We live in a world where we increasingly depend on information technology, as much of our work and education occurs online, often from home. An average user has an increasing amount of accounts for all kinds of online services, making authentication more and more important. As people authenticate several times a day, it is important that everyone is able to use online services and authenticate themselves, including minorities such as individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. This thesis explores the challenges people with neurodevelopmental disorders have with authentication as well as authentication methods that can help them. This was achieved by doing a systematic literature review on collected bibliography with the help of thematic analysis. 18 studies were analyzed and helped us answer the research questions and give us an overview of the research field. The analysis showed that text-based authentication was a big issue for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, where passwords were often highlighted as the culprit. Alternative authentication methods were identified but showed us that there was no easy fix to the issue at hand, and that more had to be done to make authentication more accessible. / Vi lever i en värld där vi är alltmer beroende av informationsteknologi, eftersom mycket av vårt arbete och utbildning nu istället sker online, ofta även hemifrån. En genomsnittlig användare har ett ökande antal konton för alla sorters onlinetjänster, vilket gör autentisering allt viktigare. Då människor autentiserar flera gånger om dagen är det viktigt att alla kan använda onlinetjänster och auntentisera sig, inklusive minoriteter som individer med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar. Detta examensarbete utforskar de utmaningar som personer medneuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar har med autentisering samt autentiseringsmetoder som kan hjälpa dem. Detta uppnåddes genom att göra en systematisk litteraturöversikt med insamlad bibliografi med hjälp av tematisk analys. 18 studier analyserades och hjälpte oss att svara på forskningsfrågorna samt ge oss en överblick över forskningsfältet. Analysen visade att textbaserad autentisering var ett stort problem för individer med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar, där lösenord ofta lyfts fram som boven. Alternativa autentiseringsmetoder som identifierades visade oss att det inte fanns någon enkel lösning på problemet och att mer behöver göras för att göra autentisering tillgänglig för alla.

Milic Pavlovic, Ljiljana (2021). Student health guidance. A case study about special educators' work. Master degree in Special education, School development and Leadership, Faculty of Education and Society, Malmo UniversityThe purpose of the study is to investigate how consultants from the Central Student Health's specialist team support compulsory school educators for early school years in relational competence when they meet students with neuropsychiatric disabilities. The study means to illustrate opportunities and obstacles that arise during the support process. The relational pedagogy and the special pedagogical perspectives are theoretical frameworks for the study. The study is about four consultants at a centrally organized student health institute and therefore the case study methodology is being used as the motivated research approach. The study focuses on the consultants' perceptions of their work as well as descriptions of opportunities and obstacles that arise when they support educators in the field of relational competence towards students with neuropsychiatric disabilities. The study also intends to show how the support is organized, implemented, and evaluated and how it contributes to the teachers' competence development in the meeting with students with neuropsychological disabilities. Since the study focuses on the consultants' perceptions, semi-structured interviews are the chosen method. The results show that the consultants perceive their support as a combination of different types of consultations and tutorials, with an appearance of the collaborative consultation (Sundqvist & Ström, 2015). The consultants identify the schools' explicit focus on the categorical perspective as the biggest obstacle to their supporting work. At the same time, the consultants identify several opportunities that can be created through successful consultation. One opportunity is the change of perspective to the relational perspective where, a permanent development of relational competence in pedagogical contexts and opportunities for collegial learning and development has been identified. It could gradually lead to a broad impact on all students' learning and development, regardless of whether students have a disability or not. The consultants also see an opportunity for consultation from a preventive perspective which in combination with education in neuropsychiatric disabilities could improve schooling for students with neuropsychiatric disabilities. There are variations in the consultants' perceptions of their work that can be interpreted based on the concept of inclusion and equivalent education, something that could create both opportunities and obstacles for the school's compensatory mission. The organizing of consultation can be presented as a timeline, in a chronologic order from the beginning to the end. The timeline extends throughout the process, from the application for seeking support to Central Student Health to the conclusion of the support work. It also contains a continuous evaluation that follows the consultation process with adaptations to the educators' needs. The consultation process has been identified as a circle where each consultation opportunity creates opportunities for new initiatives in the practical work in the classroom, but also modification or confirmation of the implemented initiatives. In this way, the effects are created at all three levels, namely conclusion level, teacher level and student level. These effects contribute to learning and development for all parties involved

Barn och unga som inte närvarar i skolans undervisning, anses av många som ett växande samhällsproblem. Närvaroproblem är det begrepp som vi valt för att benämna problematisk skolfrånvaro. Syftet med denna uppsats är att belysa hur närvaroproblem kan yttra sig. Uppsatsen undersöker vad som kan orsaka närvaroproblem, vilka konsekvenser det kan få för barn och unga samt hur orsakerna och konsekvenserna kan tänkas förebyggas. Detta kommer undersökas genom fenomenografi. Materialet som undersöks är tre podcastavsnitt och ett videoreportage. I uppsatsen kunde flertalet orsaker bakom skolfrånvaro återfinnas, några av de huvudsakliga var mental ohälsa, neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar och livsförändringar. De konsekvenser som hittades var bland annat förstärkt mental ohälsa, försämring av social samvaro samt svårigheter att få insatser. Några viktiga beståndsdelar som ledde till förbättrat mående och närvaro var bland annat individualiserade insatser, motiveringsarbete och små undervisningsgrupper.

Den här studien handlar om grundskolans interna samverkan kring elever med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar (NPF). Syftet med studien var att belysa hur samverkan mellan olika professioner i grundskolan kan utvecklas för att skapa en tillgänglig lärmiljö för elever med NPF. De frågeställningar som besvaras är: Hur beskriver lärare sin samverkan med andra professioner i grundskolan när det gäller skolsituationen för elever med NPF? Vad behöver enligt lärarna utvecklas när det gäller samverkan kring elever med NPF? Studien utgick från verksamhetsteori som bidrog till att samverkan kunde studeras på ett djupare plan. Sex grundskollärare intervjuades med halvstrukturerade intervjuer. Med tematisk- och verksamhetsteoretisk analys på studiens empiri framkom att samverkan mellan lärare och skolans övriga professioner inte sker i den utsträckning som lärare önskar. Kunskapsmässiga svårigheter är det vanligaste motivet för samverkan mellan lärare och andra professioner i skolan, där stöd av elevers sociala svårigheter och skolans förebyggande arbete får stå tillbaka. Det som enligt lärarna behöver utvecklas är att rektorn blir delaktig i skolans specialpedagogiska processer; Skolors organisatoriska arbete kring elever med NPF behöver förtydligas, både gällande motivet för samverkan, professioners ansvarsområden och att skolor skapar forum och rutiner för skolans professioner att mötas kring elever med NPF. / This study is about the primary school's internal collaboration around pupil with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). The aim of this study was to highlight how cooperation between different professions in primary school can be developed to create an accessible learning environment for students with NDD. The questions that the study sets out to answer is: How do teachers describe their collaboration with other professions in elementary school regarding the school situation for students with NDD? According to the teachers, what needs to be developed in terms of collaboration around students with NDD? The study was based on an activity theory, which contributed to the fact that cooperation could be studied on a deeper level. Six primary school teachers were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. With a thematic- and activity theory analysis of the study's empirical data, it emerged that collaboration between teachers and the school´s other professions does not take place to the extent that teachers wish. Knowledge-related difficulties are the most common motive for teachers´collaboration with other professions in the school, here support of students´ social difficulties and the school´s preventive work may take a back seat. According to the teachers, what needs to be developed is for the principal to be involved in the school´s special education processes. Schools´ organizational work around students with NDD needs to be clarified, both regarding the motive for collaboration, professions´ areas of responsibility and that schools create forums and routines for the school´s professions to meet around students with NDD.

Statens institutionsstyrelse (SiS) skall ansvara för ungdomar och vuxnas anpassade tvångsvård och behandling. Målet med SiS är att kunna ge individerna bättre förutsättningar för ett liv bortom kriminalitet och droger. SiS slutna ungdomsvård är för ungdomar som har begått ett brott och tillämpas därmed tvångsvård. Det är särskilt intressant då det visar sig att många ungdomar inom ungdomsvården har neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar (NPF) men kunskapsnivån inom funktionshinderområdet brister hos personalen. Situationen är såtillvida komplex då ungdomen befinner sig i en sluten miljö där ett mer individanpassat arbetssätt bör tillämpas. Således var studiens syfte att beskriva hur personal inom sluten ungdomsvård arbetar med ungdomar med NPF. Genom en kvalitativ forskningsansats har empirin inhämtats via yrkesverksamma och tagit del av deras egna arbetslivserfarenheter. Intervjuerna genomfördes via en semistrukturerad intervjuguide för att på sätt fånga informanternas verklighet. Efter genomförda intervjuer hade vi ett textmaterial som vi valde att analysera genom en tematisk innehållsanalys. Sammanfattningsvis har studiens resultat visat att NPF är ett ämne som diskuteras, men att det fortfarande kan behöva etableras mer kunskap och färdigheter inom den slutna ungdomsvården. Personal efterfrågar ökad kunskap kring funktionsnedsättningar och hur relationsbyggandet skall kunna utföras på ett sätt som fungerar för arbetet med ungdomen. / The Swedish State Board of Institutions (SiS) shall be responsible for adapted compulsory care and treatment of young people and adults. The goal of SiS is to be able to give individuals better conditions for a life beyond crime and drugs. SiS's closed youth care is for young people who have committed a crime and thus applies compulsory care. It is particularly interesting as it turns out that many young people in youth care have neuropsychiatric disabilities (NPF) but the level of knowledge in the field of disability is lacking among the staff. The situation is complex to the extent that the young person is in a closed environment where a more individually adapted working method should be applied. Thus, the aim of the study was to describe how staff within closed youth care work with young people with NPF. Through a qualitative research approach, the empirical evidence has been obtained through professionals and taken part of their own working life experiences. The interviews were conducted through a semi-structured interview guide in order to somehow capture the reality of the informants. After completed interviews, we had a text material that we chose to analyze through a thematic content analysis. In summary, the results of the study have shown that NPF is a topic that is being discussed, but that more knowledge and skills may still need to be established within closed youth care. Staff demand increased knowledge about disabilities and how relationship building can be carried out in a way that works for the work with young people.

The aim of this study was to investigate how teachers in schools for youths with intellectual disabilities view their pupils’ abilities to access sex education. The study is based on individual interviews with five teachers in years 6 - 9. The theoretical framework has been set by Michel Foucault’s theories on normality and power and “the ignored curriculum” as described by Nathalie A. Gougeon. It is also supported by additional theories on normality and sexuality. The results of the study show that, these pupils have a harder time finding information about sex and relationships, because of the stigma surrounding people with intellectual disabilities in relation to sexuality, and because of the lack of information about sex outside the classroom for youths with intellectual disabilities. Youths with no intellectual disabilities learn about sex also outside of classrooms to a large extent, which is more difficult for youths with intellectual disabilities. The role of the teacher as provider of sex education is therefore crucial.

The aim of this thesis was to examine how the media representation of elite skiers Anna Holmlund and Thomas Fogdö was altered following their accidents resulting in disabilities. In order to examine this a critical discourse analysis was performed on 16 newspaper articles from Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå, Expressen, Dagens Nyheter, Göteborgs-posten, Sundsvalls Tidning and Aftonbladet, out of which eight of them had been published before the skiers respective accidents and the other eight afterwards. The results showed that swedish newspapers shifted their focus from how the skiers performed in competitions prior to their accidents to how their bodies functioned and how they would perform everyday tasks following the accidents. We found that this would distance Holmlund and Fogdö, representing them as deviants when compared to non-disabled people. In contrast to this we found that Holmlund and Fogdö would be allowed to talk about or show their lives and bodies in great detail. This would seem to function as a way of teaching non-disabled people of what it’s like to live with a disability. Through this Holmlund and Fogdö were represented as ambassadors for the disabled collective. We also found that there was a risk of objectification which would increase in connection with a decrease in Holmlund and Fogdö’s represented ability to communicate and function as a non-disabled person does. This also appears to increase the risk of having one’s voice excluded by other people talking in one’s place.

Studiens inledning ger en övergripande bild av hur psykisk ohälsa har blivit ett allt vanligare tillstånd bland barn och unga. Därtill är barn och unga med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar (NPF) en särskilt utsatt grupp med högre förekomst av psykisk ohälsa. Eftersom barn och unga till stor del vistas i skolan är det av vikt att skolan är utformad med möjligheter till att främja barn och ungas hälsa. Syftet var därför att: undersöka gymnasielärares beskrivningar av möjligheter till en hälsofrämjande lärandemiljö i relation till psykisk hälsa för gymnasieelever med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar. För att kunna besvara studiens syfte valdes en kvalitativ metod i form av fokusgruppsintervjuer. Fokusgrupperna bestod av gymnasielärare i åldrarna 28–62 undervisande på yrkespraktiska gymnasium i Kristianstad. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes vid analys av materialet. Det övergripande resultatet visade att Möjligheter till en hälsofrämjande lärandemiljö framförallt var beroende av en individanpassad lärandemiljö samt en förtroendefull relation mellan lärare och elever. Resultatet bekräftade bilden av en ökande problematik gällande psykisk ohälsa bland unga med försämrade prestationer, resultat och frånvaro som följd. Resultatet belyser på så vis samspelet mellan lärande och hälsa. Konklusionen som drogs utifrån studiens resultat var att: Möjligheter till en hälsofrämjande lärandemiljö innefattade en förtroendefull relation mellan lärare och elever. Lärarens förhållningssätt gentemot eleverna bör vara präglat av inkludering, bekräftelse och lyhördhet. För att lärandemiljön enklare ska kunna bistå med dessa främjande faktorer behövs klasser med färre elever, mer stödresurser för elever med NPF samt en utökad kunskap för gymnasielärare kring NPF med fokus på praktiska redskap att tillämpa. / The introduction of the study gives an overall review of how mental ill health has become an increasingly common condition among children and young people. In addition, children and adolescents with neuropsychiatric disabilities (NPF) are a particularly vulnerable group with a higher incidence of mental ill health. Because children and young people spend a large amount of their time at school, it is important that the school is designed with opportunities to promote children and young people's health. The aim was therefore to: examine high school teachers' descriptions of opportunities for a health-promoting learning environment in relation to mental health for high school students with neuropsychiatric disabilities. In order to answer the purpose of the study, a qualitative method was chosen in the form of focus group interviews. The focus groups consisted of high school teachers aged 28-62 teaching at vocational high schools in Kristianstad. Qualitative content analysis was used when analyzing the material. The overall results showed that opportunities for a health-promoting learning environment were primarily dependent on an individual-oriented learning environment and a relationship built on trust between teachers and students. The result confirmed the image of an increasing problem of mental ill health among young people, with lacking performances and absence from school as a consequence. Thus, the result illustrates the interaction between learning and health. The conclusion drawn from the study result was that: Possibilities for a health-promoting learning environment included a relationship built on trust between teachers and students. Teachers’ approach towards students should be characterized by inclusion, confirmation and sensitivity. In order for the learning environment to easier assist with these promotional factors, classes with fewer students, more support resources for students with NPF, and increased knowledge for high school teachers regarding the NPF-diagnoses are needed, focusing on practical tools to apply.

I denna kvalitativa intervjustudie undersöktes hur barn med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar beskriver flytten från en vanlig skola till en specialutformad skola. Det undersöktes i vilken utsträckning barnets perspektiv beaktades under processen av skolbytet. Studiens övergripande fynd visar att elever med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar har begränsat aktörskap och låg delaktighet i skolan och att bytet till en specialutformad skola har konsekvenser för barnens identitetsformering. Med hjälp av den narrativa analysen framkom att eleverna upplever en dålig situation i den gamla skolan, där de inte får den hjälp de behöver. Elevernas delaktighet och inflytande åsidosätts och de har svag röst i fråga om bytet till en annan skola och de sällan deltar i beslut som berör dem. Studiens resulat tyder på behovet att reflektera om hur skolans verksamheter skulle organiseras så att alla barn får den hjälp de behöver, beakta barns rätt att själv utöva makt över sitt eget liv och att delta i beslutsfattande processer som rör dem samt att beakta barnets perspektiv vid alla skolrelaterade överväganden.

The purpose of this thesis was to, in a selected municipality, examine the position of bibliotherapy in reading groups in public libraries. To attain the purpose of the thesis the following questions were asked; What opinions does the librarians in the existing reading groups have on bibliotherapy? What kind of bibliotherapeutic elements exist in the investigated reading groups? Can the reading groups have bibliotherapeutic elements regardless if they were planned for such purposes? Could bibliotherapy be relevant to the public libraries work with the target group mental disabilities in accordance to library law? As a method seven semi-structured qualitative scientific interviews were conducted alongside one web survey. Six of the interviews were implemented with librarians in public libraries and one with two trained bibliotherapists at a hospital library. The theory used was Elizabeth Brewster’s development of Caroline Shrode’s three phases identification, catharsis and insight, where bibliotherapy is divided into four overlapping kinds of bibliotherapy: emotive bibliotherapy, informative bibliotherapy, social bibliotherapy and escapist bibliotherapy. The results show that there are distinct observations of Shrodes three phases in one of the reading groups that fit the description of Brewsters emotive bibliotherapy. In the librarians’ description of the rest of the reading groups, several elements of social, informative and escapist bibliotherapy can also be found. However, in those groups a clear identification of Shrodes theoretical phases are much more elusive, even if there are some similarities. The reading groups’ content of bibliotherapeutic elements appears to be, to some extent, independent of the librarians’ knowledge of bibliotherapeutic terms and denominations. Bibliotherapeutic work seems to be close to unknowingly performed by the librarians in the reading groups, which none the less does not seem to affect its efficiency. Further knowledge about bibliotherapy is assessed to be beneficial to the reading groups in public libraries, which in turn would contribute to the fulfilling of the goals in library law.