsblandning,aktivitetsytor) kan verka brottsförebyggandeoch trygghetsskapande och som kontextundersöks delområdet Herrgården iRosengård, Malmö. Med utgångspunkt i deteoretiska principerna; människans skala,befolkade stadsrum, naturlig övervakningoch förvaltning härleds en förståelse försambandet mellan fysisk miljö, brott ochotrygghet. En nulägesbeskrivning och enhållbarhetsanalys av situationen i Herrgårdengörs. Området Herrgården kartläggsoch analyseras utifrån ett observationsschemabaserat på de teoretiska principerna.Analysen av den fysiska strukturenkompletteras med brottsstatistisk, analysav brottskoncentrationers geografiskaplacering tillsammans med input från denfördjupade trygghetsundersökningen. Intevjuermed verksamma i området kompletterarstudien.Hållbarhetsanalysen visar att Herrgårdenär ett utsatt och resurssvagt område samtatt Herrgårdenborna saknar förankring tillsamhället genom sin låga delaktighet. Invånarnai Herrgården känner en låg gradav trivsel, tillit och kollektiv styrka,lägst för stadsdelen.Vidare uppger invånarna i Herrgården attde känner en hög otrygghet och en storandel av invånarna avstår aktiviteter pågrund av otrygghet fastän utsattheten förbrott inte är anmärkningsvärd hög.Analys av den fysiska strukturen och markanvändningenutifrån principerna ur teorigenomgången;människans skala, befolkadestadsrum, naturlig övervakning ochförvaltning visar att det finns mycket attgöra.Analysen av brottsstatistik visar på treutmärkande mikroplatser i delområdet; Rosengårdsskolan,koloniområdet och Rosengårdsherrgård (inrymmer Drömmarnas hus).Hållbarhetsanalysen visar att jämlikhetenoch delaktigheten i Herrgården behöverstärkas. För att öka den upplevda trygghetenoch minska brottsligheten i Herrgårdenkrävs insatser som inbegriper mångaaktörer och en bred samverkan, inte minstpå lokal nivå. Vidare är det nödvändigtmed en lokal förankring till de boende iområdet inte minst barn och unga som utgören stor andel av invånarna. För attförändringar i den fysiska strukturen skaförbli långsiktiga investeringar och intedrabbas av vandalisering och nedskräpningså är det viktigt att befolkningen i områdetkommer till tals och får möjlighetatt lämna synpunkter och förslag tidigt iprocessen.Som en del av examensarbetet upprättas enprojektplan med syfte att stärka främstden sociala men även ekonomiska hållbarhetensom omfattar att ta fram en generiskmodell för ett lokalt brottsförebyggandeoch trygghetsskapande program med inriktningpå fysisk struktur och markanvändning,TRYGG & SÄKER. Projektet syftartill att öka tryggheten och minska tillfällenaför brott men även till att ökajämlikheten och delaktigheten bland de boendeoch verksamma.Sökord/nyckelord: hållbar stadsutveckling,social hållbarhet, brottsförebyggande ochtrygghetsskapande stadsplanering, brott,säkerhet, trygghet, GIS, fysisk planering,geografisk analys, markanvändning, befolkadestadsrum, stadsliv, ögon på gatan,delaktighet, hotspots, mikroplats / This thesis is based on sustainable urbandevelopment and focuses particularlyon social sustainability, but also economicsustainability. The thesis addresseswhether the physical structure (streets,buildings, parks, roads) and land use (venues,function mixing, activity areas) cansupport crime prevention and reduce thefear of crime and the context for thissurvey is Herrgården in Malmö, Sweden. Basedon the theoretical principles; humanscale, populated urban space, natural surveillanceand management an understandingof the relationship between physical environment,crime and fear of crime is derived.A status report and a sustainabilityanalysis of the situation in the Herrgårdenis made. The area Herrgården is mappedand analyzed through an observationschedule based on the theoretical principles.The analysis of the physical structureis complemented by crime statistics,analysis of hotspots` geographic positiontogether with input from the security survey.Interviews with people working in thearea complements the study.The sustainability analysis shows thatHerrgården is a vulnerable and weak resourcearea and the residents lacks anchoringto the community by their low participation.The inhabitants of Herrgårdenfeel a low degree of satisfaction, trust,and collective strength, lowest for thedistrict.Furthermore, residents in Herrgården statethat they feel a high level of fear ofcrime and a high proportion of residentsrefrain activities due to fear of crime,although victimization is not remarkablyhigh.Analysis of the physical structure andland use based on the principles of thetheory; human scale, populated urban spaces,natural surveillance and managementshows that there still is much to do.The analysis of crime statistics shows threedistinctive hot spots in the area;Rosengårdsskolan, area with the allotmentsand the old mansion of Rosengård(today Drömmarnas hus, multiactivities forchildren and young).The sustainability analysis shows thatequality and participation in Herrgårdenneeds to be strengthened. In order to reducethe crime and the fear of crime in Herrgården efforts involving many stakeholdersand a broad collaboration, especiallyat the local level, is needed.Furthermore, it is necessary to have alocal connection to the residents especiallychildren and young people who make upa large proportion of the inhabitants. Tochange the physical structure to remainlong-term investment and not suffer fromvandalism and littering, it is importantthat people in the area have a voice andthe opportunity to make comments and suggestionsearly in the process.As part of the thesis a projectplan is established,aimed at strengthening primarilysocial but also economic sustainability,which includes developing a genericmodel for a local crime prevention andsecurity-building program that focus onphysical structure and land use, SAFE &SECURE. The project aims to reduce fear ofcrime and reduce opportunities for crimebut also to increase the equality and fullparticipation of people living and working.Keywords/tags: sustainable urban development,social sustainability, crime preventionand reduced fear of crime, urbanplanning, crime, safety, security, GIS,spatial planning, spatial analysis, landuse, populated urban space, city life, eyeson the street, participation, hot spots