The aim of this master thesis project is to investigate how cities strive to be globally competitive affect local residents in informal settlements, generically called slum dwellers. This question is approached trough a case study of one of Rio de Janeiro’s informal settlements ‘favela’ Santa Marta. The favela’s public spaces have been studied in order to reveal how Rio’s search for increased global status has affected the management of the spaces and consequently the favela dwellers. Rio de Janeiro is using a well-acknowledged strategy towards global competitiveness, the hosting of international mega-events. Within the near future the city is presenting two of the world’s most well-known events: the FIFA World Cup and the Olympic Games. The games are being used as a tool to attract tourists and foreign investments, which are expected to help the city to Compete Globally. However, our findings show that this is happening at the expense of the city’s vulnerable slum dwellers and that Rio to some extent is Losing Locally. For example, slum areas that can contribute to presenting Rio as an attractive city, or have an unexploited economic potential, are increasingly integrated to the formal city. The residents of these areas are affected in several ways, for example through being evicted on behalf of more economically beneficial establishments. Remote slums with no interest for investments are however still separated from the formal city and left without support for its residents. Trough our research we have found that when a city set out to be globally competitive, it uses neoliberal market strategies, like hosting mega-events, since that is apprehended as the only trajectory towards development. Although, we suggest that the known strategy for development should be revised in order to not violate human rights. / Målet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka hur städers strävan efter global konkurrenskraft påverkar de lokala invånarna som bor i informella bostadsområden, så kallade sluminvånare. För att besvara frågeställningen har vi utfört en fallstudie av det informella bostadsområdet ‘favela’ Santa Marta i Rio de Janeiro. Santa Martas allmänna platser har studerats för att få en förståelse för hur Rios strävan efter global status har påverkat hanteringen av favelans allmänna platser och följaktligen dess sluminvånare. Rio de Janeiro använder sig av en internationellt erkänd strategi för att bli globalt konkurrenskraftig, nämligen att anordna internationella mega-event. Inom en snar framtid kommer Rio vara en av värdstäderna för fotbolls VM, och två år senare ska staden vara värd för de Olympiska sommarspelen. Sportevenemangen används som ett politiskt verktyg för att attrahera turister och internationella investeringar som ett steg mot ökad global konkurrenskraft. Resultatet av vår studie visar dock att detta sker på bekostnad av stadens utsatta sluminvånare och att strävan efter global uppmärksamhet kan ha negativ inverkan på lokal nivå. De slumområden i Rio som kan tänkas bidra till en attraktiv bild av staden, alternativt innehar outnyttjad ekonomisk potential, blir integrerade i den formella staden. Invånarna i dessa områden blir negativt drabbade på en rad olika sätt. Exempelvis har ett flertal människor blivit vräkta då området de bor på kan användas till mer ekonomiskt lönsamma ändamål. Avlägsna slumområden utan ekonomiskt intresse blir dock ignorerade. Resultat från vår studie visar att när städer planerar för en ökad global konkurrenskraft använder de sig av neoliberala marknadsstrategier, som mega-event, eftersom detta anses vara det enda tillvägagångssättet för ekonomisk utveckling. Vi föreslår dock att denna rådande strategi behöver utvecklas, uppdateras och få sällskap av alternativa vägar mot utveckling då den i dagsläget leder till att mänskliga rättigheter bryts.

In Sweden, camera surveillance in places where the public own access is regulated by a permit. This entails a lack of permit requirement for camera surveillance in places where the public does not own access. Such places can consist of a privacy-sensitive character. Surveillance constitutes processing of personal data whereupon the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) must be complied with.  Article 6 of the GDPR stipulates various legal bases that must be met in the processing of personal data. The ones who conduct surveillance in places where the public does not own access often fails to make correct legal assessments of Article 6(1)(e) and 6(1)(f) of the GDPR, as displayed by various supervisory decisions issued by the Swedish Authority for Privacy Protection. In this light, the purpose of the thesis is to examine and analyze how the ones who conduct surveillance and the Swedish Authority for Privacy Protection consider the personal integrity of the camera monitored individual in the assessments of Article 6(1)(e) and 6(1)(f) of the GDPR during camera surveillance without permit requirement in places where the public does not own access. Because of the differences between the legal assessments made by the ones who conduct camera surveillance and the Swedish Authority for Privacy Protection, the thesis also intends to shed light on the consequences that arise for the camera monitored individual by the fact that their personal integrity is assessed in different ways. The thesis also aims to evaluate the Swedish Authority for Privacy Protections’ supervisory work in relation to both personal integrity and the compliance with Article 6(1)(e) and 6(1)(f) of the GDPR during camera surveillance without permit requirement in places where the public does not own access. The Swedish Authority for Privacy Protections’ supervisory work is important as most of the camera surveillance takes place without a permit requirement and the fact that there is a lack of knowledge prevailing to the number of cameras in use. It is important that the Swedish Authority for Privacy Protections’ supervisory work is well-functioning since the ones who conduct surveillance carry out the legal assessments incorrectly. The risk with insufficient supervisory work is that personal integrity is violated and that the GDPR is ineffectual in the long run. In general, it can be said that the legal assessments of Article 6(1)(e) and 6(1)(f) of the GDPR are poorly carried out by both the ones who conduct surveillance and the Swedish Authority for Privacy Protection. This primarily affects the camera monitored individuals’ personal integrity. Because of the indications of shortcomings in the supervisory work, there are several improvement measures that can be taken to maintain personal integrity and ensure that the Swedish Authority for Privacy Protection continue to constitute an important function.

Abstract  Erik Samuelsson: A View Towards the Sea – Towards a Changed Understanding of the Culture and Social Life of the Middle Neolithic in Eastern Central Sweden.  The objective of this essay is to undertake an investigation and critical review of the Neolithic cultural groups as defined by contemporary archaeologists. This will be achieved through the analysis of empirical material derived from the Neolithic site of Tibble, located in the Björklinge parish of Uppland, Sweden. The primary aim is to develop a more comprehensive understanding and interpretation of not only the specific site but also the cultural and social aspects of the Neolithic period as a whole. Key questions addressed in this study include the impact of material studies on the overall interpretation of Neolithic culture and social life, as well as the potential for attaining a more holistic understanding of a time and place through an analytical approach that oscillates between detailed analysis and broader contextual perspectives. The primary sources utilized in this research consist of material artifacts, reports, and relevant literature pertaining to the Middle Neolithic settlement at Tibble, Björklinge parish, Uppland, Sweden. The theoretical framework employed in this study, as well as the chosen methodology, is rooted in the hermeneutic spiral. Previous investigations into the Stone Age have been largely characterized by the classification of cultural groups, with limited consideration given to the criticism of the concept of culture itself. Consequently, substantial changes in the interpretation of the Neolithic period and its inhabitants have not been extensively pursued. In this essay, the integration of hermeneutics and interdisciplinary approaches is demonstrated as a valuable means to foster a transformative understanding of both specific sites and broader chronological periods. By doing so, it becomes possible to harness the knowledge embedded in material studies.It is important to note that this essay does not aspire to provide an ultimate solution to the perceived problem but rather represents an initial step towards a new direction of inquiry. This process is not necessarily confined to a singular location or region but can be applied to the interpretative work concerning other Neolithic sites as well.

The open world game The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt (2015) has been proven to follow a 40 second rule when placing points of interest for players to explore. The developers of the game said in an interview that the rule existed, and this was proven by a study made in 2021 by Cojanu and Jaber (2021). The 40 second rule means that whichever direction the player goes in, they will encounter a point of interest within 40 seconds. This study asks the question if Genshin Impact (2020) is following the 40 second rule. The researchers analyzed footage from four YouTube content creators to see if the rule was implemented in the game. It was found that Genshin Impact (2020) follows the 40 second rule since the points of interest were about 10 seconds apart. How the player decides to play the game slightly impacts the frequency of the points of interest and could be taken into account when testing the 40 seconds rule. It was found that points of interest found were more random at the start of the game and more intentionally found by the player later in the game. / Öppen världs spelet The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt (2015) har visat sig följa en 40 sekunders regel när det gäller placeringen av intressanta platser för spelare att utforska. Spelets utvecklare sa i en intervju att regeln fanns, och detta bevisades genom en studie utförd 2021 av Cojanu och Jaber (2021). Regeln innebär att oavsett vilken riktning spelaren går i så kommer de att stöta på en intressant plats inom 40 sekunder. Denna studie undersöker om Genshin Impact (2020) följer 40 sekunders regeln. Forskarna analyserade videomaterial från fyra YouTube innehållsskapare för att se om regeln implementerades i spelet. Det visades att Genshin Impact (2020) följer 40 sekunders regeln, eftersom de intressanta platserna låg ungefär 10 sekunder ifrån varandra. Hur spelaren väljer att spela spelet påverkar lite grann frekvensen av de intressanta platser och detta kan tas i beaktning när man testar 40 sekunders regeln. Det visade sig att de intressanta platserna var mer slumpmässiga i början av spelet och mer avsiktligt hittade av spelaren senare i spelet.

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Hur vi planerar och utformar stadens offentliga rum påverkar vår uppfattning om den urbana miljön. Den offentliga ytan ska planeras för att vara tillgänglig för varje medborgare utan någonting som förhindrar möjligheten att delta i stadens utbud. Vår utbildning inom urban miljö har gett oss en bra grund och kunskap för att analysera stadens gestaltning. Den har även gett oss möjligheten att tolka dolda sociala exkluderingar som uppstår på grund av hur stadsrummet är utformat. I denna studie avser vi därmed att undersöka ett fenomen som utmanar uppfattningen om att alla stadens rum är tillgängliga för alla, nämligen ett fenomen vid namn fientlig stadsplanering. Vi har, genom att tolka och förstå, undersökt teoretiska förklaringar till fenomenets innebörd, uppkomst, samt påverkan. Vår kvalitativa studie har genomförts med metodologin ‘grounded theory’, för att först undersöka nuvarande kunskapsläget för att sedan bilda en teori. Vi har genomfört en litteraturinsamling baserad på relevant litteratur och forskning för att analysera fenomenet. Studien omfattar en kartläggning av fientlig stadsmöblering genom observationer i Malmö för att tolka hur fenomenet kan utforma sig i staden. Till sist, utfördes en intervju med en tjänsteman inom Malmö stad för att få kompletterande uppgifter till vår analys och en djupare förståelse för hur en av stadens planerare ser på utformningen av stadsrummen. Resultatet visar att fientlig stadsmöblering placeras i stadsrummen för att förhindra beteenden, och därmed personer, som samhället ser som ‘icke-önskvärda’. Dessa beteenden har vi förankrat till teorier om rätten till staden, den attraktiva konsumtionsstaden, maktstrukturer och den mänskliga dimensionen; där alla har förklaringar till varför ‘icke-önskvärt’ beteende exkluderas, samt varför fenomenet uppstått. Resultatet visar även att fientlig stadsmöblering förekommer i centrala Malmö vid Triangelns stationsområde, där vi identifierade en fientligt utformad bänk. Utöver det, förekommer fenomenet väldigt lite inom staden, vilket går ihop med hur Malmö stad önskar planera staden. Vidare visar resultatet att fenomenet har tydliga nyliberala och kapitalistiska förankringar, där konsumtion är i framkant. Staden planeras för ekonomisk tillväxt och en bra ‘image’, vilket innebär att konsumenten prioriteras i hierarkin om vem de offentliga rummen planeras för. På grund av detta implementerar man fientlig stadsmöblering. / How we plan and design the city's public spaces affects our perception of the urban environment. The public space should be planned to be accessible to every citizen without anything that prevent the opportunity to participate in the city's offerings. Our education in urban environment has given us a good foundation and knowledge for analyzing the city's design. It has also given us the opportunity to interpret hidden social exclusions that arise due to how the urban space is designed. In this study we intend to investigate a phenomenon that challenges the notion that all city spaces are accessible to all, namely a phenomenon called hostile architecture. We have, by interpreting and understanding, investigated theoretical explanations for the phenomenon's meaning, origin, and impact. Our qualitative study has been carried out with the methodology ‘grounded theory’, to first examine the current state of knowledge and then form a theory. We have conducted a literature collection based on relevant literature and research to understand the phenomenon. The study includes a mapping of hostile city furniture through observations in the city of Malmö to interpret how the phenomenon can take shape in the city. Finally, an interview was conducted with an official within the city of Malmö to get additional information for our analysis and gain a deeper understanding of how one of the city's planners view the design of the city spaces. The results show that hostile urban furniture is placed in urban spaces to prevent behaviors, and thus people, that society sees as 'undesirable'. We have anchored these behaviors to theories about the right to the city, the attractive city of consumption, power structures and the human dimension; where each theory has an explanation for why 'undesirable' behavior is excluded, and why the phenomenon has arisen. The results also show that hostile urban furniture occurs in central Malmö, next to Triangle station, where we identified a hostile bench. Beyond that, the phenomenon occurs very rarely in the city, which goes hand in hand with how Malmö wishes to plan the city. Furthermore, the results show that the phenomenon has clear neoliberal and capitalist roots, where consumption is at the forefront. The city is planned for economic growth and a good ‘image’, which means that the consumer is prioritized in the hierarchy of whom the public places are planned. Because of this, hostile urban furniture will be used.

Throughout time, cities have been built in different ways and city structures can look different in different places in the world. The urban planning ideal has changed and small narrow alleys in the city have today been replaced by large roads adapted for cars. Streets can function as everything from transport routes to social meeting spaces depending on the design and experience. But the street, and the street space, which is the space that forms the surface between buildings, can today often be forgotten and experienced as tedious for many. In the work towards a more sustainable society, there is a lot that can be done in urban planning, and one of these is to design more attractive, safe and lively street spaces in order to meet the challenges that a growing city brings. Södertälje is a growing municipality in Stockholm County which will face these challenges while expanding. This study therefore aims to investigate Nygatan and Järnagatan in Södertälje's city centre based on their physical design, use and experiences of citizens and officials. This is to produce a basis for the design of a policy for sustainable improvement measures in the work to create a safe, lively and attractive street environment in Södertälje. To achieve the purpose of the study, a literature study was carried out together with the creation of a theoretical framework based on the various theories of Jan Gehl, Jane Jacobs and Warm in the Winter. In the theoretical framework, a model is developed with the five categories of urban form, mobility, environment, social and enjoyment, which were the basis for the various parts of the report. A spatial analysis was performed to obtain a physical description of Nygatan and Järnagatan. In addition, a document study was carried out to investigate which goals and strategies Södertälje municipality has. Furthermore, nine actors in Södertälje municipality were interviewed and a survey was carried out to investigate how the citizens experience and use the two streets in the city centre, whereas 188 citizens participated. The results from the spatial analysis showed that Nygatan had significantly more criteria that were considered poor than Järnagatan had. The interviews indicate that the officials and actors believe that Södertälje has good potential and that the two street spaces can be developed even more, especially Nygatan. The survey showed that citizens consider Nygatan to be a dull street with too much traffic and too little social activities, restaurants/shops and greenery. Järnagatan was experienced in a more positive way, but even there the range of restaurants/shops was poor and more greenery and social activities were desired. Even though a street can fulfil the theoretical criteria that exist, the street space may lack important aspects that can be vital and act as the last piece of the puzzle to make a street safe, lively and attractive. The conclusion is that it is the whole of the street space that makes it successful and that the interaction between different factors matters. A street should both look good, function well and feel good. Finally, different solutions and methods should be tried because no street space is the same. Södertälje is well on its way to exploring the various solutions to create better street space through the projects and events they initiate. / Genom alla tider har städer byggts på olika sätt och stadens strukturer kan se annorlunda ut på olika platser i världen. Stadsplaneidealet har förändrats och små trånga gränder i staden har idag ersatts av stora vägar anpassade för bilar. Gator kan fungera som allt från transportsträckor till sociala mötesrum beroende på utformning och upplevelse. Men gatan, och gaturummet, som är det rum som utgör ytan mellan byggnader, kan idag ofta glömmas bort och upplevas som trista för många. I arbetet mot ett mer hållbart samhälle finns det en hel del som kan göras inom stadsplaneringen, och ett av dessa är att utforma mer attraktiva, trygga och levande gaturum för att kunna möta de utmaningar som en växande stad för med sig. Södertälje är en växande kommun i Stockholms län som i och med expansionen kommer stå inför dessa utmaningar.  Denna studie syftar därför till att undersöka Nygatan och Järnagatan i Södertäljes stadskärna utifrån deras fysiska utformning, användning samt upplevelser av medborgare och tjänstepersoner. Detta för att ta fram ett underlag till utformningen av en policy för hållbara förbättringsåtgärder i arbetet med att skapa en trygg, levande och attraktiv gatumiljö i Södertälje. För att uppnå syftet med studien genomfördes en litteraturstudie i samband med skapandet av ett teoretiskt ramverk baserat på Jan Gehls, Jane Jacobs och Warm in the Winters olika teorier. I det teoretiska ramverket utvecklades en modell med de fem kategorierna stadsform, mobilitet, miljö, socialt och njutning som låg till grund för studiens olika delar. En rumslig analys utfördes för att få en fysisk beskrivning av Nygatan och Järnagatan. Dessutom genomfördes en dokumentstudie för att undersöka vilka mål och strategier Södertälje kommun har. Vidare intervjuades nio aktörer i Södertälje kommun och en enkätundersökning utfördes för att undersöka hur medborgarna upplever och använder de två gatorna i stadskärnan, där 188 medborgare deltog.  Resultatet från den rumsliga analysen visade att Nygatan hade betydligt fler undermåliga kriterier än vad Järnagatan hade. Intervjuerna tyder på att tjänstepersonerna och aktörerna anser att Södertälje har god potential och att de två gaturummen kan utvecklas ännu mer, i synnerhet Nygatan. Enkäten visade att medborgarna anser att Nygatan är en trist gata med för mycket trafik och för lite sociala aktiviteter, restauranger/butiker och grönska. Järnagatan upplevdes på ett positivare sätt men även där var utbudet av restauranger/butiker dåligt och mer grönska samt sociala aktiviteter önskades.  Trots att en gata och dess gaturum kan uppfylla de teoretiska kriterier som finns så kan gaturummet sakna viktiga aspekter som kan vara avgörande och den sista pusselbiten till att göra en gata trygg, levande och attraktiv. Slutsatsen dras om att det är helheten i gaturummet som gör det lyckat och att samspelet mellan olika faktorer spelar roll. En gata bör både se bra ut, fungera bra och kännas bra. Slutligen bör olika lösningar och metoder prövas eftersom inget gaturum är det andra likt. Södertälje är på god väg i att utforska de olika lösningarna för att skapa bättre gaturum genom de projekt och evenemang som de kontinuerligt arbetar med.

This thesis is born out of a desire to better understand the intentions and implications behind a contemporary planning approach we term ‘pop-up planning’. This approach can be viewed as legitimized planning institutions borrowing aesthetic and practice from citizen-led, do-it-yourself urban initiatives which act to improve public space through often tactical or temporary means. There is a blurring of the intentionality behind pop-up planning approaches, as well as contention around the actual impacts pop-up planning approaches have. We relate the ambiguity of the intentions and impacts of pop-up planning approaches to both the diversity of terminology used by different local governments, and additionally, to the dominant economic imperative which favours exchange value over use value. Therefore, through a comparative critical analysis of pop-up planning in both Vancouver, Canada and Stockholm, Sweden, we seek to explore what implications pop-up planning has relating to democracy and social justice, and to uncover what impacts and intentionalities lay behind these approaches. / Den här uppsatsen bygger på viljan att bättre förstå intentionerna och följderna av en samtida planeringsapproach vi kallar pop-up planering. Detta tillvägagångssätt kan förklaras som att legitimerade planeringsinstitutioner lånar estetik och praktik från medborgarledda gör-det-själv-initiativ som verkar för att förbättra det offentliga rummet, ofta genom taktiska eller tillfälliga medel. Lokala myndigheter använder en mångfald av termer och begrepp relaterat till pop-up planering. Detta tillsammans med det dominerande ekonomiska imperativet, som gynnar bytesvärde framför brukarvärde, tenderar att grumla de bakomliggande avsikterna och de verkliga effekterna av denna planeringsapproach. Genom en jämförande kritisk analys av pop-up planering i både Vancouver, Kanada och Stockholm, Sverige, söker vi finna vilka konsekvenser pop-up planering har för demokrati och social rättvisa, samt att påvisa vilka effekter och avsikter som ligger bakom detta tillvägagångssätt inom planering.

<p>Our world is becoming increasingly complex, and is rapidly changingwith distances being reduced. Societies today are also in atransition from traditional production industries to increasingreliance on communication, consumption, services and experience. Asone of these emerging ‘new industries’, tourism is part of thismovement. Globalisation also makes further development of tourismpossible through, amongst other things, the spreading of languages;the development of low-cost carriers; international monetary systems;telecommunications and other technological innovations. Tourismcontributes to the globalisation of society and at the same time is aproduct of it. This is confirmed by complexity theories that stressthe systematic and dynamic nature of globalisation and theinterdependence of the global and the local. Hence, in this thesis,it is argued that acknowledging the complexity of tourism isnecessary for understanding tourism development, and more knowledgeabout tourism also leads to greater knowledge of our society.</p><p>The main aim of this thesis is to understand the complexity of localand regional tourist destination development, by exploring social andcultural factors that influence this development. In order to fulfilthis aim, analysis has been conducted at three different levels:places, projects and people. More specifically, by examining placesand how they develop as destinations; investigating the structure of,and processes within, groups and networks important for destinationdevelopment and by exploring the roles, resources and attitudes ofenterprising people who are seen as key for development. The thesisis based on a research project including three studies of tourismdestinations and projects in Northern Sweden and Scotland.</p><p>The social and cultural factors connected to tourism development arein turn part of learning processes, which in this thesis are seen asfundamental mechanisms for processes of development. A frameworkcalled ‘Learning Destinations’ is introduced that demonstrates howimportant social and cultural factors manifest themselves at each ofthe three levels: places, projects and people. History and heritageand rationales are the main cultural factors discussed, whilstinteraction and boundaries are prominent social factors found toinfluence tourism development. It is suggested that the framework of‘Learning Destinations’ may serve as a tool for understanding thecomplexity of local and regional tourism development.</p>

Our world is becoming increasingly complex, and is rapidly changingwith distances being reduced. Societies today are also in atransition from traditional production industries to increasingreliance on communication, consumption, services and experience. Asone of these emerging ‘new industries’, tourism is part of thismovement. Globalisation also makes further development of tourismpossible through, amongst other things, the spreading of languages;the development of low-cost carriers; international monetary systems;telecommunications and other technological innovations. Tourismcontributes to the globalisation of society and at the same time is aproduct of it. This is confirmed by complexity theories that stressthe systematic and dynamic nature of globalisation and theinterdependence of the global and the local. Hence, in this thesis,it is argued that acknowledging the complexity of tourism isnecessary for understanding tourism development, and more knowledgeabout tourism also leads to greater knowledge of our society. The main aim of this thesis is to understand the complexity of localand regional tourist destination development, by exploring social andcultural factors that influence this development. In order to fulfilthis aim, analysis has been conducted at three different levels:places, projects and people. More specifically, by examining placesand how they develop as destinations; investigating the structure of,and processes within, groups and networks important for destinationdevelopment and by exploring the roles, resources and attitudes ofenterprising people who are seen as key for development. The thesisis based on a research project including three studies of tourismdestinations and projects in Northern Sweden and Scotland. The social and cultural factors connected to tourism development arein turn part of learning processes, which in this thesis are seen asfundamental mechanisms for processes of development. A frameworkcalled ‘Learning Destinations’ is introduced that demonstrates howimportant social and cultural factors manifest themselves at each ofthe three levels: places, projects and people. History and heritageand rationales are the main cultural factors discussed, whilstinteraction and boundaries are prominent social factors found toinfluence tourism development. It is suggested that the framework of‘Learning Destinations’ may serve as a tool for understanding thecomplexity of local and regional tourism development.