Denna uppsats syftar till att utforska den emotionella dimensionen av att resa genom fyra kvinnors ögon över hela världen under mitten av 1800-talet. De utvalda svenska kvinnorna var från medel- och överklassen. De frågor som ställdes var följande: Vilken känslomässig laddning har reseberättelserna om platser / kultur / människor? Med användning av William Reddy's Emotive och Barbra Rosenweins Emotional communities som en teoretisk ramverk visade resultaten att platser relaterade till naturen var extremt positiva. Stadsort var däremot inte lika positivt skildrade i Europa. Detta relaterade till den pågående industrialiseringen i Europa, vilket skapade tätbefolkade och orena miljöer som sågs med starkt missnöje och laddade med negativa känslor. Kultur var en kategori av emotionell konflikt för alla fyra resenärer. Det visade att den svenska och protestantiska bakgrunden var stark när det gällede värden och normer för dessa kvinnor och gjorde det möjligt för starka, negativa känslomässiga upplevelser av kultur. Kombinerat fanns en pågående utveckling av tankar med nationalistiska och eurocentriska element. Människor fick positiva attribut och känslor kopplade till dem på individuell basis och separerades från sin kultur i de fallen. Istället kopplades negativa känslor till grupper av människor som stred mot dessa kvinnors bakgrund och intressen. Sammantaget var den emotionella dimensionen en blandning av starka positiva och några starka negativa upplevelser. En avgörande faktor var bakgrunden och en övergripande komplexitet i den emotionella dimensionen var avgörande. / This essay aims to explore the emotional dimension of travelling through the eyes of four women across the world during the middle of the 1800s. The chosen Swedish women were collectively of middle- and upper-class status. The questions asked were the following: What emotional charge do the travelogues have regarding locations/culture/people? With the use of William Reddy’s Emotive and Barbra Rosenwein’s Emotional communities as a theoretical framework, the results showed that locations related to nature were extremely positive. Urban locations, on the other hand, were not as positive to see in Europe. This related to the ongoing industrialization of Europe, creating densely populated and unclean environments that became was seen with strong displeasure and charged with negative emotions. Culture was a category of emotional conflict for all four travellers. It showed that the Swedish and protestant background was strong in determining values and norms for these women and made it possible for strong, negative emotional experiences. Combined there was an ongoing evolution of thoughts with nationalistic and Eurocentric elements. People had positive attributes and emotions connected to them on an individual basis and were separated from their culture. Instead, negative emotions were connected to groups of people that conflicted with these women’s ideas and interests. Overall, the emotional dimension was a mix of strong positives and some strong negatives. A determining factor was the background, and an overall complexity to the emotional dimension was conclusive.

This thesis lays focus on the Young Socialist Movement (ungsocialisterna) and their mobilisation in Stockholm between 1903 and 1910. In line with social movement research the theoretical concepts of mobilisation structure and resource mobilisation are used to examine the Young Socialists local clubs mobilisation and its prerequisites. The results show that the mobilisation structure of the Young Socialists in Stockholm was characterised by a fragmented organisational framework, wherein local clubs operated independently. This underscored the importance of the groups social network in their mobilising efforts and collaboration between the clubs. The ideological stance was ambiguous, and various radical ideas influenced the mobilisation structure of the group. Due to a lack of tangible resources, human and intangible resources played an essential role in the Young Socialists mobilisation efforts. Over time the decentralised organisational structures and diverse ideological affiliations came to hinder the Young Socialists effectiveness in mobilising towards their goal: the socialist revolution. This study sheds light on the practices and mobilising process of an often overlooked group that was highly influential in shaping the early labour movement in Sweden. It also underscores the importance of a unified mobilisation structure for social movements.

The aim of this thesis is to visualize and explain how people’s economic and social relations were connected in the parish of Sundborn, in the south east of Dalarna, in the period 1820-1849. The study is based on records of claims and debts in inventories and parish registers, which enable reconstruction of the private local credit market. The study shows that the majority in the economic network lived in Sundborn, and that while few people had formal loans at the institutional credit market, many had loans by trust at the private local credit market. Also, while few people were lenders, almost everyone was a borrower. The most common credit relationship was between people who lived near one another, and people who lived near one another or were related received a higher average credit. The private local credit market consisted primarily of men. These results have been interpreted with the use of social network theory, it being shown that people depended on their social network to obtain the necessary credit. In creating an economic network graph, I show that households in the parish of Sundborn were interconnected by debt relations. By using this method, it is possible to identify significant persons and potential parish bankers. Through combining the network graph with a landscape map, I show connections between the settlement, the assets, economic relations, centrality and the long valley of Sundborn river. The study opens up possibilities for further development of the same method to visualize historic data and relate it to the landscape, with a view to generating new related questions and spatial analyses.

The topic of the present dissertation is argumentation in the late statesman Olof Palme (1927-1986). One may reasonably think that the fascination for Palme is mainly due to his way of expressing his policy, and therefore also to his argumentation strategy. The theoretical background consists of Lloyd F. Bitzers’s theory on the rhetorical situation, Stephen E. Toulmin’s theory on the description of argumentation structures and on the notion of fallacy, as it appears in pragma-dialectics and informal logic. The rhetorical situation is used to identify vital presuppositions and conditions surrounding the analysed argumentation.Toulmin’s theoretical model is used to analyse structures in the argumentation, and the notion of fallacy is used to discover infringements upon these structures. The object of this analysis is the decisive electoral debates of autumn 1976 between Olof Palme and Thorbjörn Fälldin, held in Scandinavium, Gothenburg, Sweden. Palme had to think of a number of surrounding conditions, such as that the debate was decisive, the composition of the audience. Palme and Fälldin otherwise appeared to be rather equally equipped for the debate. Palme’s task was primarily to gain the number of votes needed to continue to keep social democracy in power. There seem to exist several levels making up his argumentation, grouped under attack and defence. Defence is in most cases based upon a strong connection with the social democrat tradition. The attack is more complicated, linked to Palme’s overall argumentative intention: to depict the non-socialists as a bad governing alternative, and the social democrats as a better one. Fallacies are regarded as instances of breaking the frame of rules that govern a critical discussion. Palme has several fallacy-like features in his argumentation. Among those, most common, are that he attacks the person Thorbjörn Fälldin, instead of the policy or party that he represents. Palme also starts from presupposed premises and tries to link the economic policy of the alliance to an intellectually-thought delimiting between liberal and conservative capitalism and social-democrat solidarity. He strives to portray the liberals and conservatives as money-orientated, whereas social democracy is depicted as people-orientated.Palme goes arguably too far at several moments during the debate,which possibly hurts his own argumentation. / Innehåller en 20-sidig utskrift från radions P1 från duellen mellan Palme och Fälldin i Göteborg den 1 sept 1976.

Through a diplomatic transcription and contextualisation of two poems from Geistliche und Weltliche Poemata (1650) by Anna Ovena Hoyer (1584-1655) it is suggested that two contexts are highly relevant and fruitful for understanding the polemical nature of the Early Modern Era. The two examined contexts are anti-clericalism  ̶  the negative stance towards Lutheran clergymen  ̶  and the conditions for writing as a female in Early Modern times. By offering comments and providing information regarding these two contexts, it is demonstrated how they successfully explain and motivate how a lay uneducated poetess develops rhetorical strategies to express radical criticism of the discourse of Lutheran clergymen. Notably, the authors of the two poems, Werdenhagen and Hoyer, legitimise a morally superior poetess by constructing a feminine authority derived analogously from the story of Martha and Mariam in the Bible. Furthermore, Hoyer uses this claim of being a mouthpiece for godly wisdom to delegitimise the bookly and rational knowledge acquired in the universities by the Lutheran clergymen. By using the politically charged term “der gemeine Mann”, she appeals to the political defeats of the great majority of laymen in the Early Modern Era. In her polemic against the Lutheran clergymen, it is implied that the expected silent subservience of the laymen towards the clergymen is problematic, since the clergymen due to their blind faith in bookly knowledge are neither righteous nor Christian. Thus, it is suggested that the examined pieces of poetry could be understood as radical criticism of the Lutheran social model. / Genom en diplomatisk utgåva och kontextualisering av två dikter från Geistliche und Weltliche Poemata (1650) av Anna Ovena Hoyer (1584-1655) föreslås två kontexter som särskilt relevanta för att förstå den tidigmoderna tidens prägling i polemiken. Dessa två undersökta kontexter är antiklerikalismen - den negativa attityden gentemot lutherska kyrkomän - och villkoren för att skriva som kvinna i tidigmodern tid. Genom att bidra med kommentarer och information kring dessa två kontexter påvisas att dessa framgångsrikt kan förklara vilka retoriska strategier som den outbildade poeten använder för att rikta en radikal kritik mot lutherska kyrkomän. Det är anmärkningsvärt att de två diktarna Hoyer och Werdenhagen legitimerar bilden av en moraliskt överlägsen diktande kvinna genom att konstruera en feminin auktoritetsfigur ur berättelsen om Marta och Mariam i Bibeln. Därutöver använder Hoyer denna konstruktion av att vara Guds språkrör och förmedlare av vishet för att avfärda kyrkomännens rationalism och bokkunskap som de fått från sin universitetsutbildning. Genom att använda den politiskt laddade termen "gemene man" hänvisas implicit till tidigmoderna politiska förluster för den stora icke-klerikala allmänheten. I polemiken kritiseras dessutom att den tysta lydnaden till kyrkomännen hos den icke-klerikala allmänheten är problematisk, då kyrkomännen till följd av sin blinda tro på bokkunskap varken är rättfärdigade eller kristna. Därigenom föreslår analysen att den undersökta poesin kan förstås som en radikal kritik av den lutherska socialmodellen.

Under 2000-talet har det producerats och spridits mängder av betydande forskning som publicerats via databaser. En betydelsefull länk i kunskapsspridningen utgörs av akademin som i dag står för den största andelen av vetenskapliga publikationer. I denna historiografiskt inriktade undersökning kartläggs och undersöks en del av svensk historieforskning och historieskrivning som ägt rum under 2000-talet. Den vetenskapliga disciplin som undersöks inom det humanistiska fältet är historievetenskapen, avgränsat till de resultat av forskning som studenter gjort runtom på de svenska universiteten och högskolorna, i ämnet historia. Källmaterialet består av studentuppsatser som publicerats i databasen Digitala vetenskapliga arkivet, DiVA vilket i dag ses som det nationellt mest använda systemet för publikationsdata, med över 400 tusen publicerade fulltexter varav antal nedladdade uppgår över 53 miljoner gånger. Genom empiriska och teoretiska studier och bruket av både kvantitativa och kvalitativa metoder analyseras metadata, för att ge svar och resultat över frågan om vad studenter i det svenska utbildningssystemet, på universitet och högskolor skriver historia om under 2000-talet. För att få fram svar fungerade bibliometri som kunskapsområde och frågan om vilka nyckelord som dominerar och var de mest frekvent använda i taggningen (definitionerna) av forskningsresultaten ställdes. Delfrågan om hur bruket av nyckelord ser ut över tid användes för att få fram och se trend över resultat. Teoretiskt ramverk i undersökningen och läsning av de kvantitativa resultaten utgick från Kuhns teori om paradigm. Resultat visar att Genus, Historiebruk, Arkeologi, Historiemedvetande, Historiedidaktik, Identitet, Osteologi, Andra världskriget, Diskursanalys, Kalla kriget, Samer, Laborativ arkeologi och Utbildningshistoria utgör några ledande sakområden som studenterna skrivit historia om under 2000-talet. Resultat visar också att det nationella paradigmet är ledande för studenternas historieforskning, även om USA, Sovjetunionen, Jugoslavien, Japan, Finland, Sápmi och Israel förekommer frekvent. Avslutningsvis visade föreliggande undersökning att metadata kan användas som resurs i historieforskning samtidigt som det historiska perspektivet vidgas. / During the 2000s, numerous significant researches have been produced and disseminated through databases. An important link in the dissemination of knowledge consists of the academy, which today accounts for the largest proportion of scientific publications. In this historiographically oriented study, a part of Swedish history research and history writing that took place during the 2000s is mapped and examined. The scientific discipline that is investigated in the humanities field is the science of history, limited to the results of research that students have done around the Swedish universities and colleges, in the subject of history. The source material consists of student essays published in the database Digital Scientific Archive, DiVA, which today is seen as the nationally most used system for publication data, with over 400 thousand published full texts, of which the number downloaded is over 53 million times.  Through empirical and theoretical studies and the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods, metadata is analyzed, to provide answers and results on the question of what students in the Swedish education system, at universities and colleges write history about during the 2000s. To obtain answers, bibliometrics functioned as an area of ​​knowledge and the question of which keywords dominated and were the most frequently used in the tagging (definitions) of the research results was asked. The sub-question about how the use of keywords looks over time was used to bring out and see the trend over results. Theoretical framework in the study and reading of the quantitative results was based on Kuhn's theory of paradigm.  Results indicate that Gender, History Use, Archeology, History Consciousness, History Didactics, Identity, Osteology, World War II, Discourse Analysis, the Cold War, Sami, Laboratory Archeology and Educational History are some leading subject areas that students wrote history about during the 2000s. Results also point out that the national paradigm is leading for students' history research, although the United States, the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Japan, Finland, Sápmi and Israel occur frequently. In conclusion, the present study showed that metadata can be used as a resource in history research while broadening the historical perspective.

The purpose of this Master Thesis is to compare two American novel suites for young women, Louisa May Alcott‟s Little Women and Good Wives to Ann Brashares series of The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants. The social status of women and children in the US during the 19th century is analyzed and compared historically and literary with the situation 130 years later.The main question is, what differences exist in the books and is there a connection between the changes in society and literature?The method of this Master Thesis is to make a comparative narratological analysis placed in a historical context.The result shows that the multiple character remains and enhances the identification process. Motherhood in the works of Alcott is prominent, whereas in the works of Brashares, sisterhood replaces motherhood.In Alcott‟s US during the 19th century, Christian faith was in the foreground. The goal for girls was the holy matrimony, followed by the sanctuary of heaven. Brashares depicts, in the 21st century, self-fulfilment to be aspired on earth.The strength of Alcott‟s portrayed sisterhood is weakened when marriage is consumed. In Brashares works, the love relationships are no longer the sole purpose of life and consequently not a competitor to the sisterly friendship.

During the twenty first century the enthusiasm among the general public the turn of the century 1900’s kitchen has increased in Sweden. Since around 2010 media is overflowing of imagery that cater to and perhaps even with an intention to further stimulate interest in the century 1900’s kitchens. The wallcovering plays a huge part in achieving that estetic. With the increase of serious interest in properly reconstructing and rebuilding these kinds of spaces the scientifically based conservation is vital. But how accurate is the public picture of the turn of the century 1900’s kitchen? How accurate is even the more academically recognized image of the kitchen in Sweden between 1890 to 1920? With this thesis, my intention is to expand the view and knowledge regarding wall coverings in the private kitchens in Sweden between 1890 - 1920. Also to increase underlying information to proper conservation for buildings. The knowledge in both private and state funded conservation in this aspect is, according to findings during the course of writing this thesis, is lacking due to the spars scholar level interest in this subject. This bachelor thesis purpose is to contribute to the advancement of scientifically based knowledge of the private kitchen wallcovering between 1890-1920 in Sweden and compare the popularized image of the kitchen wallcovering, with the result from my study. With different types of archive material, both figurative and written, this bachelor thesis aim at broadening the popularized image of the wallcovering in Sweden's home kitchens between the years 1890-1920. Iconology/iconography, conservation, pop culture and feminist theories have been considered when making this thesis. One among several findings, as presented in this thesis, is that the popularized image of wall covers in home kitchens in Sweden between the years of 1890-1920 differs significantly from their usual appearance.

This study aims to analyze the motif of Julia Margaret Cameron’s photograph The Rosebud Garden of Girls from 1868 regarding its literary sources, codes and how the women are depicted. The purpose is to find out whether the photograph romanticize or challenge the Victorian conventions. The applied method is Erwin Panofskys iconographical and iconological analysis methods. The theoretical framework consists of art historian Griselda Pollocks report regarding private and public spheres and how women and men are divided between these. Art historian Leena-Maija Rossi’s reasoning concerning female masquerade has also contributed a theoretical basis. The result shows a paradoxical picture of the Victorian view on women and how this is reflected in The Rosebud Garden of Girls.

I denna uppsats ämnar jag undersöka hur ensamhet och alienation framställs i två av John Ajvide Lindqvists romaner: Rörelsen (2016) och Verkligheten (2022). Analysen kommer att genomföras med hjälp av tre samhällsfilosofiska begrepp: kollektivism, folkhem och individualism. Fokus ligger på att utforska hur ensamhet och alienation samverkar med de samhälleliga kontexter som presenteras i vardera verk. Eftersom Rörelsen utspelar sig 1985 och Verkligheten omkring 2022, utgör den tidsmässiga diskrepansen ett underlag för stora delar av analysen. Detta fördjupas och konceptualiseras mot bakgrund av 1980-talets liberala individualism och den rådande norm som den idag gett upphov till. Analysen följer berättelserna kronologiskt och fokuserar på huvudkaraktärerna och deras känslor kring att leva i samhällen som till övervägande del drivs av framgång och egocentrism. Jag undersöker hur detta formar dem som sociala varelser, men också hur deras brist på gemenskap får patologiska konsekvenser. Sammanfattningsvis drar jag slutsatsen att Ajvide Lindqvists romaner skildrar ensamhet och alienation som tätt sammankopplade med den politiska kontext som förekommer i vardera roman. Samt att denna kontext grundar sig på den politik som kan antas vara framträdande för respektive samtider och således också är en gestaltning av den verklighet vi levde/lever i.