思及當前捉襟見肘的財政窘境，無可避免地，債台高築的臺灣實陷入飲鴆止渴般以債養債之無限迴圈中，導致政府政策效能不彰、社會福利運作生弊亦無可厚非；於『公共債務法』之財政規範下，臺灣業已瀕臨法定舉債門檻，故不論是對短期政府支出之排擠、扭曲性稅率之稽徵抑或對長期經濟成長的斲傷，皆是身為中華民國國民真正惶悚不安之所在。 職是之故，本研究係採用一納入政府財政部門及貨幣當局之擴充『實質景氣循環模型』，藉以Sidrauski（1967）所提出的貨幣效用函數為出發點，將實質餘額引進理論模型，並透過計量操作捕捉實證期間起於西元1971年第一季迄至2007年第四季之政府政策函數，過程中，我們不難發現政府購買性支出及稅率皆存在相當的持續性，且對政府未償公債餘額之高低作出某種程度的反應。亦即，若政府實施公債融通政策，俾使期初公債餘額較高之際，則本期甚或往後各期的政府支出將遭受抑制和排擠，尤有甚者，政府勢必擬以提高未來稅率以茲挹注該債務之還本付息所造成的財政缺口；是以，本研究著眼於引進公債餘額對政府支出及稅率存在反饋作用下，財政政策與貨幣政策之總體效果及各總體變數之動態調整過程的風貌。即便公債發行或賒借為政府提供一財務週轉工具以裨益財政政策保有更靈活之彈性，然據模型所產生的結果顯示，就長期而論，政府必須維持一穩定之未償公債餘額，即公債水準具備『均數復歸』性質，而該財政目標係透過削減未來政府支出、調整扭曲性稅率及鑄幣稅融通政策方得以達成預算平衡，準此，該設定將造成公債融通之減稅政策對經濟體系具有實質效果，『公債融通』管道亦『非中立性政策』，從而傳統『李嘉圖等值定理』於本模型中無法成立。 就政策面層次而言，本研究試圖放寬『反饋法則』與政策係數之設定，以檢視透過不同程度之政府支出、稅率甚至貨幣供給途徑的改變來平衡因增加公債發行所造成的財政赤字，對經濟體系之長短期效果有何迥異處；是文亦藉由衝擊反應函數分別探討於政府支出增加、減稅措施及貨幣擴張之下，政策的傳遞機制與各總體變數之動態性質，顯然地，就高債務比率前提下，當政府戮力於刺激景氣而欲積極實施立竿見影的總體經濟政策之際，卻常因狃於急效而欲速不達，非但政策效果有限，亦可能使體系落入更為不景氣的田地，從而，財政惡化不啻為經濟危機的導火線也就不言而喻。再者，貨幣政策對體系之實質變數具有一定程度的作用，是故，本模型於短期內無法一窺『貨幣中立性』之堂奧，唯長期始得以復見。總括言之，政府亟須奉『健全財政』為圭臬，擬定政策時更得戒慎恐懼，並適切權衡利弊得失，以茲裨益有更具信心的經濟表現。 此外，本研究亦透過『效準』實驗以評估模型『配適度』之良窳，即便於反覆疊代法下，該模擬表現係瑕瑜互見而不盡完美，卻也大抵符合景氣循環之『典型化特徵』；然就實質景氣循環模型所為人詬病之勞動市場一隅而論，引進公債之反饋法則下的財政政策操作，無疑地改善了傳統工時與工資率動輒高度正相關之本質，從而獲致相對較低之理論相關係數，亦朝實證資料所呈現工時與工資率存在幾近零相關甚或低度負相關之表徵更邁進一大步。 / With current financial difficulties beyond government capability, it is inevitable that the already deep-in-debt Taiwan opted for momentary relief by paying debt through debt financing and ended up in an infinite loop, causing spiral-down performances in government policies and faulty operations of social welfare instruments. Taiwan has been on the verge of reaching the statutory upper limit of debt financing according to “The Public Debt Act” regulations and all nationals are becoming anxious about such impacts as crowding out of short-run government spending, levying of distorting taxes, and damages on long-run economic growth. To better understand the debt’s impacts, this research uses the “Real Business Cycle Model” extended by taking government treasury agency and monetary institution into account. Starting with Money In Utility Function (MIUF) as proposed by Sidrauski (1967) to introduce real money balance into the theoretical model and, in the process of econometric manipulation, to detect empirical governmental policy functions in the period between the first quarter, 1971 and the fourth quarter, 2007, it is not hard to discover that there are considerable persistence in both government purchases and tax rates, with manifestation of certain degree of responses to the total amount of outstanding bonds the government has yet to pay. In other words, a governmental bond financing policy designed to render high initial bonds outstanding tends to cause suppression and crowding out of government spending in current and even later periods. Furthermore, the government is bound to plan on raising taxes in the future in order to cut financial deficit gap caused by paying back the principles and interests of the debt. Therefore, this study focuses on presenting the macroeconomic effects of fiscal policies and monetary policies, as well as the dynamic adjustment processes of macroeconomic variables based on the impact of feedback effect of bonds outstanding on government spending and tax rates. Even thought public bonds issuance or debt financing serves as a governmental fiscal instrument for financial turnover to ensure flexibility of fiscal policies, our model shows that the government should, from a long-run perspective, maintain a stable amount of bonds outstanding. Put in a different way, the level of bonds outstanding shows “mean-reverting” characteristics which rely on future government spending cut, distorting tax adjustment and seigniorage financing policy to achieve balance of budget. As a result, such setup would cause the bond-financing backed tax deduction policies to create practical effects on economies and, as the bond financing instruments are “Non-Neutrality” policies, would render the “Ricardian Equivalence Theorem” invalid in our model. In the policy aspect, this study tries to relax both “feedback rules” and setup of policy parameters for investigating the differences between long-run and short-run effects on the economy by different degrees of changes in government spending, tax rates and even money supply channels which are used to balance the fiscal deficit caused by increased bond issuance. This article also studies, through the impulse response function, the policy propagation mechanism and the dynamics of key macroeconomic variables under the situation of government spending increase, tax deduction and monetary expansion. It is obvious that the government, in the case of high debt ratios and when making all endeavors to spur economy by implementing macroeconomic policies aimed for instant results, is accustomed to seeking quick fixes only to achieve very limited effects, sometimes even to drive the economy into further recession. It is therefore evident that fiscal degradation could lead to economic disaster. Moreover, as the monetary policies have certain degrees of influence on real variables of the economy, this model will not be able to clearly analyze the “neutrality of money” in such a short period of time. The effect will only reveal in the long run. In summary, the government should keep “sound finance” as the highest guiding principle and be extremely cautious in formulating policies in order to weigh all pros and cons discreetly, thus help to achieve a benefiting economic performance that generates more confidence. Furthermore, this study assesses “goodness of fit” of the model through a “calibration” experiment. Although the simulation results show, under recursive method, intermingled good and poor occasions that are beyond satisfaction, they generally agree with the “typical characteristics” of business cycles. However, in the aspect of long-criticized labor market of the real business cycle model, the fiscal policy operation under feedback rules with introduction of public debts for sure has greatly improved on the conventional intrinsic property of high correlation between labor hours and real wage rates, by delivering a relatively low theoretical correlation coefficient, which is a big step towards the empirical results of almost zero or even weakly negative correlation between labor hours and real wage rates.

動員戡亂時期公職人員選舉罷免法為我國第一部統一的選舉法典，據以成立的各級選 舉委員會，為辦理中央或地方公職人員選舉、罷免之常設機關，亦屬法制上的創舉， 由於係初次立法施行，不論在理與實際上均尚有爭議之處，值此有關單位正研修選罷 法及有關法令規章之際，筆者以在校所學組織理論為經，以參與選務之經驗為緯，探 討現行選務機關之組織與功能，分析其利弊得失和影響變素，並提出若干興革建議， 期有助於建立更完美的選務機關行政體系之參考。 本論文在選擇問題與相關資料的標準上，係兼採制度的、行為的的、生態的和系統分 析研究途徑，在搜集與處理資料的程序上，則兼採非實驗性的文件分析法、個案法及 準實驗性的抽樣調查法、比較研究法和實地觀察法等研究方法。 全文計分六章，約十五萬餘字，各章內容提要如次： 第一章：「導論」，係說明本論文之研究動機與目的，研究途徑與方法，並概述研究 之內容大要。 第二章：「選務機關之沿革」，係探討自清末以來，辦理中央及地方公職人員選舉、 罷免之選務機關發展及演變的過程。 第三章：「各級選舉委員會之組織」，係以組織理請為分析架構，以現行選務機關組 織為分析素材，旁徵他國之選務機關組織，配合問卷調查及實地觀查所得，探討各級 選舉委員會之靜態結構、動態行為和生態系統。 第四章：「各級選舉委員會之功能」，組織是內部的結構，功能是外部的產出，本章 係分析各級選舉委員會對於整個社會系統所發生之正、負作用，並提出若干加強功能 的 途徑。 第五章：「選舉委員會之地位與關係」，係分別採討各級選舉委員會間、中央選舉委 員會與內政部間及省市、縣市選舉委員會與省市政府，議會間之關係，以釐清各級選 舉委員會在政府體系中之地位與關係。 第六章：「結論」，係綜合檢討現行選務機關組織與功能所存在之缺失，分析其成因 ，并試提若干改進之建議。

各章節內容如下： 第一章：緒論－研究動機、研究架構與研究方法。 第二章：企業部門－青年創業的企程與問題分析，及創業對社會、經濟之貢獻。 第三章：企業部門與輔導體系之間的溝通系統－創業者對輔導辨法之需求與期望及輔 導辨法之對外宣傳溝通。 第四章：政府部門－輔導制度的目標設定，詳細規劃，及執行動作情形。 第五章：輔導工作之事後評估－包括有形的經濟成長建設及無形的社會心理建設兩方 面，并對其癥結檢討分析。 第六章：結論與建議。

為解決經濟發展過程伴隨的污染問題，常可見到政府和私部門一同投入防治工作，Pearce and Palmer (2001) 發現OECD國家隨著經濟成長，政府逐步提高公共防治支出，而且各個國家私部門的防治投入仍然佔有相當比重。Seldon and Song (1994)、Antle and Heidebrink (1995) 和Komen et al. (1997) 等實證文獻曾提出「倒U字型」EKC成立的原因可能來自環境財為奢侈財，使得經濟成長過程中公共防治投入快速增加，污染才會逐步減少。雖然Pearce and Palmer (2001) 實證OECD國家公共防治投入的所得彈性確實大於1，可是Kriström and Riera (1996) 發現許多國家對環境品質改善之願付價值的所得需求彈性值介於0到1之間，環境品質實為正常財而非奢侈財。鑒於相關實證資料的矛盾，本文從政府公共防治決策過程，了解環境品質所得需求彈性與公共防治投入所得彈性大於1的關聯，以連結環境品質所得需求彈性與EKC成立的關聯。本文證明無需奢侈財的偏好條件，而僅需環境品質偏好為正常財，以及防治技術滿足規模報酬遞增或固定，平均所得提高，消費者對環境品質的主觀願付價格高於客觀代價，模型預期政府將不斷提高防治費率，平均所得水準和防治費率同步增加，公共防治投入的所得彈性必定大於1，污染量終會減少並趨向於零。 實證研究指出並非所有種類污染物的污染水準與平均所得關係，一定呈現「倒U字型」關係，而過去理論模型單從消費者對於環境品質偏好條件，或是單從污染物防治技術是否具備規模報酬遞增，仍不能完全解釋不同污染物與所得關係的差異性。本文強調必須將經濟成長帶動所得分配變化對污染的間接效果納入，有助於釐清不同種類污染物與所得關係的差異性。首先，所得分配固定不變而平均所得提高，只要滿足環境品質偏好為正常財，以及防治技術滿足規模報酬遞增或固定，平均所得對污染的直接效果為「倒U字型」。再則平均所得固定不變時，只要消費者對環境品質的偏好為正常財(而非奢侈財)，所得分配改善，經由多數決投票決定均衡費率反而調降，污染隨之增加。考量高所得國家經濟成長帶動所得分配改善 (即顧志耐曲線存在) 的間接效果，不同污染物面對相同的所得分配變化，唯一的差異僅是防治技術的不同。防治技術之規模報酬遞增並不保證平均所得對污染的淨效果為「倒U字型」，而必須該污染物防治技術之規模報酬指數很高，直接效果大到足以抵銷間接效果，淨效果才可能為「倒U字型」。 另外，本文探討為何世界各國普遍有公私部門同時投入防治的現象，以及研究公共防治支出對私人防治投入產生排擠或排入效果的機制。模型發現無論政府和私部門的防治要素是否為互補要素 (complementary inputs) ，政府和私部門的最適防治投資都不為零。假若私部門增加設備無關乎提升公共防治設備之效能，公共防治增加，將對私人投資產生排擠效果。假若私部門增加設備可以提升公共防治設備之效能，公共防治對私部門防治投資可能產生排擠效果或排入效果，端看該國對於環境品質的重視程度。 政府環境政策制定與私部門防治投資決策的互動息息相關，環境政策的成效實有賴私部門是否願意配合投入防治設備。一旦公共支出對私人投資具排入效果，政府傾向事前宣布較高費率，期望刺激私人投入防治，待事後私人已經投入防治設備，政府則有誘因調降費率。反之，假若公共支出對私人投資具排擠效果，則政府傾向事後再調高費率。只要政府落實事前宣布政策，在符合實證支持的技術條件，污染與平均所得的關係為「倒U字型」的環境顧志耐曲線 (Environmental Kuznets Curve, 以下簡稱EKC) ，若缺乏機制督促政府落實事前宣布政策，且消費者理性預期政府背離意向，當動態一致性 (dynamically consistent) 費率低於事前宣布政策的費率，則執行動態一致性費率所對應的EKC將高於政府確實執行事前政策之EKC；若動態一致性費率高於事前宣布的費率，環境政策的動態不一致反而使得EKC降低。

丹麥參與歐洲統合進程中，曾於1960年至1973年間參與歐洲自由貿易協會，並自1973年後從歐洲自由貿易協會轉型為歐體的一員，丹麥加入歐體之後其歐盟政策經歷了適應期（1973-1986）、高峰期（1986-1992）與調整期（1992-2000）。在各個時期之中，丹麥制訂歐盟政策經歷了一連串持續與轉變的過程，究其原因莫過於第一層次與第二層次之間相互影響與互動所致。在第一層次（國際層次）之中丹麥與各會員國在國際場合進行談判，透過不斷的磋商與讓步，與各會員國達成國際協議；在第二層次（國內層次）之中國會、歐洲事務委員會、政黨、利益團體及丹麥民眾，分別透過各種管道影響丹麥的歐盟政策之制訂。由於許多國際層次的歐盟條約都必須得到丹麥國內的批准，致使「批准」成為兩個層次之間的重要連結。 本篇論文以兩層次賽局作為分析架構，並以「勝利組合」作為分析工具，探討第一層次歐盟各會員國如何對丹麥作出施壓與讓步，以及第二層次國內各因素如何在歐盟政策制訂過程中發揮影響力，透過「勝利組合」的範圍變化，分析單一歐洲法與馬斯垂克條約等重要歐盟條約如何得到「批准」通過。在第二層次之中，尤其不可忽略公民複決對丹麥制訂歐盟政策所發揮的影響力，透過整理丹麥舉辦六次關於歐盟議題公民複決的經驗，可歸納出公民複決是影響丹麥制訂歐盟政策的關鍵因素。此外，第一層次的談判結果也會影響丹麥民眾對於某項議題的偏好。國際壓力是造成國內政策轉折的必要條件，相對地若缺乏國內對於國際壓力的回應，光憑國際壓力尚不足以達成國際協議。因此，這兩個層次是雙向影響與互動的過程，而非單向的影響過程， 兩層次賽局應用在丹麥歐盟政策制訂上，丹麥國內民眾不僅對條約本身（第一層次）做出衡量，也對於政府的表現做出評估（第二層次），使公民複決在兩層次賽局中具有決定性的作用。在歐洲統合過程中，丹麥相較於其他歐盟會員國，其國內因素對於歐盟政策之制訂，發揮了較大的牽制作用。一項重大歐盟條約的通過，必須得到國內第二層次的支持才得以批准，這使得決策者不敢擅作主張，必須將國內的意見充分表達於國際談判之中，且要得到國內的充分授權之後才能在國際談判桌上作出決定。因此，丹麥在制訂歐盟政策過程中持續地將民眾意見納入其中，丹麥對於民意的重視，益加凸顯出主權在民的精神。 丹麥雖只是身處於北歐地區的一個小國，但丹麥卻能善用自身的籌碼，在國際談判中爭取有利的條件。在歐洲統合過程中，丹麥持續將其理念帶入歐盟，進而影響其他會員國與整體歐盟政策之走向。展望未來歐洲統合的發展，歐盟擴充之後會員國數目增加，丹麥的統合經驗，特別是採取尊重民意的歐盟政策，將可作為其他新加入會員國的參考。故丹麥經驗在歐洲統合的歷程及未來發展上均具有重要性，而「兩層次賽局」也可供作其他會員國分析歐盟政策的架構，更可作為解釋其他內政與外交相關議題的分析工具。

轉換資訊科技基礎設施一如佈建好的房舍遷移重蓋，其涉及的轉換是全面且浩大的工程。在面臨公元二千年危機僅餘兩年的時間，在當時微軟作業平台尚不成熟，國內資訊科技基礎設施轉換成功案例尚不多見，組織內部人員對有關技術一知半解，資訊部門未能有效處理問題等情境下，高階主管採行轉換資訊科技基礎設施策略，將主機移除轉換至區域網路伺服器環境，並重新開發所有應用資訊系統。如此大工程高風險的策略及如此困頓的情境，如何順利進行？ 轉換資訊科技基礎設施涉及組織層面極廣而複雜。包括硬體、軟體、程序、制度、人員等。有關機器設備或可一次更新，惟設置於新機器設備上的核心應用資訊系統，則需逐步開發及調整。有關設備、系統及制度標準，如何與組織需求及業務融合發揮效能，更需人員觀念的轉變與不斷的學習，其所需之時間都不是一朝一夕能見其成效。所以轉換資訊科技基礎設施要看的是它的歷程，由時間的演變可以看出轉換資訊科技基礎設施對組織的影響，也可以看出其互動的關聯性。 本研究採用個案研究法，觀察經濟部國際貿易局這個成功案例如何進行資訊科技基礎設施的轉換。該個案有幾個特徵：一、政府機構；二、面臨內外危機及電子化政府的壓力；三、採行的技術策略，對組織而言是一種全面性、突破性（Radical change）的改變，技術無法累積，必需重新學習。 鑑於轉換資訊科技基礎設施歷程十分冗長而複雜，為能有系統的描繪個案，本文採取一般性研究架構（內容、情境及歷程），並輔以「問題解決」觀點描繪轉換資訊科技基礎設施的歷程。又為能適當控制研究資訊量，本文分三大問題（如何形成策略並開始執行？如何整合資訊並推廣應用？資訊部門與人員如何轉型？），加以描述及分析。 有關歷程的特徵，則引用江志浩（1999）所推導出的組織歷程模式—計畫性模式、適應模式、浮現模式加以檢視。該模式係以「問題解決」的二個元素「設定解決問題的目標」、「進度控制與資源配置」，檢視三種歷程模式的特徵及差異。此外，本文並對問題解決者（高階主管、資訊經理、執行團隊）在此歷程中所扮演之角色及其影響加以探索。 本研究發現，轉換資訊科技基礎設施的歷程無法以單一的歷程模式加以描繪。轉換資訊科技基礎設施的歷程涉及一組相關問題的解決，通常在大眾印象中多只看到硬體設施的建置及導入，極易忽略真正困難的問題在於人員觀念的轉變與不斷的學習。由於這些隱藏的問題，整個歷程會出現一些意想不到的狀況。本研究可作為實務界導入資訊科技基礎設施、組織變革及組織創新的參考；對於涉及長達七年轉換歷程的資料，還可以提供未來學術界研究之基礎。 / Adopting and implementing Information Technology (IT) infrastructure , like the removing already-built premises for reconstruction, involves a comprehensive and massive conversion. Less than two years before the Y2K crisis, when the Microsoft platform had not been fully developed, there were only a few successful cases of domestic IT infrastructure adoption and implementation. Moreover, Internal personnel of organization was not proficient with the related technology, and IT department was not able to effectively handle the issues; however , top management adopted a strategy of IT infrastructure conversion by switching the mainframe to Local Area Network servers and then re-developing all the application information systems. How did they successfully implement this strategy amidst such a massive re-engineering, and with high-risk information technology ? In reality, IT infrastructure adoption and implementation involves extremely broad and complicated levels, including hardware, software, procedures, systems, personnel, and so on. Machines and equipment can be updated at once, but the core application information systems installed on new machines and equipment must be sequentially developed and adjusted. To achieve the desired effects, people especially, need to change their ways of thinking and learn constantly if they want their equipment, systems, and system standards to be aligned with the needs and business goals of the organization. However, results cannot be achieved in a short time. Therefore the IT infrastructure adoption and implementation process needs to be studied longitudinally. With respect to time, we can see the impact of IT infrastructure adaptation on organizational changes and its interactive association. This study uses the case study approach to observe how the Bureau of Foreign Trade of the Ministry of Economic Affairs in Taiwan has successfully adopted and implemented IT infrastructure. This case is characterized by the following properties: (1) It is a government organization; (2) It encountered internal and external challenges and pressure to launch an “e-Government;” and (3) It used technological strategies, which are comprehensive and radical changes to organization, so that the technologies involved were unable to be accumulated and needed be relearned. As it is a very long and complicated process to adopt and implement IT infrastructure, this article uses a general research framework (consisting of contents, context, and processes), supplemented by “problem solving”, to systematically describe the IT infrastructure adoption and implementation process. Moreover, with the hope of properly controlling the information for this research, three major issues are described and analyzed: (1) How to formulate and implement strategies; (2) How to integrate and apply information; and (3) How to transform the information system department and its personnel. Additionally, the characteristics of a transformation process can be studied using the organizational process model derived by Chiang Chi-ku (1999), comprising of a planned model, an adaptive model, and an emergent model. This organizational process model studies the properties and differences of these three process models using the two components of “problem solving” —“goal setting for problem solving” and “status control and resource allocation.” Moreover, this article also studies the roles played by the problem solvers (i.e., top management, information manager, and the executive team) in these processes and their effects. According to the findings of this study, the process of adopting and implementing IT infrastructure can’t be described as a single process. Moreover, it involves solutions to a series of related problems. Generally speaking, most people only recognize the construction and implementation of hardware, but easily disregard the real difficulty in personnel’s conceptual change and constant learning. Due to these hidden problems, some unexpected conditions may appear throughout the transformation process. Hence, this research can be taken as a reference for the business sector in adopting and implementing of IT infrastructure, organizational change, and organizational innovation. Moreover, it can also provide the basis for future academic research of the data involving a seven-year-long adaptation process.

監察制度（control system）是民主體制中重要的監督機制，主要的功能是監督行政和保障人權，隨著第三波民主化的發展，從一九八０年代開始，監察使制度（ombudsman system）快速擴散至全世界，形成一股「監察風潮」（Ombudsmania）。在民主國家中，我國與芬蘭都是實施監察制度較悠久的國家，僅次於瑞典。無獨有偶，兩國都在一九九０年至二０００年進行一連串的憲政改革，修憲後我國政府體制從修正式的內閣制（Parliamentarism）轉變為半總統制（Semi-Presidentialism），而芬蘭則從典型的半總統制傾向議會內閣制。同時在憲政改革的過程中，兩國的監察制度也都有許多的變革。 本文是從權力分立原則（Doctrine of Separation of Powers）、有限政府（Limited Government）和第四權（The Fourth Branch of Power）概念等監察理論作為法理基礎，並以法制研究途徑（Legal-Institutional Approach）和新制度主義（New Institutionalism）作為分析架構，從靜態的法制層面和動態的運作層面，探討我國的監察制度和芬蘭的國會監察使制度，以及兩國在二０００年憲政改革之後的運作情況，以瞭解兩國制度之特色及優劣，並且針對中、芬兩國基本國情、監察制度的基本差異、制度與制度變遷、實務運作與案件、實施成效等幾個面向來作分析比較，剖析其間之異同及其原因。 再者，本文也根據國際性比較與芬蘭國會監察使制度之優點和成功經驗，歸納出監察制度實施成功之條件，包括：（一）監察使「權威」（authority）的建立。（二）具備獨立性、中立性和專業性的特性。（三）健全的國家廉政體系。（四）國會的支持與配合。（五）政治人物對監察使和監察制度的尊重。（六）監察使與外界建立良好的互動關係。並進一步評估我國現行監察制度之問題，主要有下列幾項：（一）形式獨立但實質獨立性不足。（二）監察院的權威未建立。（三）部分監委人選不適任。（四）監察院的功能有待提升。（五）缺乏行銷以及與外界互動不足。 最後，筆者針對以上缺失，分別從監察院的定位、組織規模、監委選任、特殊監察使的設立、監察院的職權、監察院的預算、人權保障、與外界互動、對監委的監督等幾個面向，提出具體改革之建議。 / The control system is an important mechanism in democracy to supervise administration and to protect human rights. Since 1980, with the development of the third wave democratization, the ombudsman system rapidly disseminate to all parts of world, forming the phenomenon of “Ombudsmania”. Among the democratic countries, the control system has been carried out for long in both ROC and Finland, only shorter than Sweden Coincidently, both countries underwent a series of constitutional reform during 1990 to 2000. Thereafter, ROC transformed from the revised Parliamentarism to the Semi-Presidentialism, while Finland turned from the classical Semi-Presidentialism to the parliamentarism. The control systems of both countries have also changed a lot during the constitutional reform. Based on the control theories including concepts of Doctrine of Separation of Powers, Limited Government, and The Fourth Branch of Power as the legal basis, this article utilized the Legal-Institutional Approach and the analysis constructs of New Institutionalism to explore the ROC’s control system and parliamentary ombudsman system of Finland, as well as their operation after the post-constitutional reform in 2000, from the static legislative level and the dynamic operational level. This provided understanding of the characteristics and evaluations of the systems in both countries. Moreover, we focused on the aspects of the essential differences in cultures and in the control systems, the evolution of the systems, the functioning, the cases, and their outcomes to analyze the reasons for the differences between the two systems. Furthermore, based on the international comparison and the success experience in parliamentary ombudsman of Finland, the conditions required for successful practice of the control system was involved: (1) establishment of the authority of the ombudsman, (2) the independent, neutral, and professional characteristics, (3) The national integrity system, (4) the support and cooperation of the parliament, (5) The respect of the politicians to the ombudsman and to the control system, and (6) The well-established interaction between the ombudsman and the outside. Further evaluation found the major problems in the present control system in ROC, including (1) lack of the substantial independence, (2) not established authority, (3) the incapability of some Control Yuan members, (4) the necessity to improve the functions of the Control Yuan, (5) the deficiency of marketing and of interaction with the outside. Finally, for the weakness mentioned above, I proposed the concrete recommendation for reformation, from the aspects of the position of the Control Yuan, the dimension of the organization, the election of the committee members, the establishment of specific Ombudsman, the powers and the budgets for the Control Yuan, the protection of human rights, the interactions with the outside, and the administrations of the committee members.

本論文主要由三大研究主題組合而成：第一個主題是依照中國金融體系的現況，針對國有銀行、政策性銀行、股份制商業銀行及城市商業銀行等四種不同類型銀行的獲利績效進行比較實證研究。其中的股份制商銀與城市銀行，其資本組成除少數仍有國務院持股（即中央政府持股）外，股東成員擴及地方政府、國有企業及民間企業，股本結構明顯較國有商業銀行及政策銀行多元化。不同的股本結構，尤其是官股比例（政府持股比例）是否對各家銀行的獲利能力產生影響，是本文主要研究興趣所在。本文採用Bankscope資料庫，涵蓋1997至2004年中國大陸49家銀行的財務及股東資料。結果發現：銀行股權結構中，中央政府持股比例越高，銀行獲利表現越差，地方政府持股的影響則較不明顯；而四類銀行中，股份制商銀與城市商銀的表現遠優於國有銀行及政策銀行。但1999年以後中國國有銀行的財務整頓措施的確使得國有銀行的相對表現有所提升。 鑑於外商銀行大舉進入中國金融市場，勢必對中國銀行帶來更多的競爭壓力，本論文第二個研究主題進一步將研究範圍擴及至世界資產排名前一百大的銀行，企圖比較中國銀行與世界百大銀行經營績效的差異。在這個主題中，延續前一主題「股權結構」的重要性，除了官股比例，同時考慮外資持股及本國人持股，分析三類持股對績效的影響，又鑑於總體面的政府治理因素可能對股權與銀行績效的關係產生變化，本研究也將政府治理變數，包括文獻中經常提到的證券市場內線交易情況、政府政策透明度及政府貪污情況等因素納入考量，比較這些因素對中國銀行與百大銀行影響有何差異。實證結果如下：對中國銀行及世界百大銀行而言，政府持股對銀行獲利的影響是負向的，而外資持股的影響則恰相反，開放程度愈高、銀行自由度愈高越有利於銀行績效提升。中國政府越無貪污情況時，越有助於外資持股對銀行績效的正向影響。對世界百大銀行而言，政府越無貪污情況時，越有助於外資持股對銀行績效的正向影響。而政府政策透明度越高，越有助於政府持股與本國人持股的正向影響。 第三個主題探討我國上市櫃公司不同的對外與大陸投資決策對母公司獲利性的影響。本文將投資決策對公司獲利的影響視為內生，也就是投資決策受公司特性因素的影響。同時，我們進一步假設公司的投資決策是分兩階段完成，第一步會先決定是否進行海外投資，一旦確定後，再決定是否赴大陸投資。因為有兩層的投資決策，本文以延伸的Heckman’s Two Stage Method進行估計。 實證結果顯示，在投資決策的影響因素方面，對第一層赴海外投資而言，規模愈大、國際化程度愈高、愈勞力密集的公司愈傾向赴海外投資；對第二層赴大陸投資的決策，影響因素也類似，只是公司規模不再是重要影響因素。至於獲利的影響因素方面，第一類「赴大陸投資的公司」與第二類「未赴大陸但赴其他國家投資的公司」的利潤型態較類似，長期負債對獲利都有負向顯著影響，總資產也傾向負向影響，至於第三類「未從事任何海外與大陸投資公司」的利潤型態則與前兩類不同，總資產與研發支出都呈現顯著負向影響。而三類公司的績效比較部分，第一類公司的平均預期資產報酬率雖若高於第二類，第二類公司又高於第三類公司，但三類公司兩兩之間平均預期資產報酬率的差距並未達統計上的顯著性。 / This dissertation contains three main parts. The first part studies the effects of government owned share on Chinese banks’ performance. After a series of financial reforms in the 1990s, joint stock commercial banks and city commercial banks started to boom and play an increasingly important role in China’s banking industry which had previously been monopolized by four state-owned commercial banks. These two new bank-types are considerably more diversified in that the primary shareholders include the central government, local governments, state-owned enterprises and private enterprises, not just the central government. Using 49 Chinese banks’ financial data retrieved from Bankscope, this part examines the effect of different ownership structures, in general, and government-owned-shares, central vs. local, in particular, affect the profitability and risk of banks in China. It also compares the profitability of four types of banks, namely state-owned banks, policy banks, joint-stock commercial banks and city commercial banks. We conclude that, without equivocation, the higher the ratio of state-owned shares is, the worse is the profitability of the bank. And we also note the profitability of joint-stock commercial banks and city commercial banks is much better than that of state-owned and policy banks. In light of the ever-growing foreign competition facing Chinese banking industry, the second part expands the sample banks to World’s top 100 banks and studies the differences between Chinese banks and foreign banks from the respects of ownership structure, government governance and bank regulations. Our empirical results reveal that for both Chinese banks and top 100 banks, government owned share has a negative effect on banks’ profitability, while foreign owned share has an opposite effect. For both of them, the more the foreign institutions have access to the banking market and the more freedom the banking industry enjoys, the better the bank performs. For Chinese banks, lesser corruption helps strengthen foreign share’s positive effect on banks’ performance. Furthermore, higher transparency would increase the positive effect of government owned share and domestic owned share. The third part studies the profitability of Taiwan’s listed companies with and without investment in China. Unlike past studies which deal with the decision of investment in overseas and China as exogenous, the decision is endogenous in this paper. That is, the decision making is based on the firm’s characteristic factors. We further assume that there are two hierarchy decisions made by firms when they decide in investing in overseas and China. The first decision is whether it should invest overseas. Once the first decision is made, the next one is whether a firm should invest in China. This two decision model, which allows us to extend Heckman’s two-step method, is referred to as an extended-Heckman method in this paper. Our empirical results regarding the determinants of investing overseas and China are as follows. With respect to the investment in overseas, firm size and export ratio show positive influence on the decision of investment, while capital labor ratio shows negative effect. Next, with respect to the investment in China, determinants are similar except that firm size is no longer significant. Our results regarding the profit performance reveal that for ‘the firms with investment in China’ and ‘the firms without investing in China, only investing other countries’, long term liability ratio has a significantly negative impact on profitability, whereas total asset, R&D expenditure show a negative effect on profitability for ‘the firms without investing overseas, nor investing in China’. As for the performance comparison among firms of these three investment types, the differences are insignificant. This result implies that there are still considerable individual differences among the firms of the same investment type.

學校教育為國家培養人才庫最具組織成效之社會系統，而學校教育目前亦成為輿論批評最為強烈之教育體系。本論文嘗試以法學為經，以經濟學、公共行政學、教育學等為緯，針對近年受新自由主義影響所開展之行政改革理念，進而觸及之公立國民學校法制改革課題，主要係以公部門及私部門有互相合作、共創雙贏之可能性為觀點，討論民間參與國民教育興辦之最新合作模式。 公立學校之改造模式，在教育改革之理論與實際均有多元發展，但美國特許學校制度則為近年獲聯邦及多數州支持之新法制，且特許學校被評價為公立學校成功之改造類型。該制度主要係透過解除法令管制手段，容許主管機關以特許使私人參與公立學校辦學，辦學者可透過引進專家、競爭觀念、自主、選擇及績效責任等機制，形成獨立性高之新型公立學校教育體制，賦予此類學校展現更具多元化及創造性之辦學環境，其亦屬廣義公立學校委託私人經營模式之一。本論文借重美國成功發展之特許學校法制及實際辦學經驗，期待我國學界及教育主管機關於積極繼受此法制之同時，亦得深切體認我國自身之教育環境與文化背景，建立適合本土教育之制度，並更兼顧教育之卓越與公平。 本文之法學分析途徑，除藉由比較法之觀察外，並以我國憲法及行政法規範體系作為論述基礎，試圖開發我國國民教育法及特許學校法制之原理原則，以作為目前相關立法草案之參考，及期望有助於我國相關類型學校興辦之完善。 / A Charter School’s Research of Law Institutions in None-Governmental Participant in Education School education is an organized social system for nations human resource cultivation, which has becomes the most fiercely criticism in present though. Besides, the ideal of transformation under the influences of latest New Liberalism, has been approached the debate of institutional reform in public school in consequences. So, our thesis applied some methodologies such as laws, economics, public administrations, pedagogies and some other knowledge domains, primary focusing on public and private sectors’ collaboration issues, enabling to create a win-win outcome as prospect, and discussing the latest cooperation model for non-governmental participant in education. In fact, public school transformation model in theory and practice for educational reform is already advanced. However, American Charter School System, appraised as a successful transformational type of public school, is supported by new law institutions of Federal and many other states in recent years. Through its decretal deregulation may permit competent authority’s establishers who privately participate in public school establishment with “brain-gaining” experts, competitive concept, independence, selection, accountability and other mechanisms by using Charter. Therefore, a new typical educational system conferred the environment school establishment in more plural and creative way is arised. Our thesis adduced from a successful establishment of American Charter School’s experience before acdemic fields and competent authorities of education implementing the law institutions. In addition, in order to consider the difference of educational environment or culture background, selecting the appropriate pedagogy for country is the first priority we expected. Finally, as a reference for related legislation and expectation to support school establishment, we are not only using a comparison method for extensional observation, but also trying to develop a pattern for nations’ pedagogy and Charter School institution. Keywords: Charter School, Nations Education, non-government education, public school, New Liberalism, Cooperated Nations, Public Private Partnership, the third route, educational reform, transformation of organizing, deregulation, Privatization, parents’ educational right, parents’ right to choose, elasticity, plural principle, neutrality principle, relenting principle, municipal governance, administrative contract, performance doctrine

公共工程案件在適用政府採購法時，因其契約型態、性質與工程特性，往往容易產生諸多爭議，本文除了討論公共工程履約爭議的類型之外，同時也分析常見的爭議處理方法，也特別對於ADR等各種爭議救濟途徑的程序及效果進行比較。此外，對於日本的工程爭議處理機制也加以研究，介紹其法源、處理程序及法律效果等，並與我國履約爭議處理制度做一差異比較。 政府採購法於民國96年7月，政府採購法第85條之1修正實施，原條文第2項條文修正為「前項調解屬廠商申請者，機關不得拒絕；工程採購經採購申訴審議委員會（下稱申訴會）提出調解建議或調解方案，因機關不同意致調解不成立者，廠商提付仲裁，機關不得拒絕。」使得採購機關不得拒絕廠商提出仲裁的後續救濟途徑，強化採購申訴會調解建議或調解方案之地位。此舉促使採購機關在面對政府採購案件爭議調解不成立時，廠商得以選擇較為快速解決爭端的仲裁方式，不必進入冗長的訴訟程序，耗損不必要之程序上金錢及時間花費，亦有助紛爭提早解決。該條文的修正實施，開啟了先調後仲的強制仲裁機制，可以說是我國在公共工程爭議解決政策上的重大變革。不僅重新強化仲裁的爭議解決機制，同時也節省爭議處理的時間成本，不至於浪費社會資源。 惟新法的先調後仲制度實施至今，固然促使許多機關及廠商積極促成調解成立，但是在實務的操作上亦出現了許多的問題。本文從各種層面進行分析，探討各項實務上所可能面臨之問題作為討論重點，以期作為機關相關承辦人員及廠商之參考。 關鍵字：政府採購法第85條之1、先調後仲、公共工程履約爭議、工程爭議、工程契約、調解、仲裁、ADR、工程爭議處理機制。