Global ETD Search

21	A Representação Social de Governo e a Teoria do Estado Machado, Humberto Cesar 22 February 2006 (has links) Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:20:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Humberto Cesar Machado.pdf: 377442 bytes, checksum: ed5ff1620b718171125e0122e0fa5ac2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-22 / This research was developed with the objective to contribute to a bather understanding of the state and knowledge of social representations over the government. Six hundred subjects participated in this study, university students studying law, social services and economy from one of the universities in Goiânia. To know the description presented by these three groups, the Center for Social Representations Nucleus theory was used. This research was dividend into two parts with the intention of collecting data, there hundred subjects at first and another three hundred after. For the decomposition of the results from the inductor term. In the second s stage, the results were submitted to an investigation called the similitude analysis that results in joining salient and less salient words presented by the subjects researched in the first stage. These results produced a synthetic picture of relevant words in reference to each one of the groups. Founded upon this information. Pairs of words were presented to the subjects in whom they had to construct phrases, the results hound wire the object of analysis of the context that presented a superficial and functional perspective in relation to social representation of the government. The subjects are all still active academic students therefore not having a structured knowledge, giving the impression that they didn t perceive the government as being important. The resulting conclusion was that there was no social representation in the exact meaning of the word, it is dispersed or is part of another representation. / Essa pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de contribuir para um melhor entendimento do Estado e o conhecimento das representações sociais sobre o governo. Participaram deste estudo seiscentos sujeitos, estudantes universitários dos cursos de Direito, Serviço Social e Economia de uma Universidade de Goiânia. Para conhecer a descrição apresentada por esses três grupos, foi utilizado o método da Teoria do Núcleo Central das representações sociais. Essa pesquisa foi dividida em duas partes no intuito de coletar dados, trezentos sujeitos em um primeiro momento e outros trezentos em um segundo momento. Para a decomposição dos resultados da primeira etapa, foi utilizado o método de análise das evocações, que se resume em um processo de associação livre de palavras ou expressões a partir de um termo indutor. Na segunda etapa, os resultados foram submetidos a uma investigação chamada de análise de similitude, que resulta na reunião de palavras salientes e menos salientes apresentadas pelos sujeitos pesquisados na primeira etapa. Esses resultados produziram um quadro sintético de palavras relevantes referentes a cada um dos grupos. Fundamentado nesses dados, foram apresentados aos sujeitos duplas de palavras para que fossem construídas frases a partir das mesmas, as respostas encontradas foram objeto de análise de conteúdo que apresentaram uma perspectiva funcional e superficial em relação à representação social de governo. Os sujeitos têm uma prática acadêmica, porém, não estruturada ao conhecimento, dando a impressão que eles não percebem o governo como sendo importante. A conclusão a que se chegou, foi que, não há uma representação social no sentido exato da palavra, ela esta dispersa ou fazem parte de uma outra representação. Estado e Poder Representação Social de Alunos Estado e Governo Estudantes de Direito Serviço Social Economia State and Power S tudents Social Representation State and Government CNPQ::CIENCIAS HUMANAS::PSICOLOGIA
22	Les fondements de la pensée économique de Jacques Rueff : entre itinéraire intellectuel et théories / The foundations of Jacques Rueff's economic thought : between intellectual itinerary and theories Daou, Marie 19 November 2018 (has links) Non-conformiste dans sa méthodologie, hétérodoxe modéré dans sa théorie et réformateur dans ses actions, Rueff apporte une contribution originale à la pensée économique du XXème siècle. L’étude de son œuvre théorique a cependant été limitée à sa seule théorie monétaire et financière et a donné de ce fait une vision incomplète de la nature de ses apports à la théorie économique. Au contraire, ma présente thèse va au-delà de cette vision, pour s’intéresser à des aspects relativement ignorés par la littérature secondaire tels que sa théorie du chômage, les caractéristiques propres de son libéralisme et sa méthodologie. Il s’agit non seulement de présenter la théorie rueffienne, mais également de reconstruire le projet intellectuel dans lequel elle s’insère, afin de mettre en évidence l’unité et la cohérence de sa pensée. Partant du jeune Rueff des années 1920 s’interrogeant sur la méthodologie en économie, pour arriver au Rueff de l’après Seconde Guerre Mondiale questionnant le rôle de la théorie économique dans la structure et l’organisation de la société, ma thèse a pour objet d’identifier les influences intellectuelles qu’il a subies. Il s’agira de montrer, d’une part comment celles-ci sont à la source de sa pensée économique et en assurent la singularité ; et d’autre part comment se construit, à partir de celles-ci, un projet intellectuel global qui est déterminant pour comprendre sa théorie économique et identifier ses apports à la théorie économique. / Methodologically unconventional, moderately heterodox in theory and reformer at heart, Rueff makes an original contribution to twentieth-century economic thought. However, the study of his theoretical work has often been limited only to his monetary and financial theory. Accordingly, it gives an incomplete vision of his true contribution to economic theory. On the opposite, my dissertation focuses on issues relatively unexplored in secondary literature up until now, such as his unemployment theory, the specific features of his liberalism and his methodology. The aim is not just to set out Rueff’s theory, but also to reconstruct the intellectual project in which it fits in order to shed light on the unity and consistency of his thought. Whether it is for the young Rueff of the 1920’s—who wondered about the methodology in economics—or Rueff after the Second World War—considering the role of economic theory in the structure and organization of society—, the aim of this research is to identify his intellectual influences. We show how they constitute the essence of his economic thought and ensure its uniqueness; but also, how a global and intellectual project built, from them which is essential to understand his economic theory and identify his contribution to economic theory. Jacques Rueff Ingénieur-économiste Méthodologie scientifique Libéralisme français Ordre social Théorie du chômage Vrais et faux droits Statistiques Expériences Économie rationnelle Conventionnalisme Équilibre monétaire et financier Méthode de gouvernance Jacques Rueff Economist engineer Scientific method French liberalism Social order Unemployment theory True and false rights Statistics Experiences Rational economics Conventionalism Monetary and financial equilibrium Method of governance 330
23	Prof. JUDr. Cyril Horáček, politik a národohospodář / Prof. JUDr. Cyril Horáček, politician and economist Smutný, Zdeněk January 2016 (has links) 7 The present work deals is a biography of Professor JUDr. Cyril Horacek, who was a prominent national economist, educator and politician during the turn of the century and especially in the first third of the 20th century. It examines his life stories and personal development with an emphasis on his career economist, educator and policy with regard to his private activities and interests. In several chapters, especially those concerning economics, he puts his expert view and work into the context of that time economic thinking and compares them with the work and ideas of others Czech national economists of that time.
24	Travailler fort et vendre du temps: Interdisciplinarité des effets individuels et de genre du virage productiviste de la pratique du droit au Québec Lemaire, Christine 12 1900 (has links) Approche interdisciplinaire / La présente recherche adopte une approche interdisciplinaire. Elle s’appuie sur deux axes fondamentaux. Le premier instaure un dialogue entre une recherche théorique de type macrosociologique et une étude empirique réalisée selon les principes de la méthodologie de la théorisation enracinée (MTE). Le second conjugue les perspectives synchronique et diachronique, afin de mieux comprendre les deux principaux concepts à l’étude : l’éthos professionnel et la productivité. Depuis son avènement dans les années 1980, le néolibéralisme a instauré une manière spécifique d’être au monde et, plus particulièrement, un rapport au temps considéré comme une ressource rare qu’il faut utiliser de la manière la plus efficiente possible. À cause de ses accointances nouvelles avec l’État de droit, ce système économique impose dorénavant à la communauté juridique des préceptes, croissance illimitée et concurrence, qui sont en opposition avec ses valeurs traditionnelles axées sur le corporatisme. Afin de nourrir la croissance, la manière de penser typique des sciences économiques et managériales de type néolibéral établit une normativité centrée sur le concept de productivité. Celui-ci peut se résumer par l’injonction paradoxale suivante : produire toujours plus avec toujours moins de ressources. Le temps est l’une d’entre elles et, sous cette pression, il s’accélère et se densifie. Or, du côté des praticien·ne·s du droit, une résistance se crée, celle de l’éthos professionnel. Celui-ci ne s’oppose pas à la croissance, à la rentabilité, ni aux gains financiers; il impose simplement qu’ils ne se réalisent jamais aux dépens de la qualité du service. L’éthos professionnel défend néanmoins une culture du temps basée sur un modèle de pratique désuet qui confond la qualité du service avec la quantité d’heures de travail. Chez les praticien·ne·s du droit, la norme de la semaine socialement et juridiquement acceptable de travail est établie à 50 heures ou plus, si nécessaire… Dans un tel contexte, l’expansion de la normativité productiviste produit le phénomène suivant : chaque heure de travail s’intensifie jusqu’à égaler une heure de production, c’est-à-dire une heure facturée. Ce processus obéit à une équation mathématique et, en l’occurrence, il ne semble pas avoir de limite; c’est pourquoi on parle d’un temps abstrait, décroché du temps concret et fini des personnes. Tous ces gains de productivité n’ont aucun impact sur la norme établie par l’éthos : ils servent donc à nourrir et renforcer les velléités de croissance du système, ce qui le rend de plus en plus malsain. La thèse a permis de montrer que ce processus abstrait ne fait pas disparaitre la part des activités humaines qu’il ne parvient pas à saisir et à comptabiliser. Les personnes subissent donc à la fois la matérialité de leurs activités et les exigences abstraites de la productivité sans limites. Chez les femmes, l’éthos professionnel vient se greffer à un autre, préexistant, soit celui de la parentalité, et forme avec lui une synergie qui accentue encore les difficultés d’aménagement du temps. Chaque jour, les praticien·ne·s sont confronté·e·s à des dilemmes et doivent faire des compromis pour arriver à fonctionner. Conséquemment, ce phénomène construit de la souffrance qui, à la longue, menace la santé physique et psychologique des individus et, paradoxalement, jusqu’à la qualité même du service juridique que l’on prétend vouloir protéger. Afin de résister autant que possible à ces pressions contradictoires, le management offre un outil qu’il prétend tout-puissant et adaptable à toutes les circonstances de la vie : la gestion du temps. Les conclusions de la thèse relativisent cette toute-puissance et remettent en question le rôle apparemment neutre et bienfaisant de ces méthodes. Défaire ce nœud ne sera donc pas chose facile. Il faudra compter sur de bons arguments, des allié·e·s et le temps. Toutefois, le concept d’éthos, tout en permettant de mieux comprendre le phénomène à l’étude, permet aussi de dégager certaines pistes d’intervention. D’abord, il montre qu’il est possible d’agir sur lui, sans pour autant menacer les règles déontologiques rigoureuses que la profession s’est fixées. Ensuite, il indique que ce sont les premières expériences au sein d’un champ donné qui sont les plus déterminantes, ce qui ouvre la porte à des actions possibles de la part des facultés de droit et de l’École du Barreau. / This research takes an interdisciplinary approach. It is based on two fundamental axes. The first one establishes a dialogue between a theoretical research of macrosociological type and an empirical study carried out according to the principles of Grounded Theory. The second one combines synchronic and diachronic perspectives, in order to better understand the two main concepts under study: professional ethos and productivity. Since its advent in the 1980s, neoliberalism has established a specific way of being in the world and, more particularly, a relationship to time considered as a scarce resource that must be used in the most efficient way possible. Due to its new connections with the rule of law, this economic system now imposes precepts on the legal community, unlimited growth and competition, which are in opposition to its traditional values based on corporatism. In order to nurture growth, the way of thinking typical of neoliberal economics and management establishes a normativity centered on the concept of productivity. This can be summed up by the following paradoxical injunction: to produce always more with always less resources. Time is one of them and, under this pressure, it accelerates and becomes denser. However, on the side of legal practitioners, resistance is being created, that of the professional ethos. This is not opposed to growth, profitability or financial gain; it simply requires that they never come about at the expense of quality of service. The professional ethos nevertheless defends a culture of time based on an outdated practice model that confuses the quality of service with the quantity of work hours. Among legal practitioners, the norm for a socially and legally acceptable work week is 50 hours or more, if necessary ... In such a context, the expansion of productivist normativity produces the following phenomenon: each hour of work intensifies to equal one hour of production, that is to say one hour billed. This process obeys a mathematical equation witch, in this case, does not seem to have any limit; this is why we speak of an abstract time, detached from the concrete and finite time of people. All of these productivity gains have no impact on the standard set by the ethos, so they serve to nourish and strengthen the system’s growth aspirations, making it increasingly unhealthy. The thesis has shown that this abstract process does not eliminate the part of human activities that it fails to capture and account for. People therefore undergo both the materiality of their activities and the abstract demands of limitless productivity. In women, the professional ethos is grafted onto another, pre-existing one, that of parenthood, and forms with it a synergy which further accentuates the difficulties of planning time. Every day, practitioners are faced with dilemmas and must make compromises in order to function. Consequently, this phenomenon builds on suffering which, in the long run, threatens the physical and psychological health of individuals and, paradoxically, even the very quality of the legal service that it claims to want to protect. In order to resist these contradictory pressures as much as possible, management offers a tool that it claims to be all-powerful and adaptable to all life circumstances: time management. The conclusions of the thesis relativize this omnipotence and question the apparently neutral and beneficial role of these methods. Undoing this knot will not be easy. It will be necessary to find the right arguments, allies and time. However, the concept of ethos, while allowing a better understanding of the phenomenon under study, also makes it possible to identify certain avenues for intervention. First, it shows that it is possible to act on it, without threatening the rigorous ethical rules that the profession has set for itself. Then, he indicates that it is the first experiences within a field that are the most decisive, which opens the door to possible actions on the part of law faculties and the Quebec Bar School. Rapport au temps productivité productivisme pratique du droit sociologie du droit étude de genre néolibéralisme pensée économiste pensée managériale Gestion du temps Relation to time Productivity Productivism Legal practice Sociology of law Gender study Neoliberalism Economist thinking Managerial thinking Time management Individual suffering linked to time Sociology / Sociologie (UMI : 0626)
25	Die Deutfche Handwerkerbewegung Bis Zum Sieg Der Gewerbefreiheit Goldschmidt, Ernst Friederich 03 October 1914 (has links) Since then, the modern technology and its achievements has served the nature of trade to begin with, the middle class asks, whose core forms the hand worker movement, as the center of interest for science and politics. A craftsman movement, which is since 1848 rolling along, is today still not ended and the movement still exists and is alive. The hand worker asks, who arose to 1848 to meet, the chronic suffers who became so for decades. The physician, who saw a chronic person, can usually indicate not alone by looking at on welfare. One must look at the developing story for Evil and his life story to know the patient, in order to point to a way to recovery.More over the craftsmen and the craftsmen movement spoken about daily, indicated, in order to find a symptom, which makes itself too faulty in the given instant to be disturbingly most valid, is written to cure and to leave. A detailed connection, an end representation of the craftsmen movement is, however, up to the hour still not finished.In the following still the attempt of such a representation is to be made, for the too the period of 1848/1869.Our sources are particularly purely beside from national commission collections and congresses, are from the Craftsman, who are the other persons, who wanted to take position in the problem of the Craftsman or had daily papers, magazines and books, which are dedicated partly to individual branches of industry, partly the entire Handwork industry of the individual country. In addition to the facts, which follow from flight writings and from one-sided combat literature, come one sided in the pursuit of religion and on politics.An important source in the history of the Handworker Movement must be the legislation. As soon as the craftsmen movement forms, they accepted the seriously public damage the government issuing a new law could bring, an order in such a way could pour Oil onto the waves. The relation between cause and effect between the particulars far the craftsman movement can never clearly completely be, when a factor this important is let out. But not only the finished industrial law, also its developing story and its motives must be regarded, in order that the movement of the German Handwork Movement be completely known. German Workers and Society Craftsman Movement Handworker Movement Worker Guilds Craftsman Associations Industrial Law Germany 1848 through 1869 German Political Economics Lujo Brentano Trade Unionism Trade Unionism Economic History – Germany Economic Theory – Germany Social Liberalism German Historical School of Economics Social Reform Socio- Political Economist World Pacifist Movements Ernst Friederich Goldschmidt Ernest Goldsmith Ernest F Goldsmith Ernst F Goldschmidt Lujo Brentano HC HF HG HX TT JC HB DD
26	Clément Colson (1853-1939), la science économique de son époque et ses prolongements / Clément Colson (1853-1939), the economics of his time and his extensions. De paoli, Joachim 22 September 2017 (has links) L’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser les contributions de Clément Colson à la science économique dans le but de mieux connaître sa pensée, de mieux connaître l’École libérale française au début du XXème siècle, d’étudier l’influence qu’a pu avoir cet auteur sur ses principaux élèves, Divisia, Roy et Rueff, et d’évaluer l’actualité de certaines de ses recommandations.Le premier chapitre montre quels sont les apports théoriques de Colson à la science économique.Pour ses élèves, son principal apport serait la théorie de la détermination conjointe du salaire et du taux d’intérêt. Nous montrerons que cette théorie est proche de la règle de gestion optimale en microéconomie attribuée à Clark ; nous verrons alors que l’on peut parler de découverte multiple.Colson est également intéressant au point de vue de la méthode utilisée. Nous verrons alors qu’il utilise les statistiques et les mathématiques dans ses développements : il est à l’origine d’une évaluation pionnière du revenu de la France, son enseignement impulse le calcul économique, il peut être considéré comme un précurseur de l’économétrie en France. Le deuxième chapitre montre que Colson développe la méthode de tarification des voies de communication exploitées en monopole de Jules Dupuit en proposant des moyens pratiques de révélation des préférences. Nous verrons également que cette théorie est reprise de nos jours avec le Yield Management et par les compagnies aériennes à bas coûts. Le troisième chapitre a pour but de voir comment Colson prend en compte la question sociale. Nous verrons qu’il défend une intervention de l’État plus importante que d’autres économistes libéraux afin d’éviter que les ouvriers ne se tournent vers le socialisme. Le quatrième chapitre étudie l’intervention de l’État préconisée par Colson dans le domaine des chemins de fer. Nous verrons que dans ce domaine où l’État est très présent, l’auteur souhaite le limiter. Il préfère ainsi la concession à la régie et souhaite la construction de nouvelles lignes uniquement si elles sont rentables. Nous verrons qu’à nouveau, la crainte du socialisme n’est pas étrangère à ses positions. Sur chacun des thèmes, nous verrons que Colson accorde à la pratique une place importante. Au niveau théorique tout part de l’observation et se termine par l’observation, au niveau pratique il est marqué par les préoccupations de son époque. / The object of this dissertation is to analyse the contributions of Clément Colson to the economics in order to be better acquainted with his thought, with the French Liberal School at the beginning of the 20th century, to see the influence he had on his main students, Divisia, Roy and Rueff, and to evaluate the actuality of his recomandations. The first chapter develops the Colson’s theoretical contributions.For his students, his main contribution would be the theory of the joint setting of wage and of the interest rate. We will explain this theory is close to the optimal management rule in microeconomics attributed to Clark; we will see we can speak then about multiple discovery.Colson is interesting too from the point of view of the method used. We will see he uses statistics and mathematics in his developments: he makes one of the first assesments of the French income, his lectures develop economics calculus, he can be seen as a precursor of econometrics in France. The second chapter shows that Colson develops the Jules Dupuit pricing method for means of communications exploited by a monopoly by proposing practical way of preferences revelation. We will show too that this theory is used nowadays with the Yield Management and by airline lowcost companies.The third chapter has for purpose to see how Colson takes into account the social question. We will see he argues for a more important State intervention than other liberal economists in order to avoid workers to turn to socialism. The fourth chapter is devoted to the State intervention recommended by Colson in the field of railways. We will see that in this field in which the State is very present, the author wishes to limit it. So he prefers the concession to the public exploitation and wishes construction of new railway lines just if they are profitable. We will see again that the fear of socialism is not stranger to his positions. On each theme, we will see that Colson gives an important place to the practice. At the theoretical level all starts and finishes with the observation, at the practice level he is influenced by the preoccupations of his time. Clément Colson Ingénieurs économistes Histoire de la pensée économique Ecole libérale française Jules Dupuit Jacques Rueff François Divisia René Roy Maurice Allais Question sociale Assurances sociales Mode d’exploitation des chemins de fer Tarification des chemins de fer Tarification des transports aériens Yield Management Histoire du calcul économique Histoire de la comptabilité nationale Histoire de l’économétrie Clément Colson Economist engineers History of economics thought French Liberal School Jules Dupuit Jacques Rueff François Divisia René Roy Maurice Allais Social question Social insurances Rail transport operations mode Calculus of railroad utility Railroad pricing Airline pricing Yield Management History of economic calculus History of national accounting History of econometrics 330.09
27	Summerhill school is it possible in Aotearoa ??????? New Zealand ???????: Challenging the neo-liberal ideologies in our hegemonic schooling system Peck, Mikaere Michelle S. January 2009 (has links) The original purpose of this thesis is to explore the possibility of setting up a school in Aotearoa (New Zealand) that operates according to the principles and philosophies of Summerhill School in Suffolk, England. An examination of Summerhill School is therefore the purpose of this study, particularly because of its commitment to self-regulation and direct democracy for children. My argument within this study is that Summerhill presents precisely the type of model Māori as Tangata Whenua (Indigenous people of Aotearoa) need in our design of an alternative schooling programme, given that self-regulation and direct democracy are traits conducive to achieving Tino Rangitiratanga (Self-government, autonomy and control). In claiming this however, not only would Tangata Whenua benefit from this model of schooling; indeed it has the potential to serve the purpose of all people regardless of age race or gender. At present, no school in Aotearoa has replicated Summerhill's principles and philosophies in their entirety. Given the constraints of a Master's thesis, this piece of work is therefore only intended as a theoretical background study for a much larger kaupapa (purpose). It is my intention to produce a further and more comprehensive study in the future using Summerhill as a vehicle to initiate a model school in Aotearoa that is completely antithetical to the dominant neo-liberal philosophy of our age. To this end, my study intends to demonstrate how neo-liberal schooling is universally dictated by global money market trends, and how it is an ideology fueled by the indifferent acceptance of the general population. In other words, neo-liberal theory is a theory of capitalist colonisation. In order to address the long term vision, this project will be comprised of two major components. The first will be a study of the principal philosophies that govern Summerhill School. As I will argue, Summerhill creates an environment that is uniquely successful and fulfilling for the children who attend. At the same time, it will also be shown how it is a philosophy that is entirely contrary to a neo-liberal 3 mindset; an antidote, to a certain extent, to the ills of contemporary schooling. The second component will address the historical movement of schooling in Aotearoa since the Labour Party's landslide victory in 1984, and how the New Zealand Curriculum has been affected by these changes. I intend to trace the importation of neo-liberal methodologies into Aotearoa such as the 'Picot Taskforce,' 'Tomorrows Schools' and 'Bulk Funding,' to name but a few. The neo-liberal ideologies that have swept through this country in the last two decades have relentlessly metamorphosised departments into businesses and forced ministries into the marketplace, hence causing the 'ideological reduction of education' and confining it to the parameters of schooling. The purpose of this research project is to act as a catalyst for the ultimate materialization of an original vision; the implementation of a school like Summerhill in Aotearoa. A study of the neo-liberal ideologies that currently dominate this country is imperative in order to understand the current schooling situation in Aotearoa and create an informed comparison between the 'learning for freedom' style of Summerhill and the 'learning to earn' style of our status quo schools. It is my hope to strengthen the argument in favour of Summerhill philosophy by offering an understanding of the difference between the two completely opposing methods of learning. Matriarchal society patriarchal society freedom without license sexual huminsation sexual humanization decolonisation decolonization imperialism colonisation colonization globalization globalisation right wing new right privatization privatisation of state owned assets state owned commodification rogernomics multinational corporations transnational corporations TNC world trade organisation world trade organization WTO International monetary fund IMF world bank self-governance self-government self-regulation autonomous thinking autonomy critical pedagogy New Zealand curriculum vision principles values key competencies learning areas neo-liberalism neo-liberal NZ educational reforms hegemony bulk funding NZEI New Zealand Education Institute Post Primary Teachers Association PPTA native schooling A. S. Neill Zoe Neill-Readhead Neill Roger Douglas David Lange Jim Bolger Lockwood Smith NZ treasury economist free market managerialism performativity conformity hidden curriculum decentralisation decentralization tino rangtiratanga tomorrows schools picot report indoctrination wage slave Maori schooling indigenous schooling deschooling deschool unschool home school schools as prisons
28	GRAVIDA KVINNORS INTAG AV KOSTTILLSKOTT : En kvantitativ studie med fokus på järn och probiotika / PREGNANT WOMEN´S INTAKE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENT : A quantitative study focusing on iron and probiotics Lange Bålman, Miriam January 2019 (has links) Sammanfattning Bakgrund Vitamin- och mineralbrister hos gravida kvinnor kan leda till missfall och allvarliga störningar i barnets utveckling. Moderns tarmflora överförs med stor sannolikhet till barnet under förlossningen och kan därför innebära ett viktigt steg i utvecklingen av barnets tarmflora. En tänkbar lösning för att säkra ett adekvat intag kan vara konsumtion av kosttillskott och probiotika. I dagsläget finns osäkra uppgifter om hur många gravida kvinnor som intar tillskott. Syfte Att undersöka hur många gravida kvinnor i Västerbottens län som valde att inta kosttillskott, främst järn och probiotika, samt om det fanns en skillnad mellan olika faktorer och intag. Metod En kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie där gravida kvinnor (n=1473) från Northpop-studien i Västerbottens län svarade på ett frågeformulär gällande intag av kosttillskott och faktorer som ålder, utbildning, kostregim etc. De statistiska tester som användes var Chi-2-test, oberoende t-test och Mann Whitney U-test. Materialet analyserades i SPSS. Signifikansnivån sattes till p<0,05. Resultat Majoriteten av deltagarna svarade att de intog kosttillskott. Faktorer som ökade intaget av kosttillskott hos gravida kvinnor var högre ålder (p=0,030) jämfört med lägre ålder, högre utbildningsnivå (p=0,006) jämfört med lägre utbildningsnivå och vegetarisk/vegansk kost (p=0,021) jämfört med blandkost. Femtiofem procent uppgav att de intog järntillskott. De faktorer som ökade intaget av järntillskott hos gravida kvinnor var vegetarisk/vegansk kost (p=0,001) jämfört med blandkost. Probiotika intogs av 2 procent. Ett högre intag av probiotika sågs hos personer boende i stadsområde (p=0,024) jämfört med övriga boenderegioner samt de som åt vegetarisk/vegansk kost (p=0,001) jämfört med blandkost. Slutsats Majoriteten av deltagarna intog någon typ av kosttillskott, hälften intog järntillskott och en liten andel intog probiotika. Lågutbildade, yngre, de som äter blandkost och bor utanför stadsområde verkar vara i riskgruppen för att inte inta kosttillskott. / Abstract Background Vitamin and mineral deficiencies in pregnant women can lead to miscarriage and serious disturbances in children’s development. The intestinal flora of the mother is most likely transmitted to the child during childbirth and may lay the foundation for the child's health. One possible solution to ensure an adequate intake may be the consumption of dietary supplements and probiotics. At present, there is insufficient data on supplement consumption among pregnant women. Objective The purpose of the study was to examine how many pregnant women in Västerbotten County chose to consume dietary supplements, mainly iron and probiotics, and whether there was a difference between different factors and intake. Method A quantitative cross-sectional study where pregnant women (n=1473) from the Northpop-study in Västerbotten County responded to a questionnaire regarding consumption of dietary supplements and factors such as age, education, diet etc. The material was analyzed in SPSS with Chi-2-test, independent T-Test and Mann-Whitney U-Test. Using significance level <0.05. Results The majority of participants, 90 percent, responded that they consumed dietary supplements. The factors that increased the intake of dietary supplements in pregnant women were higher age (p=0.030), higher education (p=0.006) and vegetarian/vegan diet (p=0.021). Iron was reported to be consumed by 804 people, 55 percent. The factors that increased the intake of iron supplement in pregnant women were vegetarian/vegan diet (p=0.001). Probiotics were consumed by 25 people, 2 percent. Living in urban areas (p=0.024) and eating vegetarian/vegan diet (p=0.002) increased consumption of probiotics. Conclusion The majority of participants chose to consume some type of dietary supplement, half of the participants consumed iron supplements and a small part consumed probiotics. It appears that pregnant women who are low educated, younger, eating an omnivorous diet and living outside urban areas are in the risk zone for not consuming dietary supplements. / Northpop Pregnant pregnant women woman pregnancy children fetus dietary supplements supplements iron iron supplements probiotics probiotic supplements intestinal flora bacteria gut vitamin vitamins minerals minerals B12 folate diet education low educated highly educated region age intake diet regime northpop Västerbotten Västerbotten County Council Umeå University Umeå Sweden Miriam Lange Bålman Miriam Lange Balman science economist vegetarian vegan mixed diet omnivore urban area country side quantitative nutrition diet dietician dietetics quantitative nutrition diet Chi-2 test independent t-test Mann Whitney U-test Multivitamins (mixture of vitamins) Multi-minerals (blend of minerals) Probiotics Omega-3 fish oil Blutsaft A- vitamin B vitamin vitamin C vitamin D vitamin E folic acid iron calcium beta-carotene vitamin B complex selenium antioxidants zinc magnesium q10 exercise physical activity lifestyle bachelor essay Gravid gravida kvinnor kvinna graviditet foster barn kosttillskott tillskott järn järntillskott probiotika probiotikatillskott tarmflora bakterier tarm vitamin vitaminer mineral mineraler B12 folat kost utbildning lågutbildad högutbildad boenderegion stad landsbygd ålder intag kostregim northpop Västerbotten Västerbottens läns landsting Umeå universitet Umeå Sverige Miriam Lange Bålman Miriam Lange Bålman kostvetenskap kostekonom vegetarisk vegetariskt vegan veganskt blandkost stadsområde kvantitativ näring samhällsrelevans dietist dietetik Chi-2-test oberoende t-test Mann Whitney U-test Multivitaminer (blandning av vitaminer) Multimineraler (blandning av mineraler) Probiotika Omega-3 fiskolja Blutsaft A-vitamin B-vitamin C-vitamin D-vitamin E-vitamin Folsyra Järn Kalcium Betakaroten Vitamin B-komplex Selen Antioxidanter Zink Magnesium Q10 träning fysisk aktivitet livsstil uppsats kandidatexamen Nutrition and Dietetics Näringslära
29	El Control de gestión en organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro: el caso particular de los colegios de economistas de España Soldevila García, Pilar 05 July 2000 (has links) Esta investigación ha identificado los instrumentos de contabilidad de gestión que los gestores de las organizaciones no lucrativas, y más concretamente de los colegios de economistas de España, utilizan y pueden utilizar como sistemas de información para el control de la gestión y para la mejora de su eficiencia, eficacia y economía. Se han realizado tres estudios empíricos: 1. A los gestores de los colegios de economistas, para conocer situación y nivel de implantación de instrumentos de control de gestión .2. Se ha centrado en el análisis de la situación a nivel también de instrumentos de contabilidad de gestión de determinadas asociaciones inglesas que están destinadas a profesionales que ejercen en especialidades que en España pueden realizar los economistas. 3. A usuarios de los colegios, par ver nivel de calidad de los servicios y actividades que los colegios realizan y los efectos de la profesionalidad múltiple que los caracteriza. / It presents the results of a study about management control in non-profit organizations, focusing on the particular case of the Associations of Economists in Spain. In order to do it, a revision of literature and empirical studies have taken place to find out the implementation and level development of the instruments of management accounting in non-profit organizations. The study has been completed with three empirical studies, first directed to Associations of Economists in Spain, the second to associations from the UK related to the economy and the company, and, third directed to users from an Economists'Professional Association. Moreover, interviews of managers of different Associations from the UK have been made. History of non-profit organizations Antropologic theorys of control Culture Classical theory of control Open Systems Theory Human relations Contingency theory Systems of information Financial accounting Management accounting Chartered of Accountands Accounting Professional Bodies Cost accounting Associations of Economists Evolución sector no lucrativo Management control Implementation systems of information Historia organizaciones no lucrativas Clasificación colegios profesionales Instrumentos contabilidad de gestión Profesionales Clasificación entidades no lucrativas Asociaciones inglesas de contabilidad Relaciones humanas Profesión Teoría de la contingencia Sector no lucrativo Cultura Teoría de los sistemas abiertos Contabilidad financiera Sistemas mecanicistas Teoría clásica Entidades sin ánimo de lucro Plan estratégico Colegios profesionales Organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro Asociaciones profesionales Contabilidad de gestión Contabilidad de costes Asociaciones Control de gestión Contabilidad Colegios economistas eficiencia Control presupuestario Cuadro de mando integral eficacia Quality of services Inducatir Psicosocials theorys of control Calidad de los servicios Planificación Planificación estratégica Economista Liberalización servicios Indicadores Profession Sistema de información Non profit sector Strategic business planning Control Planification Balance Scored Card Economy Financial planning Economist Efficiency Planning Efficient Performance Classification of associations Evolution of non-profit organizations 06 347 65

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