Global ETD Search

11	Human trafficking in Southern Africa: the need for an effective regional response Chembe, Phyllis Kedibone 29 February 2016 (has links) Human trafficking is an old practice that has become a matter of global concern irrespective whether a country is a country of origin where people are trafficked from; a country of transit where people are trafficked through and a country of destination where people are trafficked to. In 2009, the UN Office on Crime and Drugs stated that 66% females, 22% of children and 12% of men are trafficked. In Africa, human trafficking is identified as a problem in roughly one in three of the countries. According to the Salvation Army, at least 2,000,000 people are trafficked each year and of the estimated number, Africa accounts for 450,000. Furthermore, statistics reveal that 30% of cases handled by the Southern Africa Counter-Trafficking Assistance Programme (SACTAP) involved SADC nationals. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine whether there is a need for an effective legislative response to human trafficking in SADC. This was established by tracing the evolvement of trafficking from its conceptualization as slavery to its evolvement to human trafficking. Further, by investigating the measures taken within the SADC region to address human trafficking both at the national and regional levels and a comparative study between different regions and between selected SADC countries was conducted. In the summary of key findings, it was found that the definition of human trafficking as laid out in the Palermo Protocol cannot sufficiently and adequately combat human trafficking in SADC countries in its current form due to a number of reasons. Furthermore, at the institutional level it was found that the Protocols adopted by SADC do not afford all victims of trafficking protection and the Plan of Action is non-binding and faces implementation problems. At SADC country levels it was found that although twelve of the fifteen countries adopted anti-trafficking legislation, these countries struggle with compliance and implementation mechanisms, which show, that mere passing of legislation does not automatically translate to compliance. This study therefore concluded by proposing a number of options that can be explored in order to effectively prevent, and combat human trafficking in SADC. Even though this study does not offer a blueprint solution, it contributes towards the development of a model that will better be suited to address human trafficking problems at the SADC level. / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LL. M. Human trafficking Trafficking in persons Modern-day slavery Victims of human trafficking 345.255106 Human trafficking (International law)
12	Combating human trafficking in South Africa : a comparative legal study Mollema, Nina 24 July 2013 (has links) This research is aimed at evaluating the adequacy and effectiveness of the legal framework dealing with human trafficking in South Africa. To achieve this purpose, a comprehensive diachronic as well as contemporary overview of the punishment and prevention of human trafficking in South Africa as well as in the legal systems of the US, Germany and Nigeria is provided. An overview of the history of slavery and an analysis of the modern conceptualisation of human trafficking indicate that human trafficking is a highly complex concept, and that there are various approaches to the understanding of the concept of human trafficking. There are various definitions of trafficking found in international instruments of which the most important has been identified as that contained in the Palermo Protocol. The definitions vary also because trafficking is closely related to the phenomena of migration, slavery and smuggling of humans. The study further identifies some significant root causes of trafficking generally, as well as specific, to the four selected regions. It was found that in South Africa – similar to the history of slavery in the jurisdictions of the US, Germany and Nigeria – colonisation and the institution of slavery and, more particularly in South Africa, the legacy of the apartheid regime has had an impact on modern human trafficking. The research concedes that although common-law crimes, statutes and transitional legislation can be utilized to challenge some trafficking elements, these offences are not comprehensive enough to amply deal with the crime’s complexities and provide only a fragmented approach to combating the crime. The study shows that South Africa needs to adopt specific and comprehensive anti-trafficking legislation that is based essentially on the provisions of the Palermo Protocol, that is, the draft TIP Bill. Although the Bill is a major improvement on the provisions in the Palermo Protocol as well as on certain aspects of the anti-trafficking legislation in the US, Germany and Nigeria, the Bill can still be improved, especially with regard to more effective victim assistance and the combating of local-specific vulnerability factors. Anti-trafficking efforts undertaken in the US, Germany and Nigeria which may be of value also for the adoption of anti-trafficking legislation, law enforcement and other strategies in South Africa, are further identified. iv The research further establishes also that international, regional and sub-regional instruments on trafficking and related aspects of trafficking provide guidelines for developing effective strategies to deal with trafficking within the region. The counter-trafficking strategies as found in treaties (including conventions), protocols, declarations and resolutions – those focussing specifically on combating trafficking and those with a human-rights focus – oblige states to prosecute traffickers, protect people vulnerable to trafficking as well as those already trafficked and create structures for prevention. Regional instruments specifically formulated to combat trafficking as well as instruments that make reference to the issue of trafficking in persons may further provide the basis for long-term strategies to combat human trafficking. However, it was found that although South Africa has adopted many cooperative mechanisms in the form of direct bilateral or multilateral agreements, as well as international and regional treaties and conventions, the jurisdiction has not as yet implemented comprehensive strategies to combat human trafficking. The introduction of legislation to combat human trafficking, and various other strategies envisaged in the TIP Bill and also recommendations suggested in this thesis, should be considered by parliament as a matter of priority. A comprehensive response to human trafficking which includes adequate protection of victims is required in terms of various constitutional imperatives identified in this research. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL. D. Child trafficking Combating human trafficking Human trafficking Modern-day slavery Prosecution of human trafficking Trafficking in persons 345.25068 Human trafficking -- Prevention Human trafficking -- Government policy Human trafficking (International law)
13	Construire les archives. Du temps des Foix-Béarn à celui des rois de Navarre. Pratiques de l'écrit et enjeux de pouvoir. / Build archives, times(weathers) of Foix-Béarn to those of the kings of Navarre. Practices of the paper and the stakes in power. / Construir los archivos, de los tiempos de los Foix-Béarn à los de los reyes de Navarra. Prácticas del escrito y retos de poder. Adot Lerga, Álvaro 24 February 2017 (has links) Cette thèse de dimension internationale, n'a pas seulement l'objectif de restituer une histoire de la famille Foix-Béarn-Navarre à partir de leurs archives. Il s'agit plutôt de mettre en évidence les liens complexes entre la famille royale de Navarre et ses archives notamment entre le XVe siècle et le XVIIe siècle, en envisageant le statut et le rôle des archives constituées dans la construction de l'histoire, l'identité et la mémoire de cette maison entre la fin du Moyen Âge et le début de la période moderne.Pour la réalisation de cette thèse, nous avons étudié, entre autre, deux volumineux inventaires réalises au XVIe siècle qui nous ont permis de connaitre l'évolution de l'histoire des archives conservés à l'époque dans le trésor du château de Pau. Concrètement ces deux inventaires marquent une époque importante d'auto-affirmation du pouvoir de la famille royale de Navarre, car le premier des ces inventaires fut d'un grand intérêt pour cette famille dans le processus de création d'un État moderne en Béarn, sous le règne d'Henri II de Navarre, et le deuxième (réalise vers 1580-1582) fut le dernier inventaire de la souveraineté, car à partir de l'arrivé d'Henri III de Navarre au trône de France, les archives du trésor de ce château se fossilisèrent.Nous avons souligner au début de cette résumé la dimension internationale du sujet de cette thèse puisqu'une partie des archives de cette maison royale, conservée actuellement dans les ADPA est en étroite relation avec documents gardés à l'heure actuelle dans l'Archivo General de Navarre, situé à Pampelune. Ce sujet a été aussi peu étudiée que l'histoire, l'identité et la mémoire de la famille royale de Navarre sous les règnes de Catherine de Foix (1483-1517) et Henri II (1517-1555).L'organisation des archives fait partie de la construction politique des rois de Navarre, d'une identité politique dans laquelle le Béarn (avec la Navarre) exerce depuis la fin du XVe siècle un rôle prépondérant en tant que territoire indépendant au marge de France. C'est la politique menée par ces rois, qui explique le processus de centralisation dans le chartrier de Pau d'archives procédant de leurs divers domaines (même si la plupart d'entre eux sont des territoires dépendants de la Couronne de France).Enfin, nous voulons citer l'étude réalisé de l'évolution des techniques ou systèmes d'archivage de la documentation du trésor de chartes de Pau dans la longue durée : En ce qui concerne tout d’abord l'évolution des modèles de conservation, classement et description archivistique entre la fin du Moyen Âge et l'époque moderne, se met en place une organisation des archives de plus en plus claire et efficace. L'inventaire de la première moitié du XVIe siècle est divisée par les divers domaines familiales mais nous montre une pauvre organisation pauvre qui ne suit aucun ordre thématique et méthodique dans la façon dont les documents avaient été répertoriés. En revanche, le registre élaboré au début de la décennie 1580 suit une organisation plus méthodique, comme le prouve la division de chaque titre par chapitres thématiques, et la subdivision de chaque chapitre en liasses numérotés. En plus, à la différence des nombreux systèmes de cotation documentaire utilisés par les archivistes dans la première moitié du XVIe siècle, ceux qui ont élaboré l'inventaire du début de la décennie 1580 ont opté pour l’uniformisation d’un système de cotation numérique en chiffres romains.En ce qui concerne l'évolution des modèles de conservation, de classement et de description archivistique, cette étude nous explique aussi les systèmes successifs de cotation de la documentation du trésor de chartes de Pau en fonction des contextes dans lesquels ils ont été réalisés à l’époque moderne et plus particulièrement au XIXe siècle, à l'époque de la naissance de la dénommée comme l'archivistique moderne. / This international-wide thesis(theory), has not only the objective to restore a history(story) of the family Foix-Béarn-Navarre from their archives. It is rather a question of highlighting the complex links between the royal family of Navarre and its archives in particular between XVth century and the XVIIth century, by envisaging the status and the role of archives established(constituted) in the construction of the history(story), the identity and the memory of this house between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of modern period.For the realization of this thesis(theory), we studied, among others, two voluminous inventories realize in the XVIth century who allowed us to know the evolution of the history(story) of archives kept(preserved) in the time(period) in the treasure of the castle of Pau. Concretely these two inventories mark an important time(period) of auto-assertion of the power of the royal family of Navarre, because the first one of these inventories was of a big interest for this family in the process of creation of a modern State with Béarn, under Henri II de Navarre's reign, and the second (realize by 1580-1582) was the last inventory of the sovereignty, because from the arrived of Henri III de Navarre in the throne of France, the archives of the treasure of this castle fossilized.We have to underline at the beginning of this summary the international dimension(size) of the subject of this thesis(theory) because a part(party) of the archives of this royal house, kept(preserved) at present in the ADPA is in narrow relation with documents kept(guarded) at the moment in Archivo General of Navarre, situated in Pamplona. This subject was little studied as well as the history(story), the identity and the memory of the royal family of Navarre under the reigns of Catherine de Foix ( 1483-1517 ) and Henri II ( 1517-1555 ).The organization of archives is a part of the political construction of kings of Navarre, of a political identity in which Béarn (with Navarre) exercises since the end of the XVth century a leading role as independent territory in margin of France. It is the politics led by these kings, that explains the process of centralization in the chartrier of Pau of archives proceeding of their diverse domains (even if most of them are territories dependent on the Crown of France).Finally, we want to quote the study realized by the evolution of techniques or archive systems of the documentation of the treasure of charters of Pau in the long lasting: as regards first of all the evolution of the models of preservation, classification(ranking) and the archival description between the end of the Middle Ages and the modern time(period), is set up an organization of the more and more clear and effective archives. The inventory of the first half of the XVIth century is divided by the diverse domains station wagons but shows us a poor poor organization which follows no thematic and methodical order in the way documents had been listed. On the other hand, the register developed at the beginning of decade 1580 follows a more methodical organization, as proves him(it) the division of every title by thematic chapters, and subdivision of every chapter in bundles numbered. Besides, unlike the numerous systems of documentary quotation used by the archivists in the first half of the XVIth century, those who developed the inventory of the beginning of decade 1580 opted for the standardization of a system of digital quotation in Roman numerals.As regards the evolution of the models of preservation, classification(ranking) and archival description, this study also explains us the successive systems of quotation of the documentation of the treasure of charters of Pau according to the contexts in which they were realized in the modern time(period) and more particularly in the XIXth century, at the time of the birth of the called(mentioned) as archival modern. / Esta tesis de dimensión internacional no tiene como único objetivo restituir une historia de la familia Foix-Bearne-Navarra, a partir de sus archivos. Se trata más bien de poner en evidencia los complejos lazos entre la familia real de Navarra y sus archivos, principalmente entre los siglos XV -XVII, abordando el estatus y el papel de los archivos constituidos en la construcción de la historia, la identidad y la memoria de esta casa real entre el final de la Edad Media y el comienzo de la Edad Moderna.Para la realización de esta tesis, hemos estudiado, entre otros aspectos, dios voluminosos inventarios realizados en el siglo XVI, que nos han permitido conocer la evolución de los archivos conservados en el "trésor" del castillo de Pau. Ambos inventarios marcan una época importante de autoafirmación del poder de la familia real de Navarra, ya que el primero tuvo un gran interés para dicha familia en el proceso de creación de un Estado Moderno en Bearne, bajo el reinado de Enrique II de Navarra, y el segundo (realizado hacia 1580-1582) fue el último inventario de la soberanía, ya que a partir de la llegada de Enrique III de Navarra al trono de Francia, los archivos de Pau se fosilizaron.Hemos comentado al inicio de este resumen la dimensión internacional del sujeto de esta tesis, ya que una parte de los archivos de esta casa real, conservado actualmente en los ADPA está en estrecha relación con documentos custodiados en el Archivo General de Navarra, situado en Pamplona. Este tema ha sido tan poco estudiado como la historia, identidad y memoria de la familia real de Navarra bajo los reinados de Catalina de Foix (1483-1517) y Enrique II (1517-1555). La organización de los archivos forma parte de la construcción política de los reyes de los reyes de Navarra, de una identidad política en la que Bearne ejerce desde fines del siglo XV un papel preponderante (junto a Navarra) en tanto que territorio independiente al margen de Francia. La política desarrollada por estos reyes explica el proceso de centralización en el cartulario de Pau de archivos procedentes de sus diversos dominios (incluso si la mayor parte de los mismos son territorios dependientes de la Corona de Francia).Finalmente, queremos citar el estudio realizado de la evolución de las técnicas de archivo de la documentación del "tresor de chartes" de Pau en el tiempo : En primer lugar, en lo concerniente a la evolución de los modelos de conservación, clasificación y descripción archivística entre el fin de la Edad Media y la época moderna, se lleva a cabo una organización cada vez más clara y eficaz. El inventario de la primera mitad del siglo XVI está dividido por los diversos dominios familiares pero nos muestra una pobre organización que no sigue ningún orden temático ni metódico en la manera en la que los documentos son clasificados. Por el contrario, el registro elaborado a inicios de la década 1580 sigue una organización más metódica, como lo prueba la división de cada título en capítulos temáticos, y la subdivisión de cada capítulo en legajos numerados. Además, a diferencia de los numerosos sistemas de signaturas utilizados por los archivistas en la primera mitad del siglo XVI, quienes elaboraron el inventario de comienzos de los años 1580 optaron por la uniformización en un único sistema de signatura (utilizando las cifras romanas).En lo que concierne a la evolución de los modelos de conservación, de clasificación y de descripción archivística, este estudio nos explica también los sucesivos sistemas de signaturas de la documentación del "trésor de chartes" de Pau, en función de los contextos en los que fueron realizados en la época moderna y más particularmente en el siglo XIX, época del nacimiento de lo que conocemos como la archivística moderna. Histoire archivistique Cartulaires Archives Inventaires anciens Histoire politique Bas Moyen Âge Temps Modernes Rois de Navarre Comtes de Foix Seigneurs de Béarn XV-XVII siècle Archival history(story) Cartulary Records Former inventories Political history The late Middle Ages Modern day Kings of Navarre Counts of Foix Lords of Béarn XV-XVII century Historia de los archivos Cartularios Archivos Inventarios antiguos Historia política Baja Edad Media Edad Moderna Reyes de Navarra Condes de Foix Señores de Bearne Siglos XV-XVII
14	From Snow White to Frozen : An evaluation of popular gender representation indicators applied to Disney’s princess films / Från Snövit till Frost : En utvärdering av populära könsrepresentations-indikatorer tillämpade på Disneys prinsessfilmer Nyh, Johan January 2015 (has links) Simple content analysis methods, such as the Bechdel test and measuring percentage of female talk time or characters, have seen a surge of attention from mainstream media and in social media the last couple of years. Underlying assumptions are generally shared with the gender role socialization model and consequently, an importance is stated, due to a high degree to which impressions from media shape in particular young children’s identification processes. For young girls, the Disney Princesses franchise (with Frozen included) stands out as the number one player commercially as well as in customer awareness. The vertical lineup of Disney princesses spans from the passive and domestic working Snow White in 1937 to independent and super-power wielding princess Elsa in 2013, which makes the line of films an optimal test subject in evaluating above-mentioned simple content analysis methods. As a control, a meta-study has been conducted on previous academic studies on the same range of films. The sampled research, within fields spanning from qualitative content analysis and semiotics to coded content analysis, all come to the same conclusions regarding the general changes over time in representations of female characters. The objective of this thesis is to answer whether or not there is a correlation between these changes and those indicated by the simple content analysis methods, i.e. whether or not the simple popular methods are in general coherence with the more intricate academic methods. / <p>Betyg VG (skala IG-VG)</p> Disney princesses Disney princesses gender Bechdel Bechdel test Walt Disney Pixar Frozen children girl culture gender representations talk time talktime gendertimer equality content analysis female feminism feminist gender role socialization model gender role socialization model passive domestic active media post-feminist gender role portrayals key measures popular nature or nurture genes or environment gender differences expressions of gender gender experiments neurological brain plasticity constructivist cultivation theory social cognitive theory quantitative quantitative measures quantitative methods stereotypes stereotype stereotypical women character count biological sex biological gender metrics femininity textual analysis submissive submissive behaviour independence daddy's girl patriarchy patriarchal patriarchal approval wicked women old wicked women wicked witch male masculine masculine characteristics feminine characteristics genders marrying marriage love at first sight empowerment fairy tale fairy tales film movie films movies Mulan Pocahontas Snow White Snow White and the seven dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty Little Mermaid The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Tangled Brave Frozen The Princess and the Frog Merida relationship relationship formation true love true love's kiss sisterhood sisterly Grimm Grimm brothers parental approval matriarchal approval matriarchal matriarchy stereotyping evil queen rate rater rating measure measuring wicked stepmother binary gender gender binarity binary genders gender identities gender identity gender identity formation identity formation animation cell animation the Smurfette principle strong women strong girls girlie positivism positivistic film studies analysis analyses antagonism action coding cultivation effect cultivation effects socialization effect socialization effects coded content analysis simple metrics cognition theory connotations cultivation theory socialization theory depictions of femininity plasticity human brain damsels in distress feminist research inequality gender inequality media studies heroines mass media social media images of women woman as image reading interpretation modern day fairy tales Disney prinsessor Disneyprinsessor Disney-prinsessor kön genus genusvetenskap Bechdel Bechdel test Bechdeltest Bechdeltestet Walt Disney Pixar Frost barn flickor kulturuppväxt representationer skildringar intryck taltid talk time talktime gendertimer jämlikhet innehållsanalys feminin feminism könsroll könsroller socialisering socialiseringsmodellen passiv hushållsarbete aktiv media post-feministisk postfemininstisk nyckeltal populärvetenskaplig populärvetenskapligt naturen uppväxt eller gener gener eller upppväxt uppfostran genetik könsskillnader könsuttryck experiment hjärnan plasticitet konstruktivism kultivationsteori kognitiv teori kvantitativ kvantitativa mått kvantitativa metoder stereotyper stereotyp stereotypisk kvinnnor kvinna kön biologiskt kön mått nyckeltal femininitet textanalys filmanalys kuvad underkastad submissiv oberoende pappas flicka patriarkat patriarkisk patriarkalt godkännande manlig maskulin kön genus äktenskap kärlek vid första ögonkastet saga sagor bröderna Grimm film Mulan Pocahontas Snövit och de sju dvärgarna Askungen Törnrosa Den lilla Sjöjungfrun Skönheten och Odjuret Aladdin Trassel Modig Frost Prinsessan och Grodan Merida förhållanden sann kärlek Grimm matriark matriarkisk patriarkalt godkännande matriarkalt godkännande bedöma betygsätta mått mäta ond styvmor binära kön könsidentitet könsidentiteter animation Smurfan starka kvinnor starka flickor positivistisk positivism filmvetenskap filmstudier antagonism protagonist hjältinna kodning kultivationseffekten socialiseringseffekten socialisationseffekten kodad innehållsanalys förenklade mått kognitiv teori konnotationer konnotera feministisk forskning könsbalans mediastudier mediestudier massmedia social media bilder av kvinnor kvinnan som bild images of women woman as image reading interpretation modern day fairy tales tolkning

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