Le Sénégal est un pays en développement marqué par des ressources budgétaires très faibles et qui plus est, avec une démographie galopante (42,1% de la population ont moins de 15 ans) qui induit une forte population en âge d’aller à l’école. Face à cette équation, les autorités étatiques ont trouvé comme solution une contractualisation des enseignants qui permettrait d’atteindre la Scolarisation Primaire Universelle (SPU). Une politique conjoncturelle instaurée depuis 1995 qui est devenue structurelle aujourd’hui car elle demeure l’unique voie pour devenir enseignant à l’élémentaire comme dans le secondaire. De ce fait, dans les écoles élémentaires sénégalaises officient, actuellement, des titulaires qui sont des fonctionnaires et des contractuels qui n’ont ni le même mode de recrutement encore moins la même formation (si elle existe) et sont deux à trois fois moins rémunérés. Cette recherche porte sur ces enseignants de type nouveau et vise plus particulièrement à la compréhension du rapport qui les lie au métier enseignant qu’ils exercent dans des conditions particulières. Notre cadre théorique a permis de relever les déterminants du rapport au métier (le statut, l’image sociale, l’identité professionnelle et le rapport au savoir), et d’étudier le cas des contractuels à travers leur choix du métier, leur formation académique et professionnelle, et enfin leurs représentations du métier enseignant. Une recherche qualitative et interprétative qui s’est effectuée à MBacké dans la région de Diourbel dont la particularité est d’être la 3eme région la plus peuplée du Sénégal après Dakar la capitale, et Thiès, et pourtant la moins scolarisée du pays avec un Taux Brut d’Accès (TBA) de 79,9% au moment où il frôle 113,0% au niveau national. Cette recherche est basée sur une analyse sociohistorique d’évènements marquants du système éducatif sénégalais doublée d’une interprétation d’entretiens semi-directifs réalisés sur un échantillon de 25 interviewés composé d’inspecteurs de l’éducation, de directeurs d’école, de titulaires, de contractuels et de parents d’élèves. / Senegal is a developing country marked by very low budgetary resources and a rapid population growth (42.1% of the population are under 15 years) which indicates that a large primary school-aged population. To deal with this concern, state authorities have decided to recruit contractual teachers that would achieve Universal Primary Education (UPE-SPU). An economic policy implemented since 1995 has now become structural as being the only way to become a teacher at the elementary and secondary level. Therefore, classes teachers who are officials and contractual teachers are presently officiated at present in Senegalese elementary schools and do not benefit from the same recruitment method much less the same training (if any) and are two to three times lower paid.This work focuses on the type of new teachers and more particularly to the understanding of the relationship that binds them to the teaching profession they exercise under specific conditions. Our theoretical framework focus on the determinants of the relationship to work (status, social image, professional identity and the relationship to knowledge) and to study the case of contractual teachers through their job choice of, their academic and professional training and finally their representations of the teaching profession. A qualitative and interpretive research that is done in Mbacke, Diourbel whose particularity is to be Senegalese’s 3rd most populated region after the capital Dakar and Thiès, and yet the least educated in the country with a Gross Access Rate (GTR -TBA) 79.9% when it is near 113.0% nationally. This research is based on a socio historical milestone of the Senegalese education system coupled with an interpretation of semi-structured interviews with a sample of 25 respondents composed of inspectors of education, principals, owners, contractors and parents.

A la croisée de la sociologie des professions, du genre et des présences sociales, cette thèse propose une lecture sociologique d’un métier peu observé. Par une enquête quantitative et qualitative, elle éclaire le métier de CPE sous différents angles, et appréhende sa dimension sexuée. Comptant 72 % de femmes aujourd’hui, cet ancien bastion masculin s’est féminisé dès sa création en 1970, mais l’analyse de cette massive progression féminine dévoile des mécanismes complexes. Un corpus inédit de rapports de jury du concours a permis d’étudier les procédés de recrutement du CPE et d’établir son portrait idéal attendu par l’institution.Remontant aux origines du métier par le biais d’une analyse sociohistorique, et s’attardant sur la compréhension des ressorts d’activités de son ancêtre professionnel le Surveillant Général, l’étude révèle la persistance de sa dimension autoritaire, et, dans une moindre mesure sa dimension éducative apparue au tournant du XXème siècle puis s’étant étoffée jusqu’à l’arrivée du CPE. Progressivement, l’accroissement de ses missions lui a donné une image polyvalente. Quoi qu'on puisse traditionnellement associer le care au féminin, tandis que l'autorité relèverait du masculin, le fait que chaque CPE doive disposer de ce socle multiple de compétences, car les exigences de son territoire d’action l’impose et parce qu'il est la plupart du temps le seul de son établissement à occuper la tâche, rend difficile une analyse strictement genrée, et invite plutôt à envisager l’analyse des processus de (dé-)sexuation des activités professionnelles. / This doctoral thesis is a sociological exploration of an occupation very little studied. It aims at examining the job of French CPE from many various angles and approaches, as well as qualitative and quantitative methods so as to better encompass the gendered dimension of this job. In its inception in 1970, this occupation used to be a male stronghold, but it has undergone a growing process of feminization since 72% of CPE today are women. Our analysis must account for the mechanisms underlying such a significant increase. The in-depth analysis of the selection committee’s recent reports sheds new light on the recruitment process of the future CPE and gives a clear picture of the ideal candidate and of what is expected from the institution. The analysis of socio-historical background and origin of the job will help trace back the evolution of the job’s required skills, with a particular focus on the forebear of the CPE (the ‘Surveillant Général’, a stern Dean of Discipline) and chart the evolution of the professional role from a former more authoritative nature to a more educational one. The job has over the years grown in scope and the CPE have been assigned a greater number of tasks and missions that they’ve been endowed with an image of all-purpose, multi-skilled employees. While authority has traditionally been seen as male, and care as more female, the fact that every CPE should have at their disposal such a wide range of skills, because they’re required by their work environment and because most of the time they’re the only ones in the school to tackle such tasks, it makes a purely gendered analysis much more difficult and invites a broader approach of the (de-)gendering of professional activities.

This dissertation is concerned with the learning of occupational identities in health care and medical services. The aim is to increase the knowledge of what characterizes occupational identities how these are learnt, and what potential driving forces exist that can contribute to the development of both occupational identities and health care activities. Learning is seen as a continuous process of participation in everyday social practices, in which occupational identities are formed, maintained and developed. Both occupational identities and social practices are context-bound. In order to shed light on the forming, maintaining and developing character of learning I have started from three different models; a social-interactionist, an institutional and a contextual. The dissertation is based on case studies of three care units. A health-care centre, a medical clinic and an anaesthesia clinic. The study comprises two data-collection phases. The first phase includes interviews with personnel and management at the three care units. The second phase includes self-observation studies in the form of diaries kept by personnel at the medical and anaesthesia clinic. It appears from the results that there are both similarities and differences between occupational groups and the activities in which they work. There also exist certain differences that have to do with the individuals' experience, career paths and length of employment. On this basis, occoupational identities can he analyzed on a occupational-related, an activity-related and an individual-related level. Learning can also from this point of view be seen as an interplay between those three levels.

Bakgrund: Under 1980-talet uppdagades en problematik kring att den offentliga sjukvårdens verksamhetsstyrning var för kostsam och där förtroendet för professionella yrkesgrupper gavs för stort utrymme. Detta resulterade i en ny verksamhetsstyrning i form av New Public Management som bidrog till ökad kontroll inom den offentliga sjukvården där målstyrning och ekonomisk granskning fick större utrymme. Innan New Public Management byggde kontroll- och arbetsregimer på ett förtroende men genom den nya verksamhetsstyrningen förändrades kontrollregimerna i syfte att styra och kontrollera de professionella.  Syfte: Studiens syfte är att få en djupare förståelse för hur offentligt anställda sjuksköterskor upplever att en verksamhetsstyrning byggd på New Public Management påverkar deras profession och yrkesidentitet i den vardagliga praktiken.  Metod: Studiens tillvägagångssätt har varit en kvalitativ fallstudie. Det empiriska materialet har inhämtats genom fem semistrukturerade intervjuer med sjuksköterskor inom den offentliga sjukvården på Gotland. Slutsatser: Studien visar att införandet av en verksamhetsstyrning byggd på New Public Management förändrat kontrollregimen genom olika kontrollsystem vilket har medfört en förändring i sjuksköterskornas arbetsregim. Vi kan se att kontrollregimer påverkar och organiserar arbetsregimerna och därmed sätter ramarna och villkoren för sjuksköterskornas profession och yrkesidentitet i det vardagliga arbetet. / Background: During the 1980s a problem was discovered that the public healthcare operations management was too costly and where the trust for the professionals was given too much space. This resulted in a new form of governance in the form of New Public Management, which contributed to increased control in the public healthcare where goal management and financial auditing were given more space. Before New Public Management control and work regimes were based on trust, but through the new operations management, the control regimes were changed in order to regulate and control the professionals. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to gain a deeper understanding of how public sector nurses experience that operations management based on New Public Management affects their profession and professional identity in everyday practice. Methodology: The study's approach has been a qualitative case study. The empirical material has been obtained through five semi-structured interviews with nurses in public healthcare in Gotland. Conclusions: The study shows that the introduction of an operations management based on New Public Management changed the control regime through different control systems, which has changed the nurses work regime. The study's result shows that control regimes influence and organize the work regimes, thereby setting the framework and conditions for the nurses profession and professional identity in everyday work.

Att påvisa vad skolbibliotekarier bidrar med är ett mål som finns inom biblioteksforskning. Idag finns det ingen fråga om att skolbibliotekarier har en del i elevers utveckling tack vare flertal studier som påvisar hur bemanning, arbetstimmar och utbildad personal har en positiv inverkan på elevresultat. Men att peka ut att utbildade skolbibliotekarier är en del av ökad måluppfyllelse och att peka ut vad utbildade skolbibliotekarier faktiskt kan och gör för att öka måluppfyllelse är två olika forskningsingångar. Det är i det sistnämnda området som den här uppsatsen kliver in. Syftet har varit att undersöka vilka kompetenser som utbildade skolbibliotekarier anser att de besitter och som urval har sju stycken gymnasiebibliotekarier intervjuats. Som det uppdagas är informationskompetens, källkritik, användarkunskaper samt viss dokumenthantering, delar som specifikt kopplas till en skolbibliotekaries utbildningsbakgrund. På grund av den korrelationen kan slutsatser tas om att de kompetenserna är en del av pusslet som ligger bakom utbildade skolbibliotekaries bidrag i måluppfyllelse. / To state what school librarians contribute within school systems is one objective within library science. As of today, there is no doubt that school librarians are a part of students’ development due to several studies which show that staffing, work hours and qualified staff has a positive influence over student achievement. But to present how educated school librarians are a part of student achievement and to present what educated school librarians actually know and do to achieve higher student scores are two separate research themes. It is in the latter area this paper commences. The aim has been to study which competencies educated school librarians themselves think they possess and as sampling seven upper secondary school librarians were interviewed. As the results show information literacy, critical thinking, user knowledge and specific record management, are competencies which are thought to originate in the school librarians’ educational background. Due to this correlation conclusions can be made to say that these competencies are a part of the puzzle that explains why educated school librarians have an impact on student achievement.

Teckenspråkstolkar hanterar till vardags olika typer av tolkuppdrag, till exempel möten på arbetsplatser, offentliga uppdrag på scen, i utbildningssammanhang eller hos tandläkaren. Syftet är alltid detsamma, nämligen att möjliggöra kommunikation mellan personer som inte delar samma språk. Situationernavarierar dock och kan äga rum i alla tänkbara kontexter i livet, från vaggan till graven. Det ingår i tolkensprofession att anpassa sig till situationen. Det handlar både om en språklig och kulturell anpassning och en anpassning av sitt yttre för att inte vara ett störningsmoment för de närvarande parterna under uppdraget. Kläderna är en viktig del inom tolkning eftersom teckenspråket är visuellt baserat och mottagaren uppfattar språket via synen. Den här studien fokuserar på yrkesverksamma teckenspråkstolkars uppfattning om klädkoden inom professionen samt hur klädvalet anpassas efter uppdragen. I uppsatsen genomfördes sju kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer för detta ändamål. Analysen visar att det förekommer anpassningar ifråga om vad tolkar väljer att ta på sig beroende på vilken typ av uppdrag som står på agendan. Det kan handla både om att vara praktiskt klädd inför uppdrag och att signalera professionalitet till omgivningen. Klädkoden inom tolkkåren är en oskriven regel som alla känner till och följer, men som inte är specifikt uttalad när man väl är klar med utbildningen. Samtidigt uppger flera tolkar om att de inom ramen för den rådande klädkoden ändå på kreativa sätt kan variera sin klädsel och markera sin personliga identitet. / Sign language interpreters handle different types of interpreting assignments with regards to work-related situations such as meetings at workplaces, public assignments on stage, in educational contexts, or at the dentist. The purpose is always the same, to enable communication between people who do not share a language. Situations, however, vary greatly and can occur in all conceivable contexts in life from the cradle to the grave. A part of the interpreter's profession is to adapt to these situations. It includes linguistic and cultural adaptation, as well as adaptation of the interpreter’s appearance in order to not interfere with the parties involved in the assignment. Clothing is an important part of interpretation as the sign language is visual and the recipients understand the language through signs. This study focuses on the professional sign language interpreter’s perception of the dress code in the profession and how the choice of clothing is adapted to the assignments. The study conducted seven qualitative research interviews for this purpose. The analysis shows that there are adjustments in terms of what interpreters choose to wear, which depend on the type of assignment, to be both practically dressed and to signal professionalism in the environment. This dress code within the interpreting corps is an unwritten rule that everyone knows and follows, but which is not specifically stated once the education is completed. At the same time, several interpreters state that within the framework of the prevailing dress code, they can still creatively vary their attire and mark their personal identity.

The purpose of the study was to investigate wheter a feminization process is taking place in the Swedish school profession in Södertälje during the 1920s. This is a turbulent period for women in Sweden in terms of their human rights and in connection whit this, a change is taking place in the Swedish “småskolan”, where most of the female teachers work. An integration between the “folkskolan” and the “småskolan” takes place, which results in that the “småskolan” profession disapears. It is Christina Florin and her theories of feminization that underlie the work. It is Florin´s previous research on feminization in the “småskolan” that took place 50 years earlier that helps lay the theory of the essay. The questions from which the survey was based on is: 1. What was the gender distribution in recruitment to “folkskolllärar” positions in Södertälje 1920-1925? 2. What were the backgrounds of those recruited to “folkskollärar” positions in Södertälje during the time period? 3. How does the feminization manifest in “folkskollärar” positions in Södertälje? Is there a clear feminization process? The source material that has been used to answer the questions has come from Södertäje stadsarkiv and Södertälje föreningsarkiv. It is information in the form of protocols and journals written by, among others, skolverket that has been analyzed and presented in a case study from a micro historical perspective. What the study ends up showing is that there is a form of a feminization process within the “folkskola” in Södertälje during the 1920s. A majority of men leave the profession and at the same time as more women come in. The women in this profession receive a higher salary and a higher status thanks to the new professional title they now hold. / Syftet med studien som har gjorts var att undersöka om det sker en feminiseringsprocess i folkskolläraryrket i Södertälje under 1920-talet. Detta är en turbulent period för kvinnor i Sverige när det gäller deras mänskliga rättigheter och i samband med detta så sker en förändring inom småskolan där till största del kvinnor jobbar. En integrering mellan folkskolan och småskolan sker vilket gör att småskollärarprofessionen försvinner och det blir en gemensam yrkeskår. Det är Christina Florin och hennes teorier gällande feminisering som ligger i grund för arbetet. Det är Florins tidigare forskning gällande feminisering inom småskolan som skedde 50 år tidigare som hjälper att lägga en teoribildning. Frågeställningen som undersökningen har utgått ifrån är: 4. Hur såg den könsmässiga fördelningen i rekryteringen till folkskollärarbefattningar ut i Södertälje 1920–1925? 5. Vilken bakgrund hade de som rekryterades till folkskollärarbefattningar i Södertälje under perioden? 6. Hur visar sig feminiseringen i folkskollärarbefattningar i Södertälje? Finns det en tydlig feminiseringsprocess? Källmaterialet som har används för att besvara på frågeställningen har kommit från Södertälje stadsarkiv och Södertäljes föreningsarkiv. Det är information i form av protokoll och journaler som skrivits av bland annat skolverkat som ur ett mikrohistorisktperspektiv analyserats och framställs i en fallstudie. Undersökningen visar i slutändan är att det sker en form av feminiseringsprocess inom folkskolan i Södertälje under 1920-talet. En majoritet män försvinner från professionen samtidigt som fler kvinnor kommer in. Kvinnorna inom denna profession får en högre lön och en högre status tack vare den nya yrkestiteln de innehar.

Le théâtre (yŏn'gŭk) et le cinéma (yŏnghwa) sont introduits en Corée à l'aube du XXe siècle, dans le flux des cultures étrangères lié à la situation géopolitique du pays. Cette thèse vise à éclairer la formation du groupe professionnel des acteurs, au sein de ces deux mondes du spectacle naissants qui se construisent sous la colonisation japonaise. Au moyen d'une approche socio-historique, s'appuyant notamment sur les outils conceptuels de Norbert Elias, elle aborde cette configuration non comme une entité homogène et réifiée, mais comme portée par un ensemble d'individus toujours en mouvement qui s'inscrivent dans de multiples relations d'interdépendance. Désignés par le même nom de « paeu », ces acteurs qui partagent les conditions communes s'imposant à leur activité l'exercent dans des environnements de travail mobiles, avec leurs aspirations et préoccupations respectives. C'est donc dans un amalgame complexe du fait colonial et de l'urbanisation du pays qu'ils vivent leur métier, où se mêlent présence du censeur, rencontre avec le public, rémunération instable, et phénomène des stars. S'accumulent ainsi leurs expériences concrètes à partir desquelles, et selon les choix possibles, chacun poursuit ou ajuste sa propre trajectoire professionnelle. À la fois activité, personne et groupe d'individus, le paeu fait l'objet de nombreux actes de définition, sans cesse renouvelés, auxquels participent bien d'autres acteurs sociaux – tels les journalistes et les milieux littéraires, les spectateurs et les lecteurs de journaux, les autres praticiens du spectacle – et les paeu eux‑mêmes. Au-delà de l'espace public tenu par la presse, ces actes s'effectuent aussi dans les pratiques de formation et de recrutement. De même, ils prennent sens dans les catégorisations renvoyant à la polarisation et à la division du travail dans le champ théâtral. Dans l'ensemble des représentations relatives au paeu, celui-ci est souvent comparé au kwangdae – gens du spectacle d'antan situés au plus bas de l'échelle sociale. Tout au long des trois premières décennies de leur existence, la voix la plus commune des acteurs modernes s'exprime avec vigueur pour nier ce lien et réclamer le respect dû au yesulga, autrement dit, à l'artiste. / Theater (yŏn'gŭk) and cinema (yŏnghwa) were introduced in Korea at the dawn of the 20th century through the flow of foreign cultures due to the geopolitical situation of the country. This thesis aims to clarify how the occupational group of actors formed within these two worlds of art and entertainment as they were built under Japanese colonial rule. By means of a socio-historical approach that relies in particular on the conceptual tools of Norbert Elias, this research considers this configuration not as a homogeneous and reified entity but rather as one that is carried by a set of constantly moving individuals within multiple interdependent relationships. Although they shared the name "paeu" and the common conditions prescribed for their activity, actors conducted this activity in diverse work environments in accordance with their respective aspirations and concerns. They practiced their profession in a complex amalgam of the colonial fact and the urbanization of the country, wherein mingled the presence of the censor, contact with the audience, unstable remuneration, and the phenomenon of the stars. In doing so, they accumulated practical experiences from which each individual continued on or adjusted his or her own professional trajectory, also depending on the possible choices. Being simultaneously an activity, a person, and a group of individuals, paeu was once the subject of numerous acts of definition that were constantly renewed. In addition to paeu themselves, many other social actors participated in these acts, including journalists, literary circles, spectators, newspaper readers, and other practitioners of art and entertainment. Beyond the public sphere held by the press, these acts also took place in training and recruitment practices in this sector, and in the categorizations connected with the polarization and division of work in the theatrical field. In the set of related representations, modern actors were often compared to kwangdae, who were practitioners of the entertainment arts world in the past and were situated at the bottom of the social hierarchy. The most common voice of modern actors throughout the first three decades of their existence expressed vigorous denial of this link and claimed the respect due to yesulga – in other words, to the artist.

Ce travail entend examiner les conditions de production d’un syndicalisme « politique », à partir de l’analyse localisée d’un syndicat CGT d’établissement dans un hôpital psychiatrique de 1968 à aujourd’hui. La catégorie de « politique », au cœur de ce travail, recouvre différentes dimensions qui sont analysées : des activités syndicales qui ne s’éprouvent pas seulement sur le lieu de travail, une présence importante de militants multipositionnés dans des organisations politiques, un attachement à attribuer une signification aux positions occupées dans les rapports sociaux. L’attention portée à l’ancrage syndical dans le lieu de travail permet de saisir comment ce dernier façonne le syndicat et ses membres. La thèse montre dans quelle mesure les modalités de l’engagement des militants procèdent conjointement des socialisations professionnelles et des socialisations syndicales. Néanmoins, l’inscription du syndicat dans l’univers hospitalier a pour effet de reproduire une inégale distribution des positions sociales et professionnelles dans l’organisation, accentuant des rapports différenciés à l’engagement et aux conceptions syndicales qui sont portées par les militants. L’approche socio-historique permet d’appréhender dans le temps la production de l’institution syndicale et ses spécificités en étant attentif aux continuités et aux évolutions. / This work aims at examining the conditions of production of a “political” trade unionism through a study of the specific case of a CGT trade union in a psychiatric hospital from 1968 to nowadays. The sense of “political”, crucial to this work, is explored and analyzed in its numerous dimensions, such as the trade union activities experimented in other places than work, the large amount of multipositioned activists taking part in political organizations or the tendency to give a meaning to the different positions in social relationships. By focusing on how a trade union and a workplace are closely intertwined, we aim at showing how a workplace can shape both a trade union and its members. Similarly, the activists’ commitment has to be understood in association with the socialization process within their work and their union trade. However, in this case, the unbalanced distribution of social and professional positions in the hospital is reproduced in the organization, which in turn widens the gap between the activists’ different ways of being committed in the trade union or even of considering it. Through its socio-historical approach, this work seeks to understand how a trade union is produced and what its characteristics are while keeping its developments in sight.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une convention CIFRE entre la Chambre Nationale des huissiers de justice et l'université Paris Dauphine. Afin de doter la profession d'huissier de justice d’arguments quantitatifs et qualitatifs pour mener à bien les différentes actions et anticiper les évolutions relatives à la profession, nous proposons dans ce projet de thèse d'analyser la démographie des offices d'huissier, leur localisation, leur structures, la sensibilité de l'activité de ces professionnels à la conjoncture. Ce projet s'engage également à évaluer l'équilibre économique des offices, au regard de règles de tarification complexes et enfin d'analyser la régulation du marché des services juridiques. / This thesis joins within the framework of a CIFRE agreement between the National Chamber of the bailiffs and the Paris Dauphine university. To endow the profession of bailiff of quantitative and qualitative arguments to bring to a successful conclusion the various actions and anticipate the evolutions relative to the profession, we suggest in this project of thesis analyzing the demography of bailiff's services, their localization, structure them, the sensibility of the activity of these professionals in the situation. This project also makes a commitment to estimate the balance in the economy of services, with regard to complex rules of pricing and finally to analyze the legal regulation of the services market.