The merging of business operations with computers and the Internet has largely transformed our way of life. In less than a decade, the Internet evolved from a primarily academic network into a highly sophisticated commercial marketing medium. It encompasses a variety of business and personal utilities and is accessible to a wide range of organizations and individuals. Statistics indicate phenomenal growth in the number of Internet users and consumers. In Taiwan, the government has embarked on a National Information Infrastructure project, in which the initial effort centered on the promotion of Internet use. Despite the recent explosion in Internet growth, little has been done to target the middle-aged group on the Web. In an effort to discover potential Internet users, Internet consumers, and new uses of the Net, this research focuses on middle-aged people in Taiwan and studies the results of different attitudes toward and behaviors on the Internet. This research profiles the population into three groups: non-Internet users, Internet users and Internet consumers and determines factors that enable or deter each group from either using or purchasing on the Internet. The study also projects potential and popular products and features that may boost electronic sales.

在新製造環境下，由於昂貴自動化設備之引進及人工成本之提高，因而設備成本及人工成本於產品成本中所佔之比率亦相對地重要，然而若是採用了不恰當的產能觀念與數據，其所造成對產品成本分攤比率的影響非常大，亦即將設備及人力閒置產能（idle capacity）的成本分攤至完成的產品上，也就造成了成本資訊的扭曲。而缺乏有效地結合產能成本的產能管理制度，其結果導致多數的企業均忽略其重要性或是將無附加價值的產能成本（capacity cost）分攤於產品成本之中，造成企業於制定價格決策或選擇訂單決策時，引用了不恰當的資訊，並減低了企業之競爭力。 本研究的目的，擬針對產能成本及產能管理作進一步探討，瞭解其對企業界之決策方面的影響程度。本研究係以國內一通信電纜公司作為研究對象，並以個案及田野研究的方式來探討產能成本及產能管理之相關議題，以提供給相同產業的其他公司，或其他產業作為採行此技術時的參考。 本研究之研究主題包括下列二大項： 一、 建立一套作業制成本制觀念下的產能成本制度，並依據作業制成本制的架構來計算產能成本。 二、 運用所建立的產能成本制度及其所提供的產能成本資訊來協助產能管理。 本研究採用個案研究之方式，將產能成本管理制度之整體架構實施於個案公司內，期能透過此研究方法瞭解產能成本管理之整體架構，以彌補目前文獻中偏重理論探討而缺乏實務研究之缺點。 本研究透過作業制成本制度的適當設計，企業可以獲致設備與人員方面的產能成本，使得管理當局得以瞭解各作業之產能成本，再根據設備與人員方面不同的特性加以妥善管理，可獲致排程管理、閒置產能開發、產品定價決策、提昇產品附加價值（value added）及加強生產管理等效益。 因此，在產能成本管理制度所提供的產能成本資訊中，管理當局除了可以看出各作業尚有多少閒置產能改善的空間之外，尚可於生產之前即可得知瓶頸部門之所在，藉以預先進行生產排程管理，俾降低瓶頸部門之影響；另外，對於資本決策方面所需的資訊，亦可由本制度的資訊中獲得，避免不必要之資本支出；本研究對於日益競爭的產業環境而言，實為一不可或缺之管理工具，藉由本研究所提出之產能成本管理制度的設計與實施，不僅可提升產能管理決策、瓶頸部門管理、資本決策、定價決策等之決策品質，並可間接地降低成本，達到提昇企業競爭力之目的。 / In today’s manufacturing environment, the percentage of equipment cost and labor cost of product cost have became very important, because of expensive auto-machine and high labor cost. If introduce incorrect concept and information of capacity, it would influence the allocation of product cost, that is, allocate the idle capacity cost of equipment and labor to the cost of finished goods. Fail to link capacity cost to capacity management system, it would allocate the non-value-added capacity cost to product cost, and would lead business to “death spiral” because of using incorrect-information for pricing-decision and order-selection-decision. The purpose of the study is to research the influences of business decision-making with the information of capacity cost and capacity management. The research method that I used is case study and field study in a communication cable manufacturing company. The study includes two themes: 1. Building a capacity oriented Activity-Based Costing system, and calculating capacity cost according the ABC system. 2. Using the information of capacity cost system to assist the management of capacity. The study is case study and performs the designed capacity cost management system to the company, I expect to understand the frame of capacity cost management and expand existing literatures that focus on theoretical research to applied research. Through the designed capacity-oriented ABC system, business could get the information of capacity cost between equipment and employee. Using the information of capacity cost, business could get the advantages of order-scheduling management、idle-capacity management、pricing-decision、promoting value-added of products and strengthening production management. Finally, management team could understand the unused-capacity of each activity from the capacity-oriented ABC system, and could predict the bottle-neck department before manufacturing. Management team could reduce the influence of bottle-neck through order-scheduling management. And, management team could avoid unnecessary capital expenditure from the system. For today’s competitive environment, the capacity-oriented ABC system was very important for management, it could promote the quality of decision-making of capacity management、bottle-neck management、capital management、pricing management, and then, increase the competition advantages by reducing product cost indirectly.

過去有關土地使用分區管制與地價兩者間關係之研究，往往假設地價在實施規劃管制過程中呈中立性，且過去在探討土地使用分區管制與地價二者間關係之研究時，多著重在探討土地使用分區管制施行後對地價之影響上，對於土地使用分區管制決策是否受到土地市場中地價之影響，則僅在少數的研究中被探討。故本研究首先透過國內外相關文獻之回顧與分析，得知規劃管制決策者有時為求得最大之政治支持，有可能會以規劃管制為其尋求最大政治利益之工具，而扭曲規劃管制之原意，使得土地使用分區管制決策可能受到土地市場中地價之影響，然而地價於實際經濟社會中是否會影響土地使用分區管制決策，則有待進一步的探討與驗證。 是以本研究以公共選擇理論與消費者效用理論為基礎，透過台北縣市土地使用分區管制決策過程與內涵之探討，利用羅吉特(logit)迴歸分析模型，以台北市為實證範圍，並以其72至81年度之房地移轉買賣實際調查資料，進行分年橫斷面分析方式，求取選擇性偏誤訂正項後，再納入地價方程式中估計，以求地價函數一致性估計，據以逐年檢驗地價對土地使用分區管制決策之影響情形。再以台北市信義計畫區為個案分析之對象，檢視於現實社會中地價對土地使用分區管制決策之影響情形。 經由上述之實證與個案分析，得到以下之結論： 一、土地使用分區管制決策在執政者追求最大政治利益之假設下，將可能受到利益團體等相關者之壓力，而做出只利於少數人之土地使用分區管制決策。 二、土地使用分區管制決策可能會受土地市場中地價之影響。 三、地價對土地使用分區管制決策之影響不穩定。 四、對土地使用分區管制決策時應有制度性之建立以審慎考量規劃管制之旨意。 / In the literatures, the study on. the relationship between land price and zoning control was assumed that land price is neutral. Moreover, the studies of land price and zoning control are more on the impact of land use control upon land price. The issue that impact of land prices upon the decision making of zoning control is rarely investigated. Based upon the theories of public choice and consumer's utility, this study discusses the process and content of zoning control decision-making. Then, by Logit model, the transaction data of property in Taipei City from 1983 to 1992 are employed to test the impact of land price upon the decision making of zoning control. Furthermore, a case study of Shin-I Planning District in Taipei City is analyzed so as to examine the impact of land price upon zoning control decision-making in the real operation. The major findings of this study are that, land price may affect the decision making of zoning control in the long term. However, the impact of land price upon the zoning control decision-making is unstable. Finally, based upon the public choice theory, the empirical results are discussed so as to apply the findings to the land policy.

近年來，隨著能源價格不斷飆漲以及溫室氣體大量排放造成的氣候異常變化，引起世界各國對於提高能源使用效率與加強溫室氣體排放管制的重視。溫室氣體大多由化石燃料燃燒所產生。因此，一般被視為能耗較高的發電、鋼鐵、水泥以及石化等產業，遂成為眾所矚目而被要求加強溫室氣體排放管制的主要產業。未來的產業發展規劃，必需兼顧經濟與環保，否則必將被世界潮流所淹沒。 因應全球溫室氣體排放管制趨勢，就台灣經濟發展面、財政建設面、環境永續經營面等層面考量分析，現階段石化產業之發展應對產業競爭力及環境保護做更多且更審慎的考量。於產業競爭力部分，建議中油開放民營，並運用部份釋股取得的資金，一方面引進先進的製程技術及進行設備更新，提升企業競爭力；另一方面整合國內仰賴台灣中油公司供料且在各產品領域擁有數十年營運經驗的中下游業者，建構泛中油體系的石化經營團隊。如此泛中油體系與國內另一石化產品鏈已相當完整的台塑體系，形成兩大石化體系，互為良性競爭。於環境保護方面，則建議我國應終止國光石化投資案，降低溫室氣體排放量，並藉提升廠商製程效率減少能耗，如此將使經濟發展及環境保護得以兼顧，亦達成原興建國光計畫之目的。 而未來台灣石化產業發展策略，技術發展需長期向下扎根，產品則朝高值化、精緻化發展，開發低能耗、低污染之替代能源，提升產品的附加價值，並將大宗石化耗能的產品移往海外能源低廉的地區，持續提升產業競爭力，並達成溫室氣體減少排放為目標。如是，台灣在環境保護日益重視之趨勢下，石化產業也得以永續發展。 / The high energy cost and the unusual climate change due to increasing green house gases（GHG）emission in recent years have attracted the global attentions and called for improvement of energy utilization efficiency and enhancement of GHG emission control. GHG are mostly produced by the combustion of fossil fuels. And the higher energy consumption industries such as power generation, steel, cement and petrochemical industries are thus strongly requested to reduce GHG emission. Economic development and environmental protection both are needed to be equally evaluated in the planning of future industry development. Taking petrochemical industry as an example, many of its mid-stream and down-stream products have become an unseparable part and of our daily life. In Taiwan, it has been over half century since the establishment of petrochemical industry, and now become top 10 petrochemical production countries in the world. The production value of petrochemical-related industries are very close to 4 trillion NT dollars, about 30% of total production value of domestic manufacturing sectors. Petrochemical industry and electronic industry are the two strong arms in supporting national economic growth. As a very important industry in Taiwan, however, the intensity of its GHG emission is only next to steel industry. The significant technology improvement in petrochemical industry has been achieved since the installation of the existing refinery, naphtha crackers and many petrochemical mid-stream production plants in Taiwan. It is well recognized that the GHG emission will be greatly reduced if the advanced technologies are introduced and the old facilities are revamped. Therefore, the writer would like to address a different approach toward KuoKuang Petrochemical Project which the government is giving an impetus to its execution. Here the writer would propose Taiwan CPC company, the state-owned petroleum company and the leader of Kuokuang Petrochemical Project, to become privatized after asset re-evaluation and collect some government capital from privatization through issuance of part of its shares to the open market. The capital thus collected can be used for enterprise reform. The important items of the enterprise reform include but not limited to introduction of the advanced technologies, revamping of existing facilities and establishment of a new well-integrated petrochemical conglomerate through mutual investment between Taiwan CPC and the mid-stream companies that rely raw material supplies from Taiwan CPC. From viewpoints of both economy and environment, government policy of implementation of KuoKuang Petrochemical Project is worthy for reconsideration. Formation of a CPC-lead petrochemical conglomerate would also benefit the current petrochemical companies that rely on raw material supplies from Taiwan CPC as their operation efficiencies would improved from business intergration. The newly formed conglomerate would be more powerful in further business development and more competitive in world market. They would have more resources to explore their potential in advanced technology development, in new business fields such as biomass energy, solar energy and so on. The CPC-lead petrochemical conglomerate would be able to enchance its competitiveness to another domestic petrochemical giant, Taiwan Formosa Group, and other petrochemical giants in the global market.

電腦病毒的演化瞬息萬變，特別是近年來，駭客在有利可圖的動機驅使下，逐漸形成了專業分工的產銷供應鏈，讓病毒的演化速度和變種數量以指數型成長。攻擊事件數量不斷竄升，資訊安全市場理應增加不少機會，但多數防毒廠商經常對這樣的市場機會望洋興嘆，每年花費數億金額，動員研發團隊提出新產品、新版本、新服務，使用者卻始終興趣缺缺。供需兩方認知差異讓防毒軟體廠商面臨龐大開發費用的損失，也讓企業持續存在於不定時資安風險的恐懼之中。 資安軟體公司在產品研發前，做足使用者需求蒐集流程工作，依照使用者描述所進行開發的產品，為什麼卻不是客戶需要的？本研究以質性研究法觀察國內一家電腦防毒廠商的新產品開發過程，更以為期一年的行動研究方式參與該公司使用者洞見計畫（Customer insight program），結合跨部門團隊的智慧和力量，以雲端運算的資安機會為主題進行客戶觀察和新產品構思。 經過一年的行動研究蒐證，本研究指出使用者導向設計的迷思，並強調瞭解工作脈絡對於系統性產品創新的重要性。由於系統性產品複雜程度較高，使用處於分工較細的系統運作流程之下，往往不自覺工作特殊之處，也難以確切表達總體需求。本研究的分析方式則透過使用者工作脈絡，即以客戶的商業模式和雲端運用的特殊情境，其次定義使用者於脈絡中獨特的痛點，進而找到創新機會。 使用者雖然是創新的來源，但是本研究發現，使用者不一定能知道自己的需求，唯有瞭解他們的工作實務，瞭解使用者在特定工作情境的痛點，才能化痛點為創新的亮點。研究貢獻上，補強現行使用者研究的三大方向，分別是使用者假設的不同、產品面設計的不同與創新來源不同。實務貢獻上，本研究提供複雜度較高的系統產品廠商在使用者導向設計流程之建議，以及企業中各部門如何透過使用者創新設計思維發揮價值所在。 / The rate of rapid evolution in computer virus results in an increase of computer crime and business attack incidents. Opportunities in the information security market began to grow and expected to exceed $125 billion USD by 2015, according to a new report by Global Industry Analysts. In this situation, anti-virus company tried everything they can to launch high-technology, fancy, and more powerful product every year. But they found customer is always lack of interest in their new products. This not only makes the loss on large investment in software development for anti-virus company, and also makes enterprise customers continuously at the risk of data stolen and computer virus attacks. By asking users what they want and trying really hard to listen to them before the development, however the product still hasn』t meet the customer needs? This research is based on qualitative method and action research project to investigate an anti-virus company』s product development process and customer insight programs. The one year project was cooperated with company internal cross-functional team and focused on 『Protecting the cloud』 topic. There are three cases was selected in the final. In order to know the user』s working context in the high-complexity information security product system. The analysis structure in three cases used four steps to find out. First of all, identify the enterprise user』s business model. Secondly, observe their local knowledge in cloud computing usage. Thirdly, clarify the organization's unique pain points. The last but not the least, find the potential security opportunities for innovation. While user becomes a significant source of innovation, the study shows that users don』t necessarily know their own needs. Only to understand customer』s work practices, pain points under specific working situations, and use design thinking to make the pain points to transform into fit customer needs. The research emphasized the importance of local context in innovation theory and reinforced the inadequacy part of the lead user theory. Key words: User-centric innovation, Product innovation, Service innovation, Cloud computing, Anti-virus software, Qualitative research, Action research

因預售屋交易具有交易標的不可預見性、多重複雜法律關係等特性，故於實務上常引發諸多爭訟，本文針對預售屋交易依下列主題進行深入研究： 一、解析預售屋交易型態 　　傳統的預售屋交易模式，契約當事人主要為建商與消費者，並以此為中心，對外與地主、貸款銀行、代銷公司及營造廠等產生連結，本文將整理分析學說及實務判決之相關見解，藉以對預售屋交易契約為定性，並與鄰近日本地區之預售屋交易模式進行比較研究。又自信託法公布後，實務上建商為因應融資銀行之要求，於預售屋交易機制上引入信託架構，對原有法律關係架構產生如何之影響與變化，並檢討信託機制對消費者權益保障之實質助益。 二、案例紛爭類型化與司法審查之檢討 　　為瞭解預售屋之實際糾紛，藉由蒐集整理法院案例，將常見紛爭歸納為「審閱期間」、「廣告不實」、「面積與找補爭議」及「房屋瑕疵與拒絕給付價金」四大類型，分析相關判決對各爭點之法律見解，並檢討法院判決能否有效發揮司法審查之作用，以期未來在進行預售屋交易時能避免並預防類似之訟爭再度發生。 三、定型化契約條款之規制 　　我國對預售屋定型化契約條款之行政管制，主要以內政部所公告「預售屋買賣定型化契約應記載及不得記載事項」，作為企業經營者與消費者訂定契約之依據。惟隨著實行後仍發生諸多預售屋交易糾紛，因而分別於98年及99年二度修正，故本文將以新修正之應記載事項及不得記載事項內容為討論範圍，且針對修正後條款如履約保證機制等規定，在實務運作上恐將發生之爭議問題為探討，進而提出再修正之建議。 四、新型態使用權銷售之探討 　　隨著多元化之發展，預售屋銷售不再僅侷限於傳統預售房屋所有權之概念，亦發展出地上權房屋、使用權房屋之案例，本文擬以實際建案「京站使用權」為研究對象，分析使用權產生之背景，探討其交易架構、當事人間之法律關係及契約條款內容，以比較與傳統預售屋銷售之差異處，並深究消費者面對此種新型態預售屋時應注意之相關事項，另新型態預售模式中所採行之交易機制，可否採行適用於傳統之預售屋交易型態。 五、預售屋安全交易機制之再建構 　　最後藉由歸納分析上述各項議題，考量預售屋交易特性所產生之交易風險，擬由價金返還保障與建立續建機制之角度，提出預售屋安全交易機制之再建構。又基於實務上建商常使用顯失公平之定型化契約條款，而有加以導正之必要，將從司法審查與行政規制之面向，針對現有常見之糾紛類型，評析既存判決之適法性及妥當性，並對預售屋定型化契約應記載事項及不得記載事項之內容，提示具體之修正條款，達到加強消費者安全保障之目的，以期能尋求契約自由與消費者保護間之衡平。

中華電信MOD是台灣目前最具規模的互動電視(IPTV)平台，全台已有68萬用戶，除了提供影片隨選（Video on demad）的服務之外，也積極發展其他類型的加值服務，本研究以中華電信MOD之「心靈開運網」算命服務為例，從中探討該服務使用族群的「使用動機」、「服務品質」、「顧客滿意度」、「顧客忠誠度」之間的相互關係，並研究使用動機與服務品質等因子中，何者影響使用族群的滿意度？希望這樣的研究結果日後可提供其他互動電視加值服務開發廠商參考。 本研究經量化研究的統計分析方法與質化研究的深度訪談法，對中華電信MOD加值服務「心靈開運網」算命服務使用族群發放電視問卷，以分析用戶的基本資料與使用行為，同時輔以深度訪談，綜合用戶調查資料、同業建議、MOD平台經營者等各方看法，對本算命服務發現與建議如下： 一.每個年齡層對算命內容的需求有明顯差異，可根據用戶常算的算命分類紀錄，提供客製化的首頁，以方便用戶選擇。 二.從用戶的算命記錄可看出用戶目前的需求，可以針對用戶的需求尋找異業結盟或廣告交換，如理財、婚顧、養生、交友等服務，以提高用戶滿意度。 三.人口統計變項(性別、年齡、教育、職業、收入)對於中華電信MOD加值服務「心靈開運網」之使用動機、服務品質、忠誠度、滿意度，除了學歷之外，並無顯著差異，可能表示不同人口統計變項，對於算命的喜好差異不大。 四.服務品質與滿意度的關連性，較使用動機與滿意度的關連性強，服務品質愈好，滿意度愈高。 五.服務品質對滿意度的影響很大，其中產品可靠度，也就是算命的準確度，將影響整個服務品質構面給用戶的感覺。 六.本算命服務對於個人隱私愈保護，用戶的再度使用意願會愈高，同時算命內容若讓用戶感覺能趨吉避凶，感覺安心，推薦給他人的機會就愈高。 關鍵詞：互動電視、IPTV、MOD、加值服務、心靈開運網、使用動機、資訊來源、服務品質、滿意度、忠誠度、電視問卷 / Abstract Chunghwa Telecom MOD is the most popular IPTV provider in Taiwan, which now has around 680,000 subscribers. In addition to providing video on demand services, Chunghwa Telecom MOD is also aggressively expanding other value-added-services (VAS). Using Chunghwa Telecom MOD's "Superfate" service as an example, this study tried to examine the relationships between “usage motivation”, “service quality”, “customer satisfaction”, and “customer loyalty”. Furthermore, we tried to investigate which of the following factors (e.g., usage motivation and service quality) has the greatest impact on “customer satisfaction”. We hope that the research outcome could provide some directions for other VAS developers of IPTV industry. Using both quantitative statistical analysis and qualitative in-depth interviews. We extensively surveyed different consumer groups of Chunghwa Telecom MOD's "Superfate" service in order to understand consumer profile and user behavior. At the same time, we also conducted in-depth interviews Based upon research outcomes from consumer surveys and key industry players interviews, we provide several recommendations to the "Superfate" service as follow: 1.Different age groups have different demands on fortune telling content. To make this service more user-friendly, we should customize the front page according to the record of the customers' most-frequently-visit fortune-telling categories. 2.Based on the usage records of each user, we can easily identify the associated services each customer might need. We can effectively increase customer satisfaction level by forming strategic alliance with other value-added-services, e.g. personal finance, match-making, wedding-planning, and health care related services. 3.Demographic variables (e.g., age, gender, occupation, and income) do not have a significantly different impact on usage motivation, service quality, customer loyalty, and satisfaction. Educational level is the exception. Our results imply that demographic differences do not significantly influence customers' preference on fortune-telling. 4.Service quality has a stronger influence on satisfaction level than usage motivation. The better the service quality, the more satisfied the users are. 5.Service quality has a strong influence on the level of customer satisfaction. Moreover, the reliability of the service, or the accuracy of the fortune-telling result, can greatly impact customers' perception of service quality. 6.Users are more willing to reuse this service when they feel their privacy is protected. Meanwhile, the user is more willing to recommend this service to others when they feel the fortune-telling results could help them approach the positive luck and avoid the negative fate. Keywords：Multimedia On Demand(MOD)、IPTV、value-added-services、Superfate、usage motivation、service quality、customer satisfaction、customer loyalty、TV questionnaire survey

中央健康保險局於2010年1月1日推動住院醫療費用採「診斷關聯群制度」的支付方式，其主要目的為控制醫療費用的不合理成長，期能拉近健保費用的收支差距，化解財務危機，並將健保財務風險轉嫁到醫療機構、或說是醫事人員來承擔。於2011年1月26日新修訂的二代健保，更擴大保費基礎，促使更多被保險人使用者付費。然而診斷關聯群制度之給付，實已包含當次住院所訂各項相關費用，故中央健保局在約佔整體健保業務支付20％的一五五項「診斷關聯群制度」內「禁止使用自費醫材」，令各醫療院所對已納入健保給付，且符合適應症者，皆不可向病患收取自費，如有尚未收載之自費項目，應先向總局申請核價，在未核價前仍不可收取自費。且健保局自2010年7月起加強審查案件，針對醫療院所向病患收取手術及特材自費之情形，將逕予不給付，並發函限期改善，未改善者，將依「全民健康保險法」、「全民健康保險醫事服務機構特約及管理辦法」辦理。 觀察世界主要先進國家的健康醫療保險制度，其「傳統醫療體制」，可約略簡化成一光譜，若其極左端為英國之「公醫制度」，則其極右端為美國之「市場化自由醫療」。相對地德國之「社會福利市場經濟醫療保險」可謂處於光譜偏左路線，日本之「國家主導的醫療保險」則屬於中間偏右。然而在近年因應情勢所迫，英國漸鬆綁公醫制度、美國努力邁向全民健保、日本強調社會共生、德國擴大自費承擔之後，各國逐漸朝向醫療體系光譜的中央移動，形成中庸路線，此可成為我國健保改革方向之借鏡。 上有政策，下有對策，醫療院所因應之道與實然之臨床面若非照舊視臨床所需，或配合健保停止使用自費醫材，或改成完全自費醫療，或變通減少使用自費醫材的比率、參雜使用自費醫材，或另設商店專櫃售醫材，讓醫療院所與自費醫材關係脫鉤。然而變通減少使用自費醫材的比率是違法行為，而參雜使用自費醫材畢竟是脫法行為。 在日益普及的私人商業醫療保險下，民眾提高商業健保附加險保費的同時無非於保險事故發生時，得到雙重保障，或多或少因此產生較高的新道德危險。醫療院所在健保局嚴苛支付制度改革下，轉型多元經營自費醫療產業，也對民眾產生新道德危險而推波助瀾地「增加」民眾利用商業醫療保險的使用率。「診斷關聯群制度」下使用自費醫材禁止則抑制被保險人追求高品質健康的理想，防堵了商業保險理賠金額提升，但對健保局降低保費的給付有限，對被保險人健康提升無助益，相反地卻可大大降低私人商業保險理賠負擔而減緩其責任。 其實健保特約的限制，不宜過度介入與變更醫療核心價值，否則會讓醫療品質退步，最終「以健保規章取代醫學教科書」。解決之道為健保局只能承擔符合健保規定之「適當醫療服務」費用，其他費用應回歸醫療契約債之本旨，讓契約兩造當事人自行處理。使用自費分擔方式可緩和健保局財務窘況，亦可分擔醫療給付的拮据。保險人應妥善健全提供符合最低人性尊嚴需求之醫療體系，至於有人無力負擔自負額，以致僅獲得較低或較危險的醫療服務，也是自由市場經濟運作下在所難免之殘酷事實。 依目前中央健保局函釋認為，納入「診斷關聯群制度」之病患，因健保局已包裹支付其醫療費用，若擅自「額外」要求病人自費，就是「實質收受全額健保給付費用、實際卻只應用部分健保支付品項」，故不得收取自費，否則有詐欺保險人之嫌。建議健保局可精算後，抽離並扣除此健保支付之主要醫材費用後，再另行公布所應支付的定額範圍，而非完全禁止自費。如斯作法只是「技術上的問題」，並非不可解決，也才不至於讓保險人、醫事服務機構、保險對象陷入僵局，可讓純粹為服務病患之醫事人員，從保險詐欺罪中解套。 醫療糾紛時最重要的是如何有效填補病患或其家屬的損害，這種民事賠償責任的確立，是處理醫療糾紛的主軸，在刑事上主要目的是在請求刑事訴訟中能附帶民事賠償。在醫事服務機構違反健保規定致保險對象損害時，保險對象只能向保險人監督機關提出「申訴」，要求糾正。然而在醫事服務機構遵照健保規定卻致保險對象損害時，如禁止納入「診斷關聯群制度」之病患使用自費醫材，若保險對象有其自費醫材之使用適應症、本身有意願使用、醫事人員也有能力提供服務，醫事人員卻礙於健保規章而使用「診斷關聯群制度」所提供之醫材，最終卻致保險對象損害之事實發生，則保險人可能具有國家賠償之責任。 基於對憲法基本人權的權衡，可知福利國家內不應全面「診斷關連群制度下自費醫材使用禁止」，而「診斷關連群制度下自費醫材使用禁止」亦是對人性尊嚴之挑戰與侵犯、平等權之背離、生存權之限制、自費醫材廠商之工作權侵害、醫學研究之學術自由迫害，如此完全無法通過比例原則的檢視考驗。 社會福利制度的建構，需要各領域的專才共同致力解決，提出更深入的檢討與批判，以促成健保制度更趨完美、人民健康更受保障。所推動之「診斷關聯群制度」應權衡諸方權益，例如健保給付醫療機構的水準高低，對病人及醫療人員醫療選擇自由限縮的程度，與廠商營業結構的影響等，事先就應該全盤考量，統合相關的法規與憲法規範意旨，並檢驗所有可能之相關基本權的限制是否踰越界限，擬定合憲政策方針後，方能依循施行之。由此可知健保局對於納入「診斷關聯群制度」下的病患禁止使用自費醫材所做的規制，仍然必須合乎憲法保障人民自由權與平等權的規範要求，不得逾越憲法第二十三條及其所蘊含之比例原則的規範要求。「禁止使用自費醫材」將會對病人醫療尊嚴、自決權與平等權，醫事人員學術自由，及自費廠商之工作權構成限制。衛生機關應就全民健保管理監督而通盤檢討改善，始符憲法建立公平、有效社會安全體制之意旨，創造出被保險人、保險醫事服務機構及保險人均能獲得三贏的局面。

本內容為手機社群平台介面設計創作論述。PostHere 是一個讓使用者在智慧型手機上分享和接收情境內容的社群平台。使用者根據所在的情境，產製出一則則多媒體數位故事，並利用全球定位系統（GPS) 與數位羅盤技術，將內容留在空間中，共同建立地點資料庫。其他使用者便可從不同地點的資料庫中讀取內容，並利用擴增實境、數位地圖或街景重新建構的情境觀看內容，有如在真實空間中覆蓋一層數位故事空間。平台使用了社群機制進行內容排序和篩選，並刺激使用者更踴躍分享內容。 本論述探討了關於情境內容、社群服務和使用者介面與經驗設計的文獻，並進行個案分析，作為介面設計之基礎。設計的過程中也咨詢了介面設計領域專業人員的意見。 PostHere的主要目標族群為21至35歲的社青，有四個主要功能。使用者可創作情境故事留在特定地理位置上、閱讀其他使用者在目前位置上留下的故事、搜尋其他地點的故事、以及與有興趣的使用者聯結。本社群平台將先鼓勵使用者分享微旅遊紀錄，作為內容範例。 / This paper presents the prototype design of PostHere, a mobile social networking platform that will enable users to share and receive context aware content through an application on the smartphone. Digital stories in multimedia forms created by the mass users in relation to their spatial and temporal context are “planted” and left on a location using Global Positional System (GPS) and compass technology. These stories are stored in a location database for other users to retrieve and view in recreated context through augmented reality, world map or street view, like over layering a digital space on top of the physical space. Social mechanisms are used to sort out and filter content, while motivating users to share content actively. Literature review on context aware content, social networking and user experience design, together with case study on current mobile social networking app act as the basis of the development. Professionals from the app development field were consulted throughout the course of the user interface and user experience design. The final prototype has four main functions, targeted at urban young adult ranging from the age of 21 to 35. User may create and leave stories on a geographical spot, explore stories at their current location, search for interesting stories shared by others and connect with users they are interested in. Micro- travel log is chosen as the main content to help build up content paradigm. The prototype received positive feedback from test participants in Taiwan and will be ready for development into an actual product.

集合住宅社區共同使用部份屬於住戶分別共有的「共有資產」，具有類似公共財的特性，可能會因為相關使用衝突課題，或集體行動困境，而減損多數願意配合社區事務的住戶之使用效益。此外，代理問題可能衍生自管理委員會所建立的管理模式，其影響程度可能因決策控制權及管理權不同程度的委外而有異。 因此，本論文主要有三個探討課題：第一，從集體行動困境角度分析並釐清管理委員會自治管理問題；第二，依據代理理論、公司治理機制，從決策控制權移轉的程度來重新定義集合住宅社區的事務管理模式，分析事務管理模式對於管理維護效率的影響；第三，了解使用混合與面積混合所產生的使用衝突與管理維護績效間的相互關係。本文使用台北集合住宅管理維護現況調查的問卷資料進行實證研究，期望透過上述課題的探討，釐清管理維護潛在問題，並對不同類型社區提出適宜管理維護方式的建議，產生兼具學術與實務面之貢獻。 / Common property belonging to all owners of a condominium may cause usage conflicts or collective action dilemmas, due to the characteristic of quasi-public goods diminishing most residents' utility or benefits. Besides, agency problems derived from different management modes established by management committees may have unfavorable influence on management performance to some extent ccording to the delegation degree of decision control and management. Therefore, the main topics of this dissertation are as follows: First, analyzing and cectifying the collective action dilemmas through the self-organized CPR regimes; Secondly, redefining condominium management modes through delegation or outsourcing degrees of decision control according to agency theory and corporate governance framework and analyzing the effects of these modes on management performance; Thirdly, discovering the relationship between usage conflicts derived from the features of housing mix and usage mix and management performance of condominiums. Data collected from a postal questionnaire survey in Taipei city was used in several empirical analyses based on the main topics. Clarify the potential problems of condominium management and proposing appropriate management modes and approaches according to various features of condominiums are expected to be both academic and practical contributions.