Global ETD Search

21	Trilha de lobos nos platôs de Goiás: a singularidade dos estudantes do curso de licenciatura em geografia do sistema universidade aberta do Brasil Bastos, Maria Cristina Ferreira January 2011 (has links) Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós- Graduação em Educação em Ciências: Química da Vida e Saúde, Instituto de Educação, 2011. / Submitted by EDUARDO PENA (edupenaa@hotmail.com) on 2012-10-26T00:56:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TRILHA DE LOBOS NOS PLATÔS DE GOIÁS A SINGULARIDADE.pdf: 9955436 bytes, checksum: 8bcd6b2c8cd05ed9f544c9f80e8342cb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2013-06-18T19:13:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TRILHA DE LOBOS NOS PLATÔS DE GOIÁS A SINGULARIDADE.pdf: 9955436 bytes, checksum: 8bcd6b2c8cd05ed9f544c9f80e8342cb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-18T19:13:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TRILHA DE LOBOS NOS PLATÔS DE GOIÁS A SINGULARIDADE.pdf: 9955436 bytes, checksum: 8bcd6b2c8cd05ed9f544c9f80e8342cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Esta dissertação apresenta uma pesquisa qualitativa, desenvolvida junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Educação em Ciências: Química da Vida e Saúde, da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG. Visa a percorrer os caminhos legais do ensino a distância no Brasil e do Sistema Universidade Aberta do Brasil(SisUAB), para problematizar a característica socioeconômica, racial, de gênero e de idade dos estudantes dos Cursos de Licenciatura em Geografia oferecidos pelo SisUAB em Goiás, bem como compreender o motivo pelo qual esses estudantes estão realizando o Curso na modalidade a distância. O foco recai na compreensão das redes rizomáticas do SisUAB e na problematização a respeito do cumprimento de sua missão, evidenciando-se as conexões e os agenciamentos estabelecidos pelo Sistema em diálogo com o pensamento de Gilles Deleuze, Felix Guattari, Fritjof Capra e Pierre Lévy. Informações referentes ao campo da pesquisa foram coletadas em documentos e em entrevistas aplicadas aos estudantes do Curso de Licenciatura em Geografia, ofertado pela Universidade de Brasília, no Estado de Goiás, nos Polos de Apoio Presencial do SisUAB, localizados nos municípios de Alexânia, Goiás e Posse. Para buscar elucidar as questões territoriais da investigação, foram construídos, por meio da técnica Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, de Lefrève e Lefrève, Discursos da Multiplicidade, a partir das entrevistas realizadas, e apontados os motivos da escolha do curso na modalidade a distância e as facilidades e dificuldades encontradas na Educação a Distância (EaD). Com a aliança promovida entre características e discursos foi construída uma equação singular, na qual sexo, idade, renda e cor são heterogeneidades, pensamentos são sonhos coletivos e o somatório de ambos constitui a Equação da Multiplicidade. Essa pesquisa permite perceber a atualização de sonhos de formar profissionais do magistério para a educação básica e de interiorizar e democratizar o acesso ao ensino superior no país, propostas da Universidade Aberta do Brasil. / This dissertation presents a qualitative study, developed at the Post-Graduate Program of Education Science: Chemistry of Life and Health, of the Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, which aims to trace the legal routes of the distance education in Brazil and the Brazilian Open University System (SisUAB) to question the socioeconomic, racial, gender and age characteristic of the students of the Geography degree courses offered by SisUAB in Goiás, and additionally, understand why these students are undergoing these courses at a distance. The focus falls on the understanding of the rhizomatic networks of the SisUAB and on the questioning regarding the fulfilment of its mission, bringing into light the connections and the exerts established by the System, in dialogue with the thinking of Gilles Deleuze, Felix Guattari, Fritjof Capra and Pierre Lévy. Information regarding the field of research was collected in documents and interviews carried out with students of the Geography degree courses, offered by the University of Brasilia, in the State of Goiás, in the On-Site Support Facilities of SisUAB, located in the cities of Alexandria, Goiás and Posse. In order to elucidate the territorial issues concerning the research, Multiplicity Discourses were constructed, based on the technique of the Collective Subject Discourse of Lefèvre and Lefèvre, from the interviews carried out, and the reasons for the choice of the course, in the modality at a distance, were appointed, as well as the easinesses and difficulties encountered in the Distance Education. With the alliance promoted between features and speeches, a unique equation was constructed, where gender, age, income and colour are heterogeneities and thoughts are collective dreams, and the sum of both constitutes the Multiplicity Equation. This research provides the opportunity to realise the updating of dreams to train teaching professionals for basic education, and to bring to the countryside and give equality to the access to higher education in the country, propositions of the Brazilian Open University. Educação a distância Formação de professores Inclusão Interiorização Redes rizomáticas Sistema universidade aberta do Brasil Distance education Teacher training Inclusion Countryside internalization Rhizomatic networks Brazilian open university system
22	DISPOSITIVOS MÓVEIS NO ENSINO MÉDIO INOVADOR: UM ESTUDO DE CONTROVÉRSIAS A PARTIR DA TEORIA ATOR-REDE / MOBILE DEVICES IN INNOVATIVE MIDDLE SCHOOL: A DISPUTE STUDY FROM THE ACTOR-NETWORK THEORY Boessio, Lissandra 08 July 2015 (has links) This current study comes from the demand to think of a new working methodology in an innovative Middle School, reporting on interdisciplinary educational needs, focused on the use of networked technologies, driven by the distribution of mobile devices (tablets) for teachers in Middle School. To accomplish this proposal, there was a working methodology using mobile devices with high school students from the State School of Basic Education Dr. Paul Devanier Lauda, in Portuguese discipline in the Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) Edmodo. It is aimed to instigate a placement of students as networked actors from the ownership of mobile devices, creating interactivity, connectivity and collaboration for the development of knowledge and other forms of subjectivity. In this sense, it developed audiovisual activities mediated by mobile technologies, producing knowledge to expand the time and space in the classroom; and researched is the Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) Edmodo considering its potential and limits. The theoretical framework that supports this research is the actor-network theory of Bruno Latour. It is understood that humans and non-human actors are equally important in assemblages to knowledge productions, with different delegations, which hybridize changing subject. He adopted the methodology of Dispute Cartography, made by the same author, and the concept of rhizome, of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, in order to get analysis criteria to observe and describe the phenomena occurring over the assemblages encountered in practice pedagogical proposals. As a final product of this research, built up a working methodology, based on the actor-network theory, for the development of audiovisual educational proposals via appropriation of AVA Edmodo and mobile network devices as well as for the application of analysis criteria based in rhizomatic principles. / A presente pesquisa parte da demanda de se pensar em uma nova metodologia de trabalho no Ensino Médio Inovador que dê conta das necessidades pedagógicas interdisciplinares, voltada para o uso das tecnologias em rede, motivado pela distribuição de dispositivos móveis (tablets) para os professores do ensino médio. Para efetivar tal proposta, realizou-se uma metodologia de trabalho utilizando os dispositivos móveis com os alunos do ensino médio da Escola Estadual de Educação Básica Dr. Paulo Devanier Lauda, na disciplina de Língua Portuguesa no Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem (AVA) Edmodo. Pretende-se instigar um posicionamento dos alunos como atores em rede a partir da apropriação dos dispositivos móveis, gerando interatividade, conectividade e colaboração para o desenvolvimento do conhecimento e outros modos de subjetivação. Neste sentido, desenvolveu-se atividades audiovisuais mediadas por tecnologias móveis, produzindo conhecimento ao ampliar o tempo e espaço em sala de aula; e pesquisou-se o Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem (AVA) Edmodo, considerando suas potencialidades e limites. A fundamentação téorica que embasa essa pesquisa é a teoria ator-rede de Bruno Latour, pois entende-se que os atores humanos e não-humanos têm a mesma importância nos agenciamentos para produções de conhecimento, com delegações distintas, que formam híbridos modificando sujeitos. Adotou-se a metodologia da Cartografia de Controvérsias, constituída pelo mesmo autor, e o conceito de rizoma, de Gilles Deleuze e Felix Guattari, a fim de obter critérios de análise para observar e descrever os fenômenos que ocorrem ao longo dos agenciamentos surgidos nas práticas pedagógicas propostas. Como produto final dessa pesquisa, se propõe uma metodologia de trabalho, baseada na Teoria ator-rede, para o desenvolvimento de propostas pedagógicas audiovisuais via apropriação do AVA EDMODO e dos dispositivos móveis em rede, bem como para a aplicação de critérios de análise baseados em princípios rizomáticos. Dispositivos móveis Ensino médio inovador Teoria ator-rede Cartografia de Controvérsias Redes Rizomáticas Mobile Devices Innovative high school Actor-network theory Dispute cartography Rhizomatic networks CNPQ::CIENCIAS HUMANAS::EDUCACAO
23	Queer sensibility as an aesthetic of inclusion: How non-demographic designers are challenging fashion norms Spirina, Mariia 01 September 2021 (has links) No description available. Aesthetics American Studies Demographics Design Ethics Gender Gender Studies Non-demographic design rhizomatic design inclusive design inclusive clothes and fashion gender-inclusive queer sensibility queer neutrality self-expression disidentification
24	Landscaping Wilderness in Hollywood Westerns and Brazilian Nordesterns Ashman, Michael 09 August 2022 (has links) In this comparative examination of cinematic representations of American and Brazilian wildernesses, I argue for the necessity of a transnational, postregional, and ecocritical approach to film studies. The way that the deserts of the American West are represented by Hollywood Western filmmakers reveal underlying ecological and political philosophies, and provide a productive contrast with representations of the sertão, a similarly arid biome in Brazil. Among other theoretical approaches, this study uses W. J. T. Mitchell’s idea of “landscape” as a verb to examine the formal devices by which filmmakers and audiences “landscape” these “wildernesses.” Using John Ford’s The Searchers (1956) as an example, I suggest that Hollywood Westerns inscribe the land with a colonial gaze that reflects and perpetuates a dualistic conception of nature, one that sees nature as separate and distinct from humankind. Cinema Novo, the radical anticolonial movement in Brazilian cinema, provides an aesthetic and philosophical alternative. Through an analysis of one of Cinema Novo’s foundational works by one of its founding figures—Glauber Rocha’s Deus e o diabo na terra do sol [Black God, White Devil] (1964)—I demonstrate how the theory and practice of Rocha’s anticolonial “aesthetic of hunger” has an ecological dimension, one that rejects and collapses a binary opposition between humans and nature. By looking beyond borders which too often function not only as national boundaries but to delimit fields of academic study, this project finds common ground for comparison in representations of nature, and demonstrates the political and ecological implications thereof. ecocriticism transnational postregional postwestern frontier rhizomatic West Westerns westness wilderness landscape landscaping Glauber Rocha Deus e o diabo na terra do sol John Ford The Searchers Arts and Humanities
25	A/Wakening, Healing and Caring in the Pandemic borderland(s): theorizing an Emancipating, Pleasurable and Restful Black Femme Form in Gender Studies Noah, Agnese January 2021 (has links) In this study on form within the field of Gender and Fem(me)inist Studies I build on, and work with, works created by black women and femmes, as well as femmes and women of color to explore their ways of theorizing through form, as well as finding my own, with roots from all the beautiful experiments lived and written about by these folks. As I sketch out these theories and texts and bring them to the Swedish context in which I write I am breaking new ground for research on blackness, femme-inist theory and form as well as methodologies here. Using an approach of mixed methodologies – formulated in the concepts of femmebodimotive writing and other pleasurable methodologies – I use my body and its emotions oozing from it as a tool for theorizing in the intersections of gender, sexuality, blackness, care and its connections to water, kinship, language, pleasure and rest. I tend to various intersections of these to find new ways of swAfrican (Swedish and African Tanzanian) Black, femme, borderland(s) being in the world. The first chapter sketches out these borderlands as they connect in my body and its surroundings. It is highly inspired by Alexis Pauline Gumbs’ Spill in its form and will invite you to think care with me as I wrap my hair in queer kangas (colorfully sketched out in a KangaProject) over which we wander to the Kiswahili coast and take a plunge in black waters. This is where the second chapter starts, in the biomythographical waters, waves and currents carried inside us, and by us, as well as the waters and currents connecting the worlds corners. All water carries the currents of histories of genders, sexualities, kinship and languages and this, as well as the un/realness of the black bodies in focus, is intimately explored with the help of Omise’ekeNatasha Tinsley, Christina Sharpe, Sara Ahmed, a few other theorists, dictionaries and me. And as the waters runs up and down, from side to side, the waves and wakes travel further in time. These waves travel all the way into sleep, and into the third chapter. Upon entering this final chapter, you find a small visual constellation of these sleep waves. Here, rest and pleasure are in focus and I think with and through Navild Acosta and Fannie Sosa’s installation of Black Power Naps as a way to think blackness and femme-inity and their movements as theory, joy and as connected to pleasurable methodologies. My explorations lead me to the importance of form and texture for knowledge production as it may show other dimensions of theoretical thoughts and problems. In highlighting this I also show how the master (thesis) form may be approached differently by Black femmes of color and thus illuminating what issues these bodies have in white academic spaces. embodied emotive writing femmebodimotive femme black form biomythography choreopoem intersectionality rhizomatic phenomenology healing caring awake awakening wake ocean sea queer texture borderland swAfrican Gender Studies Genusstudier Other Humanities not elsewhere specified Övrig annan humaniora
26	En arkeologi av det animistiska : Om den mesolitiska ornamentiken i Östersjöområdet / An Archaeology of Animacy : On the Mesolithic Ornamentation of the Baltic Sea Solfeldt, Erik January 2021 (has links) This thesis is focused on the material known as the Mesolithic portable art. Earlier research have interpreted the material as representative art relating to ideology, mythology, prestige, ritual practices,and tribalism. Such interpretations are based on theoretical frameworks that build on hylomorphism and Cartesian metaphysics. By a change of theoretical framework, to a new animistic perspective based on a combination of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s rhizome theory, Tim Ingold’s meshwork and Giordano Bruno’s theory of bonds in general, followed by the use of ChantalConneller’s method rhizomatic chaîne opératoire, I conclude that the motifs on the tools and pendants are communications to the animated subjects that make up and inhabit the environment. Furthermore, I conclude that the binary positions of function and ritual cannot be applied when studying the formgenerating process of this material, as the tools and pendants along with their applied motifs are a result of what is in between these binary positions. Mesolithic portable art new animism animacy relational ontology hylomorphism rhizome theory meshwork rhizomatic chaîne opératoire bone antler amber Mesolitisk portabel konst ny-animism animism relationell ontologi hylemorfism rhizomteori meshwork rhizomatisk chaîne opératoire ben horn bärnsten Archaeology Arkeologi
27	Rhizomatic Resistance: A Pedagogy for Social Transformation Kiess, Kolter 22 July 2009 (has links) No description available. Adult Education African Literature American Literature Curricula Education Educational Theory Gender Language Arts Literacy Literature Personal Relationships Philosophy Social Research Social Structure Teacher Education Teaching Theater rhizomatic resistance social transformation pedagogy radical education literature
28	Le jeune téléspectateur, objet de discours social : le cas du Chili «post-1990» Condeza Dall'Orso, Rayén A. 12 1900 (has links) Cette thèse s’interroge sur le phénomène du jeune téléspectateur contemporain. Je questionne cette « réalité », qui fait l’objet de discours et de pratiques sociales au quotidien. L’idée de l’existence « objective » de l’enfant téléspectateur depuis l’avènement de la télévision est si fertile, qu’elle a même contribué au développement d’un sous-domaine de recherche en communication : la communication jeunesse. J’inclus également ce sous-domaine dans la problématique. Ce faisant, je tente d’esquisser une théorisation de l’enfant téléspectateur, en le comprenant comme une formation discursive et sociale. Suivant le point de vue de l’analyse de discours de Michel Foucault (1969), j’axe son étude en articulant deux éléments qui forment les objets sociaux : le régime de vérité et les formations discursives. Ainsi, je réfléchis au jeune téléspectateur comme objet de savoir et de vérité, et comme fruit d’un ensemble de formations discursives. J’ancre empiriquement le questionnement du jeune téléspectateur contemporain dans le Chili « post-1990 ». Je propose une approche méthodologique et analytique me permettant de rendre compte de l’articulation d’éléments hétérogènes qui participent au façonnement discursif et social de celui-ci. Cet outil exploratoire est « le rhizome », que j’emprunte à Gilles Deleuze et à Félix Guattari (1976). Le rhizome m’est utile pour rendre compte des multiples portes d’entrée dans la formation discursive de l’enfant téléspectateur, du déplacement comme chercheuse à l’intérieur de celle-ci, et des figures qui se forment par l’articulation du discours et des pratiques entreprises à son égard. Ce faisant, je propose une archive d’époque de l’enfant téléspectateur du Chili « post-1990 ». Dans celle-ci, je montre des modalités particulières de sa formation discursive et des figures hétéroclites de celui-ci qui ont émergé dans les analyses. Finalement, je présente un ensemble de pratiques discursives qui ont également fait surface dans les analyses. Ces pratiques emploient la figure de l’enfant téléspectateur pour instaurer discursivement d’autres « réalités », qui ne le concernent pas directement. M’appuyant sur Jean-Michel Berthelot (1992), notamment sur son concept d’« opérateur discursif », je qualifie ainsi ces pratiques observées. / This thesis examines the contemporary child television viewer phenomenon. I challenge this « reality » which is the subject of everyday life discourse and social practices. Since the advent of television, the notion of an « objective » existence of a child television viewer has been so fertile that it has even contributed to the development of a sub-domain in communication studies: Children, Youth and the Media. I examine this sub domain as well. The thesis attempts to outline a theoretical approach to the child television viewer, understood as a social and discursive formation. Following Michel Foucault’s (1969) analysis of discourse, the study articulates two of the elements that are involved in the social construction of objects: the regime of truth and the discursive formations. I consider the child television viewer as an object of knowledge and truth, and as the product of a set of discursive formations. I challenge on an empirical level this phenomenon in the « post-1990 » Chile, through a methodological and analytical approach that allows me to articulate the heterogeneous elements involved in the shaping of the child television viewer. This exploratory tool is the « rhizome », borrowed from Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari (1976). « Rhizome » allows me to enter through multiple gateways into discursive formations of the child television viewer. Once inside, as a researcher I move in multiple directions and see different modalities of the social construction happening therein. These modalities produce multiple figures of the child television viewer emerging from the articulation of the discourse and of the social practices. I suggest an Archive of the child television viewer in Chile « post-1990 », showing the specifics of the discursive formations and the assorted figures that have risen to surface throughout the rhizomatic process of research. Finally, I present a set of discursive practices that have also emerged from the analysis. These practices employ the figure of the child television viewer to discursively establish other « realities » that do not concern him/her directly. Borrowing from Jean-Michel Berthelot (1992), I name these practices « discursive operator ». / Esta tesis se interroga acerca del fenómeno del niño telespectador contemporáneo. Cuestiono esta « realidad », que a diario es objeto de discurso y de prácticas sociales. Desde el advenimiento de la televisión, la idea de la existencia « objetiva » del niño telespectador ha sido tan fértil, que contribuyó a desarrollar un sub-dominio particular de investigación en comunicaciones: niños, adolescentes y medios. Incluyo igualmente este subdominio en la problemática. El trabajo intenta esbozar una teorización sobre el niño telespectador, entendiéndolo como una formación discursiva y social. Siguiendo el punto de vista del análisis de discurso de Michel Foucault (1969), este estudio articula dos elementos que intervienen en la construcción social de los objetos: el régimen de verdad y las formaciones discursivas. Reflexiono sobre el niño telespectador como un objeto de saber y de verdad, fruto de un conjunto de formaciones discursivas. El análisis de la formación discursiva del niño telespectador se ancla empíricamente en el Chile « post-1990 ». Propongo un enfoque metodológico y analítico que permite mostrar la articulación de elementos heterogéneos que le dan forma discursiva y social. Este recurso de exploración es el « rizoma », inspirado de Gilles Deleuze y de Félix Guattari (1976). El rizoma permite dar cuenta de las múltiples puertas de entrada a la formación discursiva, del desplazamiento como investigadora en su interior y de las figuras de niño telespectador que se forman por la articulación del discurso con las prácticas desplegadas en su nombre. La tesis propone un Archivo de época del niño telespectador del Chile « post-1990 ». En este se muestran las modalidades particulares de su formación discursiva, así como las figuras heterogéneas de niño telespectador que emergieron de los análisis. Finalmente se presenta un conjunto de otras prácticas discursivas, igualmente observadas, que emplean al niño telespectador para instaurar discursivamente otras « realidades », que no lo conciernen directamente. Califico a estas prácticas a partir del concepto del « operador discursivo » de Jean-Michel Berthelot (1992). Jeune téléspectateur Formation discursive Pensée contemporaine de l’enfance Analyse rhizomatique du discours Régime de vérité Histoire des idées Chili Child Television Viewer Discursive Formation Broadcasting Regulatory Policy Contemporary Ideas of Childhood Rhizomatic Analysis of Discourse Regime of Truth History of Ideas Niño telespectador Foucault Formación discursiva Infancia pensamiento contemporáneo Análisis rizomático del discurso Régimen de verdad Historia de las ideas Chile
29	Le jeune téléspectateur, objet de discours social : le cas du Chili «post-1990» Condeza Dall'Orso, Rayén A. 12 1900 (has links) No description available. Jeune téléspectateur Formation discursive Pensée contemporaine de l’enfance Analyse rhizomatique du discours Régime de vérité Histoire des idées Chili Child Television Viewer Discursive Formation Broadcasting Regulatory Policy Contemporary Ideas of Childhood Rhizomatic Analysis of Discourse Regime of Truth History of Ideas Niño telespectador Foucault Formación discursiva Infancia pensamiento contemporáneo Análisis rizomático del discurso Régimen de verdad Historia de las ideas Chile
30	Narratives of governing : rationalization, responsibility and resistance in social work Lauri, Marcus January 2016 (has links) For many years, Sweden has had a reputation for having a comprehensive and women friendly welfare state. However, as in many other European countries during the past few decades, the organization and governing of welfare has undergone profound changes. Through interviews with social workers and the application of theories of governmentality, this thesis analyzes the expressions and consequences of such current organization and governing. One result is that the introduction of meticulous documentation practices of social workers contact with clients, regulate their interaction and constitute a control over both client and social worker. Another result is that the current organization fragments labor and awards more authority to managers, which functions to produce loyalty to the organization and management, rather than clients. This is expressed in demands not to voice protest, as it is said to create a bad mood. It is also expressed in demands to spend as little as possible on clients; short duration of treatment, preference for outpatient treatment and by making it difficult to receive financial support. This austerity is legitimized through the intermeshing of different ideals; budget awareness, evidence that supports short and outpatient treatment and that clients in order to change their course of life should to be allowed or coerced into taking individual responsibility. Another important finding is that the current governing and organization of social work produce distance and detachment, and thus discourage caring subjects. This is a complex process in which an assemblage of different techniques and rationalities undermines the cultivation of a relationship between social worker and client. 1) The ideal of evidence-based practice favors rigid methods over a flexible and holistic approach. 2) Ideals of rationality, closely connected to notions of masculinity and professionalism, value objectivity and devalue and deter the surfacing of emotions. 3) Meticulous practices of documentation reduce the amount of time available to meet clients. 4) Ideals and particular methods designed to promote individual responsibility in clients legitimize social workers distancing themselves from clients’ dependency and needs. 5) A division of labor, in either assessment or treatment, reduces time spent with clients for those who work with assessment and ultimately engage in the rationing of resources. 6) Standardized digital templates, installed to aid in assessments, regulate and proceduralize interactions with the client. 7) Austerity, heavy workloads, individualized responsibility and stress further accentuate distance, as detachment becomes a means to cope with arduous working conditions. The transformation of social work described above produces alienation and a fragmentation of social workers’ collective subjects. Simultaneously, an ethos of caring makes some social workers work extra hard to provide for clients, which ultimately covers for flaws in the system. Although such an ethos of caring allows for the further exploitation of social workers, it is also understood as a means of resistance, which in turn also forms the basis for organized resistance. / Sverige har ett internationellt rykte för att ha en omfattande och kvinnovänlig välfärd. Även om riktigheten i en sådan uppfattning sedan länge ifrågasatts har på senare år, likt i många andra Europeiska länder, det svenska välfärdssystemet genomgått en omfattande förändring i avseende på dess räckvidd, men också dess organisering och styrning. Fokus för denna studie är just denna organisering och styrning, och mer specifikt, hur detta påverkar ett av välfärdens kanske mest centrala område: socialt arbete. Genom att intervjua socialarbetare undersöks i denna studie uttryck för och konsekvenser av en sådan förändring, bland annat genom att undersöka hur könsbundna föreställningar och förväntningar är sammanflätade med det sociala arbetets organisering och styrning. I studien konstateras att socialarbetare erfar att deras arbete genomgått omfattande förändringar, vilket kopplas ihop med både organiseringen och styrningen av det sociala arbetet. Detta uttrycks både i de ideal som kringgärdar arbetet men också i dominerande arbetssätt. En sådan förändring är införandet av omfattande dokumentationsprocedurer av socialarbetarens arbete och kontakt med klienter, vilket medför att kontakten med klienterna blir ytligare. Dokumentationsprocedurerna utgör också en sorts kontroll av både klienterna och socialarbetarna själva. En annan förändring som konstateras är att nya organisationsmodeller och en förändrad ledarskapskultur skapar förväntningar på socialarbetarna att vara lojala med organisationen och ledningen snarare än klienterna. Bland annat utrycks detta genom förväntningar att inte protestera och skapa dålig stämning på arbetsplatsen, men också genom uttalade krav att spendera så lite resurser som möjligt på klienterna; korta behandlingstider, öppenvårdsalternativ och orimligt hårda krav för att få ekonomiskt bistånd. Detta legitimeras genom sammanväxningen av flera olika ideal; budgetmedvetenhet, att klienter inte mår bra av långa institutionsvistelser, men också att klienterna ska tillåtas eller bör tvingas att klara att sig själva. Ett av studiens huvudresultat är att den nuvarande organiseringen och styrningen av socialt arbete skapar avstånd och likgiltighet. Genom flera sammankopplade ideal och arbetssätt styrs dagens socialarbetare till att bry sig mindre om de klienter de möter. På så sätt undermineras förutsättningarna för framväxten av en djup relation mellan socialarbetare och klient; 1) Idealet och kravet att socialarbetare ska arbeta utifrån evidens, det vill säga metoder och förhållningssätt som i speciellt utformade utvärderingsmodeller visat sig ha effekt, gör att väl strukturerade och rigida metoder ges företräde. Denna instrumentalisering underminerar ett flexibelt, relationsorienterat och helhetsfokuserat sätt att arbeta. Dessutom gör evidensidealets fokus på enskilda individer och avgränsade utvärderingstider att mer samhällsinriktat kritiskt och långsiktigt inriktat arbete undermineras. 2) Ett rationalitetsideal, tätt sammanbundet med föreställningar om professionalitet och maskulinitet, värderar objektivitet och förmågan att frikoppla socialarbetarens egna känslor från sitt arbete. Detta maskuliniserade professionsideal innebär att empati och solidaritet med klienten undergrävs. 3) Omfattande krav på olika former av dokumentation av det sociala arbetet gör att tiden som socialarbetaren har till sitt förfogande för att besöka och att ha möten med klienten blir knapp. 4) Ett allmänt samhällsideal kring individuellt ansvar och en särskild arbetsmetod (motiverande samtal) som många socialarbetare förväntas lära sig, framhäver klientens eget ansvar för och vilja till förändring. Detta legitimerar ett avståndstagande från klientens behov av hjälp och stöd enligt logiken ”du måste klara detta själv”. 5) En vanligt förekommande uppdelning av socialarbetarnas arbetsuppgifter i en så kallad beställar-utförarmodell gör att vissa socialsekreterare arbetar med hjälp och stöd, medan andra arbetar med bedömningar av klienters behov. De senare, som också har inflytande över resurstilldelning, blir med en sådan organisering av arbetet alltmer frikopplade från den stödjande och hjälpande verksamheten och kontakten med klienten. 6) Standardiserade digitala bedömningsinstrument, skapade för att på ett likvärdigt sätt bedöma klienters behov och dokumentera det sociala arbetet, reglerar och instrumentaliserar kontakten med klienter. 7) Tunga arbetsbördor, individualiserat ansvar och stress, bidrar ytterligare till att skapa avstånd och likgiltighet eftersom det för vissa utgör ett sätt att genomleva en ohållbar arbetssituation. En allmän åtstramning av socialtjänstens resurstilldelning förstås som en viktig orsak till behovet av att skapa ovan distansmekanismer. Men distansen hänger också ihop med en tendens till ett återupplivande av en tidigare dominerande förståelse av marginalisering och sociala problem; där människors nöd ses som ett utslag av dålig karaktär och ett resultat av dåliga individuella val. De förändringar av det sociala arbetets premisser som beskrivits ovan gör att socialarbetarna alltmer görs främmande inför sitt arbete – de alieneras. Detta främmandegörande uttrycks genom att inte kunna identifiera sig med arbetet självt, sina kollegor eller med sig själv. Ett sådant främmandegörande underminerar, eller fragmentiserar, både relationen till klienten, men också en känsla av gemenskap med andra socialarbetare. En gemenskap som kan utgöra ett ”vi” och ligga till grund för att ställa krav, protestera och göra motstånd mot avhumaniserande ideal och reformer. På så vis är främmandegörandet inte bara en konsekvens av dagens organisering och styrning, utan också något som fyller en viktig funktion för en sådan styrning och organisering, och genomförandet av en allmän åtstramning i socialpolitiken. Samtidigt som dagens organisering och styrning av socialt arbete är främmandegörande, slår vissa socialarbetare knut på sig själva och arbetar extra hårt för att täcka upp för systemets brister och krympande resurser, för att trots det svåra läget ändå försöka ge det stöd som de upplever att klienten behöver. Ett sådant historiskt förankrat femininiserat omsorgsideal, dvs känslor av ansvar och empati inför behövande och en ilska inför oförrätter, utgör därmed på samma gång grund för en fördjupad exploatering av socialarbetarna, och ett vardagligt motstånd mot rådande system. I ett läge när flera upplever att kollegialiteten som grund för motstånd på arbetsplatserna underminerats, utgör ett sådant omsorgsideal samtidigt också grunden för organiserat motstånd utanför arbetsplatsen, bortom chefernas insyn, kontroll och härskartekniker. Medan nuvarande styrningssystem underminerar ett visst sorts motstånd, uppstår samtidigt grunden för nya. Welfare Welfare state neoliberalism neoliberal neo-liberal neo-liberalism new public management NPM new managerialism managerialism public management reform social work social services profession professional EBP evidence-based practice evidence knowledge production paperwork administration performance audit discipline sovereign power self-governing power power/knowledge motivational interviewing MI individualism individual responsibility political the political de-politicized de-politicization governing governmentality governance gender feminism feminist theory Foucault Marx capitalism standardization flexibility budget governing care care-work ethos of care solidarity empathy loyalty division of labor proceduralization instrumentalization mechanization manual based digital template templates de-professionalization proletarization proletarianization Taylorization transition transformation rationalization rationality rational emotions emotional affect alienation detachment distance resistance counter conduct Sweden Swedish model rhizome rhizomatic nomadic narrative narratives discourse critique interviews Välfärd välfärdsstat välfärfärdsstaten nyliberal nyliberalism new public management socialt arbete socialtjänsten socialarbetare svenska modellen styrning styrningsmentalitet kön genus EBP evidensbaserad praktik evidens kunskapsproduktion makt/kunskap administration pappersarbete granskning kontroll disciplin självstyrning motiverande samtal individualism individualisering ansvar individuellt ansvar flexibilitet politik det politiska avpolitisering avprofessionalisering profession professioner professionell förfrämligande Sverige Foucault Marx feminism feministisk teori kapitalism proletarisering taylorisering standardisering manualbaserad rationalisering rationell emotioner känslor avstånd likgiltighet narrativ diskurs kritik intervju intervjuer kapitalism den svenska modellen förändring transformering motstånd mot-makt

Search results