The title of our essay is I wonder who I am at work. It is a qualitative study about the descriptions of leisure teachers and leisure educators of their dual mission and the dilemmas of the dual mission. The purpose of this study is to examine the dilemmas after-school teachers and after-school educators encounter in their professional role. We also look into the experiences of four after-school teachers and two after-school educators regarding the support they receive from their supervisor who is an assistant principal in after-school education. We also investigate how three deputy head teachers in leisure time centres describe the tasks of leisure time teachers and leisure time educators and the support they provide to them as a group of teachers and for the leisure time centre activities. In the study, we use concepts from the framework factor theory and the theory of KASAM. We also make use of some previous research in the field. After analyzing our interviews, we concluded that all after-school teachers and leisure time educators have common responsibilities in their mission and these are recess activities, leisure time supervisor and interaction during school hours. Unlike after-school teachers, recreation teachers had instruction during school hours while after-school teachers had interaction in the classroom. All interviewees felt that planning time was a major issue. It is difficult to plan for their assignments which are both during school, and after. Therefore, our interviewees chose to focus on the area that they felt was most important to them. The after-school teachers have chosen to focus on planning for school teaching while the after-school educators for after-school activities. Our study results showed that assistant principals in after-school programs were knowledgeable in their field because they have both training and experience in after-school programs. Both the after-school teachers and the after-school educators we interviewed emphasized the importance of having an assistant principal who has training in after-school education. The assistant principals in after-school care were very careful to have at least one FL or FP in each after-school department.

This mixed methods study aimed to combine a quantitative analysis of the data of Swedish dual career (DC) athletes with two narrative interviews. The objectives were to quantitatively explore the Mental Health Literacy (MHL) of Swedish student-athletes, to compare the MHL of male and female, individual and team sports, and non-transnational and transnational athletes and to analyse student-athletes’ narratives about MHL in action. The data for the quantitative analysis, provided by the Dual Career 4 Mental Health project, was analysed via independent t-tests. For the narrative analysis two student-athletes were interviewed. The results showed significantly higher MHL for female athletes compared to male, and for individual-sport compared to team-sport athletes. No significant differences were found between transnational and non-transnational athletes. In the narrative results the participantstalked about their DC balancing, that lack of support from the environment can lead to the termination of a DC and how there still seem to be differences between the way physical and mental ill health are viewed and supported. At the current point we lack research studying the causes and influences of MHL. Practical applications, like specific education for coaches that could help prevent mental ill health as well as career terminations, still need to be created and applied. / Denna studie med blandade metoder hade som syfte att kombinera en kvantitativ analys av data från svenska idrottare med dubbla karriärer (DC) med två narrativa intervjuer. Målen med studien var att kvantitativt utforska svenska student-atleters mentala hälsolitteracitet (MHL), att jämföra MHL för manliga och kvinnliga idrottare, individuella och lagidrotter, nationella och transnationella idrottare, samt att analysera student-atleters berättelser om MHL. Data för den kvantitativa analysen, som tillhandahålls av DC4MH-projektet, analyserades via oberoende t-tester. För den narrativa analysen intervjuades två studentatleter. Resultaten visade signifikant högre MHL för kvinnliga idrottare jämfört med män, och för individuella idrottare jämfört med lagidrottare. Inga signifikanta skillnader hittades mellan transnationella och nationella idrottare. I de narrativa resultaten pratade deltagarna om sin DC-balans, att bristande stöd från omgivningen kan leda till att den DC avslutas, och hur det fortfarande verkar finnas skillnader mellan hur fysisk och psykisk ohälsa ses på samt stöttas. I dagsläget saknar vi forskning som studerar orsaker till och påverkan av MHL. Praktiska tillämpningar, som specifik utbildning för tränare som kan hjälpa till att förebygga psykisk ohälsa och avslutade karriärer måste fortfarande skapas och tillämpas.

I detta examensarbete forskar vi kring hur fritidslärare utformar sin yrkesidentitet utifrån de ramfaktorer som finns i skolans organisation. Tidigare forskning och våra egna erfarenheter visar ett yrke som ser väldigt olika ut från skola till skola i både arbetsuppgifter och utformning. Hur skolledarna organiserar fritidslärarna inom organisationen är även något vi strävat efter att få svar på. Detta då vi upplevt att det har en stor inverkan på hur fritidslärarnas yrkessituation utformas vilket vårt resultat tyder på i sin tur har en stor inverkan i hur fritidslärarna skapar sina egna yrkesidentiteter. Vi utgår från frågeställningarna Hur uppfattar de nyexaminerade fritidslärarna sin yrkesidentitet? och Hur skapar skolledare förutsättningar för fritidslärare att forma sin yrkesidentitet? Vi har genomfört kvalitativa intervjuer och tolkat dessa utifrån olika teorier för att nå fram till vårt resultat. Vårt resultat visar att det är många variabler som bidrar till fritidslärarnas skapande utav en yrkesidentitet. Resultatet visar att fritidslärare allt som oftast har en eller flera yrkesidentiteter i sitt yrke, om man trivs med detta eller ej beror på om rätt förutsättningar för att sköta dessa ges. Slutligen visar undersökningens resultat att skolledarens ledarskap och organiserande av verksamheten är nyckeln för att skapa dessa förutsättningar.

The aim of this study is to investigate the Swedish curriculum’s and high school teacher’s views on educating democratic citizens. More than any other country Swedish schools puts value in students’ rights to influence their own education and everyday life in school, an aim portrayed in the curriculum and a heavy amount of research on the subject. The question imposed will be analyzed through three central themes surrounding the school as a democratic institution – the school’s two-sided mission as suppliers of knowledge and educating democratic citizens, the possibility of students to exert influence, and class councils as an arena for deliberative democracy. These three themes will further be analyzed through a theoretical framework consisting of Robert A Dahl’s criteria for a democratic process, customized for an educational environment with the help of earlier research, including the writings of educational philosopher John Dewey.   The result of the study is that although these three themes show great potential in shaping students into democratic citizens, in theory, the participating teachers speak of a difficulty in transforming these goals in their everyday work following a number of obstructions. A few examples of such is time pressure, focus on grades and lack of knowledge as well as lack of interest in participating among students.

Vi möter i denna uppsats kvinnor som successivt förändrar vår bild av det dubbla straffet, som komplicerar vår uppfattning om ett liv i missbruksberoende och livet på kvinnoanstalt, men som också förenklar föreställningen om den djupa kärleken de hyser för sina barn. Eftersom dessa mödrar har arbetat en hel del med sig själva och tagit sig ur långa perioder av beroende har vi fått känna av den kraft som lösgörs då en människa verkar inom någonting hon brinner för. Att hjälpa andra och att tillåta sig själv att ta emot hjälp har guidat denna berättelse kring människans förmåga att resa sig och gå vidare. Det faktum att kärleken tycks verka sida vid sida med den skuldtyngda problematiken har väckt vårt intresse och diskuteras genom texten som en löpande röd tråd. Genom att låta de individuella känslorna möta sociologiska teorier vidgas perspektivet till en vinkel som berör såväl makro som mikronivå i samhället. Den här uppsatsen försöker förklara sambanden såväl som de inkompatibla rollerna och dess konsekvenser för mödrar i fängelse. Thomas J Scheffs teori om sociala band leder diskussionen och är avgörande för att förstå behovet av hänsynstagande liksom den förödande skammens inverkan på individ och samhälle. Mänsklig mångfald och flerfaldiga verklighetsuppfattningar finner mening i en socialpsykologisk tolkning och analys sprungen ur en innovativ undersökning. / In this study we meet women who gradually change our picture of the "double penalty", which complicates our view of a life of abuse and drug dependence, and the life in a women’s prison, but also simplifies the notion of the deep love they have for their children. Since these mothers have worked a lot with themselves and emerging from long periods of drug dependence, we have experienced the force which is released when someone is working with something she is passionate about. To help others and to allow the individual to accept help has guided this story about the human beings ability to get up and move on. The fact that the love seems to work side by side with the indebted problem has aroused our interest and is discussed in the text as a running theme. By allowing the individual emotions to meet sociological theories widens the perspective to an angle involving both macro- and micro-levels of society. This essay tries to explain the relationships as well as the incompatible roles and its impact on mothers in prison. Thomas J. Scheff's theory of social bonds is leading the discussion and is critical to understanding the need for consideration as well as the devastating impact of shame on the individual and society. Human diversity and multiple views of reality will find meaning in a social psychological interpretation and analysis originated from an innovative study.

Background: In Swedish elderly care, New Public Management (NPM) can be identified in several different ways, for instance it has entailed changed control principles with an increased element of various standardized instruments. Another important feature is that political governance has become increasingly decentralized. The unit managers within elderly care are the professional group that to a large extent has the responsibility to implement various changes. For unit managers, this means a complex professional role with a responsibility for the staff and their work environment, the budget and the realization of the organization's overall goals in practice. Hence the unit managers' professional role often entails conflicts of loyalty between competing interest on different levels in the organization. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate how the unit manager's work processes and professional role in a medium-sized municipality can be understood in relation to NPM. Methods: The study was conducted through individual interviews with eight unit managers in elderly care. Respondents were recruited through e-mail, all respondents worked in the same medium-sized municipality. The interviews were conducted using an interview guide. We used a qualitative empirically driven thematic analysis method to categorize our data. In our analysis we implored a deductive approach, using several concepts from a critical perspective in relation to NPM. Results: Unit managers' professional role in elderly care in the chosen municipality is largely characterized by budget, administrative work and a lot of time is devoted to evaluating different key figures. Thus, the way in which the professional role of unit managers and elderly care in general is organized, managed, and evaluated in the municipality we studied can be understood as a form of NPM. The position of unit managers is an intermediate position between the organization, staff, caregivers, and relatives. Unit managers are faced with many demands from management, from caregivers and from relatives. The biggest challenge both in the present and in the future is the recruitment of educated and experienced staff.

Sports combined with school have become a part of Swedish society. National Sport Education gives students at secondary school an opportunity to combine school and sports to prepare for both a post-athlete career and current elite sport career. The purpose of this study is to increase knowledge about the sports background of the girls and their motive to study National sport Education. At what extent do the girls feel they had the opportunity to combine sport and education but also how does the girls see their future in sports and if their perception of a sports career has changed during their education.All the data have been collected by a quantitative survey that we sent out to all 301 girls who are final year students at National Sport Education specialized in football in Sweden. 51 girls answered the survey. The results show that the girls overall are satisfied with their education at National Sports Education and thinks the arrangements are good. According to the girls’ thoughts, the goals and expectations of the Swedish Football Association are considered a few of them are achieved. What can be understood after this survey is that girls have great ambitions overall and want to invest more in their football career. Most girls want to continue playing football in some way after high school, with a combination of jobs or studies to have something to fall back on after completing their sports career.

Mellanchefers roll i organisationer har visat sig vara fylld med utmaningar. En mellanchefs ansvar är bland annat att rapportera till högre chefer, kommunicera beslut till medarbetare samtidigt som relationer ska upprätthållas på olika nivåer inom organisationen. Den syn på mellanchefens roll som skildras i tidigare forskning tenderar att vara negativ. En stor del av forskningen visar höga stressnivåer och dålig psykosocial arbetsmiljö bland mellanchefer. Syftet med studien är att bidra med en ökad förståelse för hur mellanchefer på operativ nivå upplever sin arbetssituation. Studien fokuserar på mellanchefers komplexa roll som både arbetsgivarrepresentant och medarbetarrepresentant. För att besvara studiens forskningsfrågor har empirin samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Till skillnad från stor del av tidigare forskning visar resultatet i föreliggande studie inte att mellanchefers arbetssituation präglas av höga stressnivåer och dålig psykosocial arbetsmiljö. Detta med ett undantag till en av studiens respondenter som arbetar i en mycket stressig miljö. Studiens resultat visar tre framträdande utmaningar som mellanchefer möter i sitt arbete på grund av att de befinner sig mitt emellan organisationens olika nivåer (1) Att hålla medarbetare och högre chefer nöjda, (2) Att binda samman organisationens kommunikationskedja och (3) Att skilja på den formella överordnad-underordnad relationen och informella vänskapsrelationen. Resultatet i studien påvisar även att mellanchefer ofta tillämpar copingstrategier för att hantera utmanande situationer. Särskilt vanligt är socialt stöd från kollegor i samma roll, problemfokuserad coping i oförutsedda händelser och emotionsfokuserad coping när frustration eller osäkerhet uppstår. / The role of middle managers in organizations has proven to be filled with challenges. A middle manager's responsibilities are, among other things to report to senior managers, and to communicate decisions to employees while maintaining relationships at various levels within the organization. Middle managers are often portrayed in a negative way in earlier research. Majority of the studies show high stress levels and a negative psychosocial environment among middle managers. The purpose of this study is to contribute with increased knowledge about how middle managers at the operational level in retail and café operations experience their work situation. The study focuses on middle managers' complex role as both employer representative and employee representative. To answer the study's research questions, the empirical data has been collected through semi-structured interviews. Unlike a lot of the previous research, the results in this study did not show that middle managers' work situation is characterized by high stress levels and a poor psychosocial work environment. This apart from one respondent who works in a stressful environment. The study’s results presented three prominent challenges that middle managers face as a result of being situated between different hierarchies: (1) To keep the subordinated and the higher managers content, (2) To connect the communication chain of the organization and (3) To distinguish between the formal and informal managerial role. The results in the study also show that middle managers often use coping strategies to manage challenging situations. Particularly with the respect to showing social support from colleagues with the same role, taking a problem-focused approach during sudden unexpected events and emotion-focused coping during times when expressing dissatisfaction is needed.

Sverige finns det Riksidrottsgymnasier och Nationella idrottsutbildningar som erbjuder ett utbildningsprogram med specialidrott för att elitidrottande ungdomar ska kunna kombinera idrott och studier. Ungdomarna ska få möjlighet att utvecklas både inom sin idrott och inom sin utbildning och på så sätt bli ”vinnare i långa loppet” med både en idrottskarriär och sedan även en yrkeskarriär som de lagt grunden till med studier under idrottsåren. För att ungdomar ska lyckas med elitidrott och studier är det viktigt att se till helheten. Tidigare forskning inom ”dubbla karriärer” tar utgångspunkt från det holistiska perspektivet som beskriver betydelsen av balans mellan idrott, skola och privatliv. Studierna nämner helheten som viktig för ungdomar ska må bra och kunna prestera i sin idrott och i sin utbildning. De olika forskningsstudierna utgår och lägger tyngdpunkten på idrottsdelen, idrottsmiljöerna och tränare. De pekar på betydelsen av skolan och på betydelsen av helheten idrott, skola och privatliv men går ej på djupet med hur lärarens undervisning eller elevens lärande ska utformas för bästa resultat. Diskursen som analyseras i detta arbete är ”matematikundervisning på ett idrottsgymnasium”. Forskningsfrågan som ställs och som formar diskursen lyder: Vilka är de didaktiska perspektiven i idrottselevernas utbildningsmiljö, specifikt inom matematikundervisning och vad görs viktigt i matematikundervisningen sedd som diskurs? Matematiklärarna och idrottseleverna sätts i fokus och studien undersöker, hur de beskriver olika företeelser när de ger sin bild av matematikundervisningen på skolan. Studien tar utgångspunkt från det didaktiska perspektivet/lärarperspektivet i idrottselevernas utbildningsmiljö. Data samlades in genom intervjuer med matematiklärare och en enkät till idrottselever på ett Riksidrottsgymnasium med cirka 60 idrottselever, under vårterminen 2019. I analysresultatet framstår diskursens normer, högt värderade ståndpunkter och dilemma som fem teman: ”det viktiga matematikämnet”, ”den goda idrottseleven”, ”dilemmat runt idrottselevens frånvaro”, ”strategier för stöd” och ”studieformens otydlighet”. Slutsatsen pekar på att det så tydligt frammanas en ideal bild av en framgångsrik elev, att matematikämnet värderas så viktigt och svårt utifrån sin tradition och att den specifikastudieformen för matematikundervisning för idrottselever saknar tydlig form. Studieformen kan beskrivas som lärarledd klassrumsundervisning kompletterad med olika anpassningar för att underlätta för idrottselevernas självstudier. Studiens diskursiva analys beskriver också vad som ses som framgångsfaktorer, vilket sammanfattas i idrottselevernas stora egna ansvar, motivation och förmåga att planera in och genomföra självstudier samt matematiklärarnas olika anpassningar och stöd för att underlätta idrottselevernas självstudier. / The Swedish model of elite sports secondary schools consist of Riksidrottsgymnasium, RIG,and National Sports Education Programs, NIU, which offer a training program with specialized sports to student-athletes in order for them to combine sport and study. The underlying philosophy for the model is seen as creating “winners in the long run” in preparingstudent-athletes for a post-athletic career, as well as coping with current demands to optimise development in an elite sporting career. For young student-athletes to successfully combine elite sport and study, it is important tohave a holistic perspective. Previous research in “dual careers” is based on the holistic perspective that describes the importance of a balance between sport, school and private life. The studies point out that the student-athlete has a challenging life situation to manage andit is important for the young student-athlete to feel good to be able to perform both in sportand study. The various research studies are based on and emphasize the sport, the sportenvironments and coaches. They put focus on the importance of the education and theimportance of the holistic perspective of sport, school and private life but do not go into depthhow the teacher's teaching or the student's way of learning should be designed for best results. This discourse analysis is defined as “mathematics at an elite sport secondary school”. The research question which shapes the given discourse reads: “What are the didactic perspectives in the student-athlete's educational environment, especially in mathematics teaching, seen as discourse?” The math teachers and the student-athletes are put into focus and the study investigates how they describe the math education at the RIG-school. The study is based onthe didactic perspective/teaching perspective in the student-athlete's educational environment. Data for the study was collected through interviews with math teachers and a questionnairefor student-athletes, at a RIG-school with approximately 60 student-athletes, during thespring of 2019.In the results of the analysis, the norms of the discourse, highly valued positions and dilemmaappear as five themes: “the important math-subject”, “the good student-athlete”, “thedilemma of the student-athlete's absence”, “strategies for support” and “the ambiguity of theform of the mathematics education”. These findings point to the fact that an ideal image of a successful student-athlete is clearly presented, that the math-subject is valued important and difficult based on its tradition and that the specific study form for mathematics education for student-athletes lacks a clear form. The model that is applied for the mathematics education at the RIG-school can be describedas teacher-led classroom education supplemented with various adaptations to facilitate the student-athletes' self-studies. In this study the discursive analysis also point out the success factors, which are summarized as the student-athletes' high responsibility, motivation and ability to plan and carry out self studies as well as the math teachers' various adaptations and support to facilitate the student athletes' self-studies.

The purpose of this study is to investigate which types of lobbying are regulated in the legislative institutions in Sweden, Great Britain, and the European Union. The study aims to investigate whether there is any connection between the perceived corruption in the country and how regulated lobbying is. This is done by analysing documents, laws, and norms and afterward comparing the different legislations. The result of this essay is that lobbying in the European Union is regulated by laws and that lobbying in Sweden and Great Britain mostly are regulated by norms. There is also a connection between the level of perceived corruption and the regulation of lobbying. The average European attitude towards perceived corruption is higher in the EU compared to the United Kingdom and Sweden.